Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 524718, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/524718

Research Article

Nonholonomic Geometry of Viscoanelastic Media and Experimental Confirmation

Armando Ciancio¹ and Carlo Cattani²

¹Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy

²Department of Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Italy

Received 16 July 2013; Accepted 9 August 2013

Academic Editor: Cristian Toma

Copyright © 2013 Armando Ciancio and Carlo Cattani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A thermodynamical model for viscoanelastic media is analyzed using the nonholonomic geometry. A 27-dimensional manifold is introduced, and the differential equations for the geodetics are determined and analytically solved. It is shown that, in this manifold, the best specific entropy is a harmonic function. In the linear case the propagation of transverse acoustic waves is studied, and the theoretical results are compared with some experimental data from a polymeric material (polyisobutylene).

1. Introduction

From macroscopic point of view the most popular mathematical approaches to nonequilibrium thermodynamics are based both on the Caratheodory theory [1–3] which involves Pfaff equations and on the contact structure of thermodynamic state space [4–6]. If these equations are completely integrable, then the thermodynamics is called holonomic otherwise nonholonomic.

The theory of nonequilibrium holonomic thermodynamics for mechanical phenomena in continuous media was developed in the 90s (see e.g., [7] and references therein). The phenomenological equations were derived [8, 9] by introducing the tensorial internal variables () which occur in the entropy production.

In particular, if one linearizes this theory by neglecting the cross effects among the irreversible phenomena (heat flow, mechanical viscosity, and anelastic deformations), the following rheological equations for distortional phenomena are obtained [10]:

where and are the deviators of the stress () and the strain () tensors, respectively.

The quantities are given by

in which is the relaxation time and are the state coefficients, while and are the phenomenological coefficients related to the following physical phenomena:

In this paper we reconsider the theory from the point of view of the nonholonomic geometry.

In Sections 2 and 3 the analytic properties of the entropy are discussed, and in Section 4 the differential equations of geodetics in the space of state are obtanied.

Finally, in Section 5 we study the transverse waves and we will show the connection between complex numbers and the shear complex modulus. By applying these results to a polymeric material, as polyisobutylene we will also show that the expected results of the theoretical model are in agreement with the experimental data.

2. Gibbs-Pfaff Equation of Viscoanelastic Media

Let us define the space of states

where is the specific entropy, is the absolute temperature, is the specific internal energy, is the symmetric equilibrium stress tensor, is the total symmetric strain tensor, and is the symmetric affinity stress tensor conjugate to the anelastic tensor (the symmetric tensorial thermodynamic internal variable).

Let be the specific volume related to the mass density (homogeneous media) by . The Gibbs-Pfaff equation of viscoanelastic media is

This equation defines in the nonholonomic contact distribution of dimension so that the highest dimension of integral manifold is .

The representation of this integral manifold (of maximum dimension) is usually given as follows:

This parametrization is based on the arbitrary -function . So that we have a family of integral manifolds of dimension indexed on the arbitrary function .

The state parameters

are related by the equations of motion and the equations of state [8, 9].

The -representation is a generic element in the -jet space converted into

In order to fix a representative for the specific entropy , we need a supplementary condition as follows.

Theorem 1. If is an homogeneous function of order one, then

Proof. The condition of homogeneity of order one

gives the PDE

Then the entropy (solution of this PDE) appears as the potential (9).

Corollary 2. If the specific entropy is an homogeneous function of order one, then

(1)the variables are conjugated to the intensive variables ;(2)the variables are not essential parameters (because they are not independent).

Proof. From the expression (9) we find

(1) Replacing the relation (5), we get

and the first statement is true.

(2) The foregoing relation shows that, for example,

are essential parameters.

3. Specific Entropy via Least Squares Lagrangian

The most convenient way to fix a representative of the specific entropy is to look at (5) as a partial derivative evolution equation and to build the least squares method Lagrangian

and the functional

where , , and .

The extremals are solutions of the Euler-Lagrange PDE

where is the total derivative with respect to the variable .

In our case, we get

So that, by replacing the partial derivatives of in (17), there follows the Laplace equation for the entropy

Consequently, we have the following.

Theorem 3. The best entropy for the nonholonomic nonequilibrium thermodynamics is an harmonic function.

4. Geodesics

Any curve in the distribution (5) is described by

In order to be a geodesic, this curve must minimize the energy functional

In short, we must solve the problem

To solve this problem, we use the method of Lagrange multipliers. For this we defined the constrained Lagrangian

where is the Lagrangian multiplier.

Theorem 4. The geodesics of the nonholonomic viscoanelastic distribution are solutions of the Euler-Lagrange ODEs for the Lagrangian (23)

where are the generalized coordinates:

So that explicitly from (23) and (24) we have

The equations (26) with the condition (20) are the differential equations of geodesics.

Let

be the given (constant) initial values.

By some explicit computation we can easily show that the following.

Theorem 5. The geodesics of the nonholonomic viscoanelastic distribution, as solution of the Cauchy problem (26) and (27), are the family of curves:

Proof. Let us first solve the simplest equation: from (26)₃ we have

From (26)₁ it is

and deriving (26)₂

By replacing with the previous expression we get

that is

This is a linear nonhomogeneous second-order (harmonic) equation whose solution is

With this function, from the expression

we can compute also :

that is,

The solution is

Concerning (26)4,5,6,7 we can notice that it is enough to solve (26)4,7 since their solutions are formally equal to the solutions of (26)5,6 since these equations coincide with (26)4,7 apart from the substitutions:

Thus from (26)₇ it is

that is,

If we put this expression in (26)₄ we get

and by some manipulation we get the (vectorial) linear second order harmonic equation for :

The solution is

so that by integrating (41) and using the previous equation, we can easily get the expression for

With similar computations we get also the last two equations of (28).

The Lagrangian multiplier is obtained by inserting the functions (28) and derivatives into (20).

It should be noticed that the the projection of the geodesics (28) into different planes gives rise to well known curves. For instance, in the plane (28) are the parametric equations of a cycloid. Moreover, by assuming that all the initial values are positive, the asymptotic limits give

which are in agreement with physical consideration especially for the entropy which is upper bounded. Analogously we have similar bounded asymptotic limits for the vectorial functions.

5. Experimental Approach to the Linear Response Theory

In a previous paper [11] by the application of the linear response theory [12–15] numerical values of (1) were considered, and the results were compared with experimental data.

In this section we study another aspect of the transversal waves propagation in viscoanelastic media, and we apply the theoretical results to a polymeric material as the polyisobutylene.

We consider, with respect to the Cartesian orthogonal axes (), the following displacement

being and the complex wave number, so that

is the phase velocity and is connected with the attenuation of the waves.

As , from (1) one obtains

where

The complex shear velocity is [14]

where , (storage modulus), and (loss modulus) are, respectively, linked with the nondissipative and dissipative phenomena, and their experimental curves are plotted in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Generic storage and loss moduli.

From (47) to (50), the following relations are obtained:

Let us consider the range of high frequency and (of order ) so that no relaxation phenomena occur (see Figure 1).

By putting

where and , (52) becomes

For the Polyisobutilene we have [15] the characteristic values which are

and the graphics confirm (see Figure 2) with experimental data the validity of the model proposed for viscoanelastic phenomena in continuous media.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: and for Polyisobutilene: (; ) the experimental curves (in black) and the theoretical curves (in red) obtained by our model.

6. Conclusions

From the viewpoint of nonholonomic irreversible thermodynamics, it is shown that the best specific entropy is an harmonic function in a 27-dimensional manifold. The differential equations of geodetics are obtained and the corresponding curves are explicitly computed. In the linearized theory it is shown that the theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental data in the case of polymeric material (Polyisobutilene) (Figure 2).

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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