Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 685798, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685798

Research Article

Synchronization of Coupled Stochastic Systems Driven by -Stable Lévy Noises

Anhui Gu

College of Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

Received 9 October 2012; Revised 25 December 2012; Accepted 28 December 2012

Academic Editor: Weihai Zhang

Copyright © 2013 Anhui Gu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The synchronization of the solutions to coupled stochastic systems of N-Marcus stochastic ordinary differential equations which are driven by α-stable Lévy noises is investigated . We obtain the synchronization between two solutions and among different components of solutions under certain dissipative conditions. The synchronous phenomena persist no matter how large the intensity of the environment noises. These results generalize the work of two Marcus canonical equations in X. M. Liu et al.' s (2010).

1. Introduction

The synchronization of coupled systems is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the biological and physical science and is also known to occur in abundant of social science contexts; see for example [1–6] and references therein. In the recent book of Strogatz [4], a number of its diversity of occurrence and an extensive list of references can be found. Let be two functions defined in and are said to be synchronized if . Synchronization of deterministic coupled systems has been investigated both for autonomous systems and nonautonomous systems (see, e.g., [7–10]). For coupled systems of It stochastic differential equations with various Gaussian noises (in the terms of Brownian motion), the synchronization of solutions has been considered in the papers Caraballo and Kloeden [11], Caraballo et al. [12], Caraballo et al. [13] and Chueshov and Schmalfuß [14]. In [15], Shen et al. showed the synchronization of solutions for more general systems with multiplicative noise. Recently, Liu et al. [16, 17] studied the synchronization phenomenon for coupled systems driven by non-Gaussian noises (in terms of Lévy motion) and the analogous results also hold for the general systems with additive Lévy noises [18].

A Lévy motion is a non-Gaussian process with independent and stationary increments; that is, increments are stationary and independent for any non overlapping time lags . Moreover, its sample paths are only continuous in probability, namely, as for any positive . With a suitable modification, these paths may be taken as càdlàg; that is, paths are continuous on the right and have limits on the left (see, e.g., [19, 20]). As a special case of Lévy processes, the symmetric -stable Lévy motion plays an important role among stable processes just like Brownian motion among Gaussian processes. A stochastic process is called the -stable Lévy motion if (1) a.e., (2) has independent increments, and (3) for and for some , where denotes the -stable distribution with index of stability , scale parameter , skewness parameter , and shift parameter ; in particular, denotes the Gaussian distribution. For more details on -stable distributions, we can refer to [21, 22].

Let be a probability space, where of càdlàg functions with the Skorohod metric (see [23]) as the canonical sample space and denote by the Borel -algebra on . Let be the (Lévy) probability measure on which is given by the distribution of a two-sided Lévy process with paths in , that is, . Define on the shift by . Then, the mapping is continuous and measurable [24], and the (Lévy) probability measure is -invariant, that is, , for all ; see [19] for more details.

Consider the following Marcus stochastic ordinary differential equations (MSODEs) system driven by -stable Lévy noises in :

where , are independent -stable Lévy noises on , , denotes the Marcus integral (see, e.g., [25]), and are regular enough to ensure the existence and uniqueness of solutions and satisfy the one-sided dissipative Lipschitz condition

on for some .

Set

where

are the stationary solutions of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck stochastic differential equations

Then system (1) can be translated into the following random ordinary differential equations (RODEs):

where is right-hand derivative of at .

Now we consider the linear coupled RODEs of (6), as follows:

with the coupled coefficient , where and . Hence, (7) can be written as the following equivalent MSODEs:

where ,   ,    , and .

For synchronization of solutions (in the sense of Carathéodory [26]) to RODEs system (7), there are two cases: one for any two solutions and the other for components of solutions. When , Liu et al. [17] consider both types of synchronization. Under the one-sided dissipative Lipschitz condition (2), they firstly proved that synchronization of any two solutions occurs and the random dynamical system generated by the solution of (7) has a singleton sets random attractor, then they proved that the synchronization between any two components of solutions occurs as the coupled coefficient tends to infinity. The synchronization result implies that coupled dynamical systems share a dynamical feature in an asymptotic sense. Based on the work of [15, 17], we consider the synchronization of solutions of (7) in the case of and obtain the similar results. We show that the random dynamical system (RDS) generated by the solution of the coupled RODEs system (7) has a singleton sets random attractor which implies the synchronization of any two solutions of (7). Moreover, the singleton set random attractor determines a stationary stochastic solution of the equivalently coupled RODEs system (8). We also show that any two solutions of RODEs system (7) converge to a solution of the averaged RODEs as follows:

as the coupling coefficient .

When , we have the standard Brownian motion, which the Marcus integral reduces to the Stratonovich stochastic integral, and both types of the synchronization of system (8) have been considered in [15]. It is worth mentioning that the generalization is not trivial because new techniques similar to [15] are needed. We restrict here that , only in this case, the solutions of the Ornstein-Uhlenbech equations based on -stable Lévy noises are stationary, which is crucial to our purpose. When , dealing with such values of the parameter seems to be a new challenging for us.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall some basic facts on random dynamical systems, and then we give two lemmas which will be frequently used. In Section 3, we show the synchronization of two solutions to the coupled RODEs (7) and obtain the staionary stochastic solution to the equivalent MSODEs (8). In Section 4, we give the synchronization of components of solutions to the coupled RODEs (7), which implies that the equivalent MSODEs (8) share the similarly synchronous phenomenon when driven by the same -stable Lévy noises.

2. Random Dynamical Systems and Auxiliary Lemmas

We will frequently use the following results.

Lemma 1. There exists a -invariant subset of full measure for a.e. , and the sample paths of satisfy

In addition, for , there exist random variables and such that

Proof. The equalities (10) and (11) can be found in [17, Lemma 2]. By (11), we have , then there exists such that for . Similarly, , which implies that there exists such that for . Denoting , we have for , which completes the proof.

Lemma 2 (Gronwall type inequality). Suppose that is an matrix and are -dimensional vectors on which are sufficiently regular. If the following inequality holds in the componentwise sense:

where is right-hand derivative of , then

Proof. See Lemma 2.8 in [27] and the proof of lemma 2.2 in [15].

Proposition 3 (Random attractor for càdlàg RDS (see [16])). Let be an RDS on and let be continuous in space but càlàg in time. If there exists a family of nonempty measurable compact subsets of and a such that

for all families in a given attracting universe. then, the RDS has a random attractor with the component subsets defined for each by

Furthermore, if the random attractor consist of singleton sets, that is, for some random variable , then is a stationary stochastic process.

3. Synchronization of Two Solutions

Consider the coupled system (7) with the following initial data:

For asymptotic behavior of the difference between two solutions of RODEs system (7) with initial data (17) (omitting to RODEs system (7) for brevity), we get the following:

Lemma 4. For any two solutions and of RODEs system (7),

that is, all solutions of the coupled RODEs system (7) converge pathwise to each other as time tends to infinity.

Proof. By the dissipative Lipschitz condition (2), for , we have

Define for ,

where . Thus, the differential inequalities can be written as a simple form

By Lemma 2, it yields from (21) that

By [15, Lemma 3.2], we know that for defined in Lemma 1, and ,

which leads to

and completes the proof.

Now, we use the theory of random dynamical systems which are generated by stochastic differential equations driven by -stable Lévy noise to find what the solutions of (7) will converge to. Obviously by condition (2) and [16, Lemma 4], we know that the solution

of system (7) generates a càdlàg RDS over with state space .

Then, we have the result for this RDS .

Theorem 5. Under the dissipative condition of (2), the RDS , has a singleton sets random attractor given by

which implies the synchronization of any two solutions of system (7). Furthermore,

is the stationary stochastic solution of the equivalent coupled MSODEs (8).

Proof. For , we have

Analogous to (21), we get

where ,

where . Then by Lemma 2,

By (23), we have

Define

and let be a random ball in centered at the origin with radius . Obviously, the infinite integrals on the right hand side of (33) and (34) are well defined by Lemma 1.

For a given attracting universe of tempered random bounded sets , that is, for any , , and all , we have . Note that for all , if , then

which implies that the closed random ball is a pullback absorbing set at of the càdlàg RDS ; that is

in the attracting universe . Hence by Proposition 3, the coupled system has a random attractor with satisfying that is compact, -invariant, that is, for all , , and attracting in , that is, for all ,

where is the Hausdorff semidistance on . By Lemma 4, all solutions of (7) converge pathwise to each other; therefor, consists of singleton sets, that is,

We transform the coupled RODEs (7) back to the coupled MSODEs (8), the corresponding pathwise singleton sets attractor is then equal to

which is exactly a stationary stochastic solution of the coupled MSODEs (8) because the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is stationary (see [17]).

4. Synchronization of the Components of Solutions

It is known in Section 3 that all solutions of the coupled RODEs system (7) converge pathwise to each other in the future for a fixed positive coupling coefficient . Here, we would like to discuss what will happen to solutions of the coupled RODEs system (7) as . First, we will give some lemmas which play an important role in this section.

Similar to [15, Section 4], we can set up the following estimations. Suppose that is a solution of the coupled RODEs system (7). For any two different components of the solution ,

thus, for fixed , we have

Let

in any bounded interval . Note that in (33) satisfies

and, consequently, for . Hence, is uniformly bounded in and

uniformly for with

Now let us estimate the difference between any two components of a solution of the coupled RODEs system (7) as .

Lemma 6. Provided condition (2) is satisfied, then any two components of a solution of the coupled RODEs system (7) uniformly vanish in any bounded time interval when the coupling coefficient ; that is, for any bounded interval and for all, it yields

Proof. The proof is quite similar to the proof of Lemma 4.2 in [15]. To prove the result, we can equivalently estimate the difference between any two adjacent components only because the first and the last components of the solution are considered to be adjacent. We will notice that only one new term appears in each step which continues the process, except the last step that ends the process.

For the difference of the first part of the solution ,

uniformly for by (44). Here, we can take

In fact, from [15, Lemma 4.1], we can take any when is even and any when is odd.

We have seen that the estimations in (47) generate . Now, we have

uniformly for .

Note that has been fixed and is generated. Similarly, it yields

uniformly for .

Continuing such estimations, for , we get

uniformly for .

We can divide the situation into two cases: is even and is odd, which is just as the same as [15] did. When is even, we can rewrite the inequalities in the matrix form

uniformly for , where for ,

are -dimensional vectors, and

By Lemma 2, it follows from (52) that

By [15, Lemma 4.1] again, is negative definite, then we have

where is the maximal eigenvalue of . Thus, (55) implies that

uniformly for as .

Similarly, when is odd, we can rewrite the inequalities in the matrix form

uniformly for , where for ,

are -dimensional vectors, and

By Lemma 2, it follows from (58) that

Just like the even case, for uniform , we have

For other adjacent components, the process above can be repeated. Hence, we can draw a conclusion that the difference between any adjacent components of a solution of the coupled RODEs system (7) tends to zero uniformly for as the coupling coefficient goes to infinity which completes the proof.

We know that all components of a solution of system (7) have the same limit uniformly for as . Now, we are in the position to find what they converge to.

Lemma 7. If assumptions (2) and (6) hold, the càdlàg random dynamical system generated by the solution of the averaged RODEs system

has a singleton sets random attractor denoted by . Furthermore,

is the stationary stochastic solution of the equivalently averaged SODE system

where .

Proof. Assume that and are two solutions of (63), we have

It follows from Gronwall's lemma (see [27, Lemma 2.8]) that

which implies that

Then, all solutions of (63) converge pathwise to each other.

Now, we have to give what they converge to based on the theory of càdlàg random dynamical systems. Let be a solution of (63), we get

From Gronwall's lemma in [27], again, it yields for ,

By pathwise pullback convergence with , the random closed ball centered as the origin with random radius is a pullback absorbing set of , where

Obviously, by Lemma 1, the integral defined in the right hand side is well defined.

By Proposition 3, there exists a random attractor for . Since all solutions of (63) converge pathwise to each other, the random attractor is composed of singleton sets.

Note that the averaged RODE (63) is transformed from the averaged SODE (65) by the following transformation:

so the pathwise singleton sets attractor is a stationary solution of the averaged SODE (65) since the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is stationary.

Now, we will present another main solution of this work.

Theorem 8. Let

be the singleton sets random attractor of the càdlàg random dynamical system generated by the solution of RODEs system (7), then

pathwise uniformly for belongs to any bounded time interval for any sequence , where is the solution of the averaged RODE (63) and is the singleton sets random attractor of the càdlàg random dynamical system which is generated by the solution of averaged RODE (63).

Proof. Define

where is the singleton sets random attractor of the càdlàg RDS generated by RODEs system (7). Thus, satisfies

Then, we get

by the continuous property of the solutions and the fact that these solutions belong to the compact ball , it follows that

By the Ascoli-Arzelà theorem in a Skorohod space of bounded time intveral in [23], there exists a subsequence such that converges to as .

Since difference between any two components of a solution of the coupled RODEs system (7) tends to zero uniformly for as , from (75), we have

uniformly for as for . Furthermore, it follows from (76) that, for ,

Thus,

uniformly for as , which implies that solves RODE (63). Then, we note that all possible sequences of converge to the same limit uniformly for as . Since the RDS generated by the solutions of RODE (63) has a singleton sets random attractor , the stationary stochastic process must be equal to , that is, , which completes the proof.

As an obvious result of Theorem 8, we get the following.

Corollary 9.

in Skorohod metric pathwise uniformly for as .

Remark 10. The results in this paper hold just in almost everywhere because in Lemma 1, and we still use instead of .

Remark 11. Although the same results hold when the systems perturbed by non-Gaussian noises (see, e.g., [17] and this paper for -stable Lévy noises and [16, 18] for additive Lévy noises), there exists some difference between dealing with such stochastic systems when driven by Bronian motions and Lévy motions. Firstly, to some extent, the cases of Lévy noises have more general sense than the Bronian motions. For example, when , the Lévy noise is the standard Brownian motion and the Marcus integral is reduced to the Stratonovich stochastic integral, that is, the case of multiplicative white noise (see [11, 15]). Here we only are restricted to . Secondly, We need to consider the càdlàg functions in the Skorohod metric, which are different from the continuous cases in the metric under the compact-open topology. Last but not least, we have to consider the solutions in the sense of Carthéodory and the right hand derivatives.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions which largely improved the quality of the paper. This work is partially supported by NSF of China under Grant no. 11071165, Guangxi Provincial Department of Research Project (201010LX166), and Program to Sponsor Teams for Innovation in the Construction of Talent Highlands in Guangxi Institutions of Higher Learning under Grant no. 47.

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