Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 546842, 11 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/546842

Research Article

Adaptive Current Control with PI-Fuzzy Compound Controller for Shunt Active Power Filter

Juntao Fei, Kaiqi Ma, Shenglei Zhang, Weifeng Yan, and Zhuli Yuan

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment Technology, College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China

Received 17 September 2012; Revised 30 December 2012; Accepted 31 December 2012

Academic Editor: Jun-Juh Yan

Copyright © 2013 Juntao Fei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

An adaptive control technology and PI-fuzzy compound control technology are proposed to control an active power filter (APF). AC side current compensation and DC capacitor voltage tracking control strategy are discussed and analyzed. Model reference adaptive controller for the AC side current compensation is derived and established based on Lyapunov stability theory; proportional and integral (PI) fuzzy compound controller is designed for the DC side capacitor voltage control. The adaptive current controller based on PI-fuzzy compound system is compared with the conventional PI controller for active power filter. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and satisfactory performance of the proposed control strategies. It is shown that the proposed control method has an excellent dynamic performance such as small current tracking error, reduced total harmonic distortion (THD), and strong robustness in the presence of parameters variation and nonlinear load.

1. Introduction

With the development of power electronics technology, nonlinear loads in power system are increasing which generate reactive current and harmonics. Harmonic has some impacts on the safe operation of a variety of electrical equipments and can cause severe damage to the equipment and power system. Active power filter can play role on changing frequency and amplitude of harmonic and reactive current compensation it is an important trend in both harmonic suppression and the current research focus in the field of power electronics technology.

In recent years, shunt active power filter (SAPF) is an effective device to implement the harmonic current in the grid and attracts more and more attention in the modern society; research studies on the APF including harmonic detection, topology studies, system modeling, and control methods become promising topics; the new type of intelligent control and adaptive control methods get a lot of development. There are many current tracking control methods, such as single cycle control, hysteresis current control, space vector control, sliding mode control, deadbeat control, repetitive control, predictive control, fuzzy control, adaptive control, iterative learning control and artificial neural network control. Rahmani et al. [1] introduced a comparative study of shunt hybrid and shunt active power filters for single-phase applications both in simulation and experimental validations. Rahmani et al. [2] implemented an experimental design of a nonlinear control technique for three-phase shunt active power filter. Wang and Luo [3] carried on the quantitative simulation analysis of dead time in fundamental component and harmonic domain. Vahedi et al. [4] reviewed and simulated fixed and adaptive hysteresis current control considering switching losses and high-frequency harmonics. Singh et al. [5] reviewed active power filters for power quality improvement. Singh et al. [6] proposed a new control approach to three-phase active power filter for harmonics and reactive power compensation. Komucugil and Kukrer [7] presented a new control strategy for single-phase shunt APF using a Lyapunov function. Kumar and Mahajan [8] summarized soft computing techniques for the control of an APF. Chang and Shee [9] proposed novel reference compensation current strategy for shunt APF control. Shyu et al. [10] proposed a model reference adaptive controller to control the circuit, improve the current, and reduce the current harmonics by using the approximate dynamic model of single-phase shunt APF. Matas et al. [11] showed a feedback linearization approach of a single-phase APF via sliding mode control. Hua et al. [12] gave control analysis of an APF using Lyapunov analysis. Montero et al. [13] compared different control strategies for shunt APF in three-phase four-wire systems. Valdez et al. [14] designed an adaptive controller for shunt active filter in the presence of a dynamic load and the line impedance. Marconi et al. [15] developed robust nonlinear controller to compensate harmonic current for shunt active filters. Sriram et al. [16] proposed indirect current control of a single-phase voltage-sourced boost-type bridge converter operated in the rectifier mode. Some other control methods and harmonic suppression approaches for APF have been investigated [17–19]. Singh et al. [20] presented a simple fuzzy logic based robust APF for harmonics minimization under random load variation. Bhende et al. [21] developed a TS-fuzzy controller for load compensation of APF.

However, most of the tracking issues for active power filter’s DC voltage or AC current compensation are unilaterally controlled study which cannot achieve accurate, rapid and highly adaptable global control objectives. In this paper, fuzzy logic controller will be investigated to APF since it is very hard to establish accurate mathematical model for APF, classical linear controller cannot achieve the ideal DC voltage tracking performance, and adaptive current tracking control method for AC side current is developed for the current tracking. The proposed adaptive current control method based on PI-fuzzy compound controller for shunt power active filter not only can take advantage of the fuzzy control which does not depend on the system dynamics and has good transient, steady-state behavior, and great robust performance, but also the adaptive control which has precise tracking performance, online real-time compensation of model uncertainties, and external disturbances. Therefore the proposed adaptive current control method based on PI-fuzzy compound controller can greatly improve the current tracking and voltage control performance of the active filter compensation. The proposed control strategy has the following advantages.

(1) This paper integrates the advantages of adaptive control and fuzzy control and applies them to the active power filter. A PI-fuzzy controller is proposed to improve the voltage tracking performance for the DC side capacitor voltage control. A model reference adaptive controller for the AC side current compensation is derived based on Lyapunov analysis. (2) The proposed adaptive current control method based on PI-fuzzy compound controller can deal with system nonlinearities and nonlinear load better and improve the current tracking and robustness of the control system compared with conventional control method. Fuzzy control has great ability to compensate for the nonlinear load and improve current tracking and total harmonic distortion (THD) performance.

2. Dynamic Model of Active Power Filter

This paper studies parallel single-phase voltage active power filter, and the dynamic model of APF is described referring to the linearization model [9]. The circuit diagram is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Basic circuit structure of shunt APF.

The APF shown in Figure 1 can be decomposed into two work modes, shown in Figure 2. Assuming the switching converter frequency is , conversion cycle is , and duty cycle is . In mode (1), when , and are turned on, and are turned off. In mode (2), when , conversion process is as opposite mode 1, and are turned off, and and are turned on.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Equivalent circuit diagram of the two switching states of the APF model.

According to Figure 2, we can establish the dynamic model of the single-phase shunt active filter as follows:

From (1), average state equations of the inverter within one cycle can be obtained as

where, .

Rewriting (2) yields the following form:

where

In order to simplify the controller design, an approximate linear model of the nonlinear model is derived around the equilibrium point. If and satisfying

then can be called the equilibrium point of the nonlinear model. Therefore the right side of (3) is expanded into a Taylor series about , and the high-order terms are neglected as follows:

Assuming that , , then the following linear APF model can be obtained:

where, .

The capacitor voltage and inductance current of the nonlinear APF mode at the point can be described as

where, and are the equivalent values ​ ​​ ​of and respectively. Duty cycle can be expressed as

3. Adaptive Current Control

In this section, an adaptive current control for AC side current compensation is derived. A schematic diagram of the model reference adaptive control system is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: MRAC system architecture based on the state variables.

We can obtain the state equation of the controlled models from (7) as follows:

where , , , and .

The reference model can be obtained as

where , , , and .

Define tracking error as

The adaptive controller is proposed as

where and are feedback and feedforward gain of the closed loop system, respectively.

Substituting (13) into (10) yields

There exist optimal parameters , , such that the following matching condition (15) can be satisfied:

Substituting (14), (15) into the derivative of tracking error yields

where , .

Define a Lyapunov function

where , are positive-definite matrixes, denotes the trace of a square matrix.

Since is a Hurwitz stable matrix, there exists a unique positive-definite symmetric matrix satisfies the following:

where is positive definite.

Substituting (16) into the derivative of generates

Making use of the properties of matrix trace , , (19) can be rewritten as

To make , we choose the adaptive laws as

This adaptive laws yield , according to Barbalat lemma, and will asymptotically converge to zero, .

4. PI-Fuzzy Compound Voltage Control

In this section, PI-fuzzy compound controller is designed for the DC side capacitor voltage control. The PI-fuzzy compound controller structure is shown in Figure 4. When system enters the transient state, the fuzzy controller can improve the system dynamic performance. On the contrary, if system enters the steady state, PI controller can eliminate steady-state error of the system and improve steady-state performance of the system, where the switching of the controller is defined by the absolute value of the voltage error.

Figure 4: PI-fuzzy compound control structure.

In Figure 4, the parameters of PI controller are set by general tuning method. Using the voltage deviation of each sampling time and the fuzzy rule, fuzzy controller can judge quickly and effectively. The advantage of PI-fuzzy compound controller is that it can automatically switch between PI control and fuzzy control under different operating conditions, so it can take advantages of both approaches, thereby improving system speed and enhancing the robustness under the premise of guaranteeing control precision. The switch between the two controllers depends on the indicators of the actual run-time system. The control program runs continuously and monitors the input and output characteristics of the control system, and coordinates between the two control laws automatically.

Since the two-input fuzzy control is similar to proportional and derivative (PD) control. As an affine nonlinear kinematic system, small range of fluctuation of DC voltage in the regulation is inevitable. In order to reduce the interference brought by the derivative action of the controller, we use one-dimensional fuzzy controller, select the deviation between the actual voltage and the reference voltage of the DC side as a fuzzy input variables, and choose as the fuzzy output variables , where is the control amount of the active current that grid injected into the APF main circuit.

Fuzzy input is defined as , where is the real value of the DC capacitor voltage for the first time , is the reference voltage.

After scale changes, let the universe of input variables and output variables of the fuzzy controller are

Select seven of linguistic variables in the universe: NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, and PB. The input variables and output variables are selected overlapping symmetrical triangle membership function, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Triangular membership function.

The fuzzy control rules are the core of the fuzzy control, therefore, how to set up the fuzzy control rules become a crucial issue. The fuzzy control rule is the most natural way to describe the process of human behavior and decision analysis, it establishes the link between the fuzzy input variables and fuzzy output variables, multiform of IF-THEN fuzzy conditional sentences.

Figure 6 is the APF DC voltage reference curve of the change process we can develop fuzzy control rules based on this curve. Fuzzy control rules can be obtained according to the change process; of the curve shown in Figure 6, and the existing experience of DC side capacitor voltage control is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: DC side capacitor voltage fuzzy control rules.

NB
NM
NS
ZO
PS
PM
PB

NB
NM
NS
ZO
PS
PM
PB

Figure 6: The change curve of APF DC capacitor voltage.

The Mamdani type fuzzy inference system containing the fuzzy relationship such as “If is then is ” is adopted. For defuzzification method, the area of ​ ​the center of gravity (centroid) is selected, then fuzzy controller output value can be obtained, that is, grid controlled amount of active current to be injected into the APF main circuit.

5. Simulation Study

Fuzzy controller is completed by using MATLAB fuzzy control editor (FTS), fuzzy control rule table, and fuzzy controller output curve are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.

Figure 7: Fuzzy control rule table.

Figure 8: Fuzzy controller output curve.

According to the control schematic block diagrams shown in Figures 3 and 4, the comprehensive model of active power filter based on reference adaptive control and PI-fuzzy compound control strategy is established in Figure 9, including nonlinear load module (nonlinear load), harmonic current detection module (harmonic creator), and the main circuit of filtering (APF main circuit). IGBT, within appropriate voltage and current levels, is chosen as switch, the PWM conversion module (PWM creator), adaptive current tracking compensation module (MARC controller), and DC side capacitor voltage fuzzy-PI the compound control module (fuzzy-PI controller), and so on.

Figure 9: Comprehensive simulation model of active power filter.

In the simulations of adaptive current control based on PI-fuzzy compound control for the active power filter and hysteresis current control, the DC capacitor voltage PI-fuzzy compound control parameters are , . For comparison purpose, DC capacitor voltage conventional PI control parameters are the same as , .

According to the parameters of Table 2, from (9), (8), and (7), ,

can be obtained, respectively. The positive definite matrixes in (17) and (18) are chosen as

respectively. The adaptive gains in (21) are

Table 2: Simulation Parameters.

Parameters
Value

Power

DC capacitor voltage
 V

PWM switching frequency
 KHZ

Input inductor
 mH

Input capacitor
 μF

Output resistance
 Ω

Load resistance
 Ω

Load inductor
 mH

Regarding the reference model, it is designed as an overdamped system, damping ratio , rise time , then the natural frequency rad/s can be obtained, adjustment time  s, and the two poles of the reference model can be obtained as −12.6061 and −71.3939. Then, and can be determined.

During the simulation, the nonlinear load changes twice: first at the time of 0.4 s, parallel nonlinear load is added to the APF system; second at the time of 0.72 s, nonlinear load incorporated to the APF system at 0.4 s is removed. Figure 10 shows the grid current waveform without APF. It can be seen that due to the effects of nonlinear load, the grid current waveform has severe distortion. Figure 11 is the grid current waveform with adaptive current control based on PI-fuzzy compound control. As can be seen from Figure 11, grid current distortion has been significantly improved with the incorporated APF. Besides, in Figures 10 and 11, (b) is the zoom of (a). Figure 12 is the tracking waveform of DC capacitor voltage with PI-fuzzy compound control while the blue line stands for the default DC capacitor voltage. Figure 13 amplifies the waveforms which compare the DC capacitor voltage tracking between conventional PI control and fuzzy-PI compound control with nonlinear load switching. It can be observed from Figure 13 that DC capacitor voltage with PI-fuzzy compound controller has smaller overshoot, better steady accuracy, robustness, and voltage setting than that with conventional PI control.

(a)

(b)

Figure 10: Grid current waveform without APF.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11: Grid current waveform with adaptive current control based on PI-fuzzy compound control.

Figure 12: Tracking waveform of DC capacitor voltage with PI-fuzzy compound control.

(a)

(b)

Figure 13: Amplification graph of DC capacitor voltage tracking waveform between conventional PI control and fuzzy-PI compound control with nonlinear load switching.

It can be seen from Figures 14 and 15, the feedforward gain and feedback gain converge to the stable values after short time. These two adaptive parameters are updated online to make the current track reference model as close as possible.

Figure 14: Adaptation of MRAC controller’s feedforward gain .

(a)

(b)

Figure 15: Adaptation of MRAC controller’s feedback gain .

Figure 16 shows that nonlinear load leads grid current containing a large number of harmonics, where THD = 45.80%. Figure 17 plots the harmonic content with hysteresis control based on PI-fuzzy control, where THD = 5.79%. Figure 18 draws the total harmonic content with adaptive current control based on PI-fuzzy control, where THD = 3.84%. Figures 16, 17, and 18 are all measured in 60 Hz, and the fundamental currents are the same. It is shown that adaptive current control with PI-fuzzy compound control is effective in harmonic suppression of APF.

Figure 16: Grid current spectrogram without active power filter.

Figure 17: Grid current spectrogram with hysteresis control of active power filter based on PI-fuzzy compound control.

Figure 18: Grid current spectrogram with adaptive current control based on PI-fuzzy compound control.

It can be concluded that the current tracking and THD performance can be improved by using the proposed adaptive current control with PI-fuzzy control. Thus the control performance and robustness to nonlinear load can be improved.

6. Conclusion

In this paper the approximate mathematical model of the active power filter is established; model reference adaptive current tracking control method for AC side current is developed; PI-fuzzy compound control is designed for the DC capacitor voltage regulation. Simulation studies prove that adaptive current control method based on PI-fuzzy compound control not only can regulate the DC capacitor voltage but also track the AC current command signals, eliminate the power harmonics, and improve the power quality and system robustness.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for useful comments that improved the quality of the paper. This work is partially supported by National Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 61074056; the Scientific Research Foundation of High-Level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Plan of Jiangsu Province; the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant no. 2012B06714.

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