Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 427137, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/427137

Research Article

Adaptive Sliding Mode Control of Uncertain High-Order Nonholonomic Systems with Unknown Control Coefficients

Yan Zhao

School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China

Received 28 April 2013; Accepted 18 June 2013

Academic Editor: Yuqiang Wu

Copyright © 2013 Yan Zhao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper investigates the global stabilization problem for a class of high-order nonholonomic systems with unknown control coefficients and uncertain nonlinearities. An adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) law based on a constructive manipulation is proposed by adding a power integrator technique. A switching control strategy is employed in the control scheme to overcome the uncontrollability problem associated with the nonholonomic systems. The designed sliding mode controller could guarantee the attractiveness of the sliding surface and achieve the asymptotical convergence of the state as well as the boundedness of the estimated parameters. A simulation example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

1. Introduction

Nonholonomic control system as a particular class of nonlinear systems represents a wide class of mechanical systems with nonholonomic (nonintegrable) constraints. The stabilization control for nonholonomic control systems is a formidable problem in the nonlinear control area [1], because the nonholonomic systems cannot be asymptotically stabilized by means of known linear and nonlinear control methods. The difficulty of controlling this class of systems lies in the fact that nonholonomic systems do not satisfy Brockett's necessary conditions for stability as shown in [2]. In the past two decades, many interesting approaches have been proposed to overcome the stabilization obstruction associated with nonholonomic systems, including the smooth time-varying feedback, discontinuous feedback, and nonsmooth time-varying homogeneous feedback; see [1] and references therein.

Variable structure control (VSC) has been shown to be robust in the presence of system variations and external disturbances. During the past few years, the VSC strategy has been also applied to the nonholonomic system control; see [3–9]. It is noted in [5, 6]; a combined adaptive/variable structure control approach was presented for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. The proposed method not only ensures the convergence to the sliding surface , , but also retains the asymptotical stability of the classical backstepping procedure. On the basis of the previously proposed control scheme, the so-called second order sliding mode control was exploited for nonholonomic systems in [7]. The work [8] further extended this result to a class of nonholonomic ones with unknown parameters and uncertain nonlinear drifts. In [9], the adaptive SMC problem is studied for a class of perturbed nonholonomic systems which can be transformed into the chained form with uncertain nonlinear drifts.

It should be noted that the results listed previously are all focused on the nonholonomic systems with the affine control variables. High-order nonholonomic systems which include the standard chained form systems as a special case present a new challenge for nonlinear feedback control, since this class of nonholonomic control systems is neither stabilizable by time-invariant continuous state feedback nor affine in the control inputs [10]. By means of adding a power integrator developed in [11], the work [12] first investigated a class of high-order nonholonomic systems in the so-called power chained form. As the further development of this approach, [13] studied a class of uncertain nonholonomic control systems with nonlinear drifts. The recent work [14] removed the assumption of the control gain signs. Reference [15] proposed an adaptive stabilization scheme for a class of high-order chained nonholonomic systems without nonlinear drifts in the case of unknown control coefficients.

Motivated by the recent progress in the feedback design for nonholonomic systems, this paper will investigate the global stabilization problem for a class of high order nonholonomic systems with unknown control coefficients and uncertain nonlinearities. A combined backstepping and adaptive SMC methodology developed in [6, 16] will be applied to the control design procedure, and adding a power integrator technique is used to deal with the nonaffine control inputs. The tuning function technique presented in [17] is also introduced. We employ a switching control strategy to overcome the stabilization burden associated with the nonholonomic systems.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the problem statement. Section 3 gives the SMC design scheme for . The switching control strategy and the simulation example are shown in Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Section 6 gives some concluding remarks.

2. Problem Statement

In this paper, we consider the following class of high-order nonholonomic systems:

where are the states, and are two control inputs, , are nonzero functions, and are smooth functions satisfying . The functions , and represent the control coefficients and the uncertain nonlinearities, respectively. It is further assumed that is bounded for , are odd integers, and are positive integers.

In the rest of this paper, an adaptive sliding mode controller will be first designed for system (1) such that, given any initial state , the closed-loop system is asymptotically stabilized. Then, a switching control strategy is proposed, which guarantees that all the signals are bounded for the initial conditions .

To this end, we make the following assumptions regarding system (1).

Assumption 1. For each in (1), there exist known smooth functions satisfying

Assumption 2. For each , the sign of is positive, and there are unknown positive constants and such that

Assumption 3. There is a known smooth function such that , for all .

Next, we introduce a lemma which is crucial in establishing the main results of this paper.

Lemma 4 (Young’s Inequality). If the constants and satisfy , then for all and , there holds

3. SMC Applied to Backstepping Design

In this part, we first assume that for the system (1). The case of will be discussed in the subsequent section.

For , take as follows:

Choose the Lyapunov function , then the time derivative of along the first equation of (1) satisfies

Considering is an odd integer, it can be concluded that -subsystem is asymptotically stable. In addition, cannot converge to zero in finite time if .

In order to carry out the control design, we introduce the following input-state scaling discontinuous transformation defined by

with , , .

Under the control law (5) and the transformation (7), the -subsystem can be transformed into

where .

To invoke the backstepping method, we define the error variables as follows:

where are the virtual controllers and given by

where are some smooth functions and is the estimation of unknown parameter .

Lemma 5. For every , there are smooth nonnegative functions satisfying

Proof. According to Assumption 1, it can be derived that

In view of , one gets (11) with .

In what follows, we give the SMC control design procedure using the recursive method.

Step 1. Choose the candidate Lyapunov function for this step, where is the parameter estimation error, and is the design gain. Then, along the trajectories of system (8), we have

Denote , , and a direct substitution leads to

Choose the virtual control law

and one gets

Step i . Suppose that at Step , there is a positive definite and proper Lyapunov function satisfying

Let

Then is a , positive definite and proper function such that

With the help of Young's Inequality, we can obtain

where and given later are smooth nonnegative functions.

From (18), we get

In view of

it can be derived that

By Lemma 5, we can obtain

Substituting (20)–(24) into (19), we have

Denote

Substituting (26) into (25), we have

According to (26), there holds

As a result, (27) can be further transformed into

Choose the th virtual control law

and a direct substitution into (29) results in

Step n. Let

where

is an arbitrary constant, with is the estimate of the unknown constant .

Choose the parameter update law as

and then

According to Lemma 4, (9), and (10), we get

By Lemma 4, it can be concluded that

With the same strategy as previously, it follows mentioned that

In terms of (34), it can be seen that

Substituting (36)–(39) into (35), we have

with . Denote

As a result, (40) can be further transformed into

Inspired by [6, 16], the error variable can be viewed as an adaptive sliding surface in the -coordinate. Denote the sliding manifold by , then the adaptive sliding mode control and the parameter update law can be chosen as

where is a constant and is the sign function. Accordingly, we obtain

Since is a positive definite and proper Lyapunov function, (45) guarantees the convergence of the system trajectory to the origin of the sliding surface in finite time. In addition, the convergence properties of the states and the parameter estimate remain unchanged with respect to those of the standard backstepping design procedure. That is, the states of system (1) converge to zero asymptotically and the parameter estimates , are bounded.

4. Switching Control Strategy

In this section, we consider the case of . Without loss of generality, we assume that . As to the case of , we have given the controller (5) and (43) for and of system (1), respectively. Now, we turn to how to select control laws while .

We consider the constant control if is small enough. When , we choose as follows:

In accordance with the first subsystem of (1), we know that

So, for any small enough constant , there exists an instant such that . During the finite time interval , a new adaptive sliding mode control using as defined in (46) and two new parameter update laws can be obtained following the procedure described in the previous section. Combining with , we can switch the control inputs and into (5) and (43), respectively.

Now we state the main result of this paper.

Theorem 6. Suppose that Assumptions 1–3 are satisfied. If the proposed control design procedure together with the previous switching control strategy is applied to system (1), then, for any initial conditions in the state space , system (1) will be asymptotically stabilized at the equilibrium, and specifically, the states are regulated to the sliding surface in finite time while keeping the estimated parameters bounded.

5. Simulation Example

Consider the following example:

where is the state, and are the control inputs of the system, , are unknown control coefficients with and being unknown positive constants. It can be seen that system (48) is in the form of (1) with , , . Denote as the estimation of and .

Here, we just consider the case of . In the first subsystem of (48), we choose the control law

Using the developed design procedure in Section 3, we can obtain that

where , , , , , , , , and and are positive design parameters.

Let the unknown functions be , . The unknown constants can be chosen as and . Take . Simulation results of the closed-loop system are shown in Figure 1 with the initial condition .

Figure 1: States of the closed-loop system.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, the global stabilization problem is considered for a class of uncertain high-order nonholonomic systems with unknown control coefficients. By adding a power integrator technique, we propose a combined adaptive/sliding mode control scheme. To get around the stabilization burden associated with the nonholonomic control systems, a switching control strategy is exploited in this procedure. The designed adaptive sliding mode controller guarantees the global asymptotical stabilization of the closed-loop system as well as the boundedness of the parameter estimates. Moreover, the attractiveness of the sliding surface in finite time is also obtained with the help of the proposed control approach.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 61273091, 61203013, and 61004003), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (no. ZR2011FM033), the Outstanding Middle-Age and Young Scientist Award Foundation of Shandong Province (no. BS2011DX012), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (no. CXLX12_0097).

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