Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 818401, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/818401

Research Article

Impulsive Vaccination SEIR Model with Nonlinear Incidence Rate and Time Delay

Dongmei Li, Chunyu Gui, and Xuefeng Luo

Department of Applied Mathematics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China

Received 12 July 2013; Revised 22 October 2013; Accepted 30 October 2013

Academic Editor: Jun Hu

Copyright © 2013 Dongmei Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper aims to discuss the delay epidemic model with vertical transmission, constant input, and nonlinear incidence. Some sufficient conditions are given to guarantee the existence and global attractiveness of the infection-free periodic solution and the uniform persistence of the addressed model with time delay. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

1. Introduction

Vaccination has been widely used as a method of disease control; inoculate is an effective approach according to the characteristics of the disease which takes the defense in advance. The implementation of inoculate is not continuous but cyclical. As early as in the 1960s, the principle of the stability has been given in [1] for the impulsive differential equation. Subsequently, a better definition of stability has been proposed in [2] for the impulsive differential equation. Motivated by the above work, the attention has been made on the application of the pulse immunization in the infectious disease model. For example, the study has been reported in [3] where the research has been made about inoculating the pulse vaccination for the people who are easily infected. The researchers have realized that the pulse vaccination strategies can eliminate the positive role to measles; see for example [3, 4]. Moreover, the SIV infection model has been studied in [5]. The inoculation ratio and the inoculation interval time to eliminate the influence of the disease have been pointed out. Accordingly, a huge amount of results has appeared concerning the pulse model to study epidemics of infectious diseases; see for example [6, 7].

On the other hand, the pulse SEIR epidemic model with the incubation period has been established in [8]. The qualitative analysis has been given that the local asymptotic stability of infection-free periodic solution is globally stable. Note that the existence of time delay would degrade the desired performance or even result in the instability [9–12]. As such, a new class of models with vertical transmission delay pulse infectious disease has been given in [7]. By using the impulsive differential inequality, the sufficient conditions have been presented to guarantee the global attractability of infection-free periodic solution and uniform persistence of the disease. Subsequently, the disease delay pulse models with multiple infectious diseases have been addressed in [13] and the SIR pulse vaccination infectious disease model with time delay has been discussed in [14]. By constructing an appropriate Lyapunov function, the global attractability of the unique positive periodic solution has been discussed in [15] for the pulse predator-prey system with distributed delay and proliferated. Also, by using the comparison principle of impulsive differential equations, the influence from the time delay, the pulse vaccination, and the other factors on the nature of the model has been tackled in [16, 17].

An impulsive vaccination SEIR epidemic model with saturation infectious and constant input has been studied in [18], and the sufficient conditions have been established to ensure the stability and the persistence of the disease-free periodic solution. In [19], the SEIRS pulse infectious disease model with saturated incidence has been investigated. Sufficient conditions of infection-free periodic solution and disease-lasting conclusion have been obtained. Also, it has been shown that the size of the pulse cycle is an important factor affecting the disease extinction. The SIR epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and two class infectious diseases containing the pulse effect has been studied in [20]. Sufficient conditions of the global attractability of the disease-free periodic solutions have been given. It has confirmed that the system is uniformly persistent under a certain condition. Meanwhile, the time delay, pulse vaccination, and nonlinear incidence play important roles in the nature of the model. The conditions have been proposed to control two kinds of diseases. In [21], the pulse vaccination SIQRS epidemic model with constant input and saturated incidence rate has been addressed. However, it is worth mentioning that the unified model with vertical transmission, constant input, and nonlinear incidence has not been investigated.

In this paper, the cases of constant population input and vertical transmission are considered. Patients who contact susceptible people with saturated incidence way are taken into account. A new impulsive vaccination SEIR epidemic model with time delay and nonlinear incidence rate is established. The sufficient condition is given to guarantee the stability of the disease-free periodic solution and the persistence of the model. Compared to existing results, the main contributions lie in the following aspects: (i) the nonlinear incidence rate is considered in the model to describe the spread of the disease which is more close to reality; (ii) all kinds of infectious diseases have the incubation period, and therefore it is necessary to deal with the phenomenon of time delay; (iii) a unified pulse SEIR epidemic model including the nonlinear contract rate, vertical transmission, and time delays is established. As discussed in [22–24], the study of the pulse epidemic model conducted in this paper has analyzed the trend of the disease in the theoretical aspect which will contribute to making the strategy of the disease prevention.

2. Model Establishment

We consider an SEIR model by assuming that the input term has a constant population, a nonlinear occurrence rate as , and the number of sick of which the sick people who birth to the newborn are , the time needed which the lurker transfer into the infected people is , so after a time , the number of survived lurker which into the infected person is

The effective coverage of the pulse vaccination needle for the newborn that is not infected is denoted by ; the vaccination cycle is . Now we can obtain the following impulsive differential equation model:

Here, , , , and represent susceptible, lurker, disease, and cure at time , respectively; represents the birth rate (the birth rate is equal to death rate); represents the effective contact number; is the mortality due to illness; denotes the cure rate; represents the infected people who give birth to the newborn and who are vertically infected into “the kind of latent” at time ; is the proportion of infected people who gave birth to newborn who are not vertically infected at time ; denotes the succeeded vaccination proportion of newborn for all those who are not infected; represents input number of the population of constant; denotes the time of lurker who become infected people; is the pulse vaccination cycle; , , , , , and are positive constants. In this paper, we consider the property of the model under , , , and , and the initial conditions are given as follows:

Letting and according to (2), we have

So (2) can be transformed into the following form:

Noticing and by the comparison principle, we have and then we have . Then, all solutions of model (5) eventually enter and remain in the domain . Therefore, is the positive invariant set of (5).

To proceed, we introduce the following two lemmas which will play important roles in the remaining parts of this paper.

Lemma 1 (see [25]). Consider the following differential equations with delay:

where , , and are constants. Assume that

(i)the sequence satisfies and ;(ii) and are left continuous at , then

Lemma 2 (see [26]). Considering the following differential equations with delay:

where , , and are positive constants, and , one has the following

(i)if , then ,(ii)if , then ,

for all .

3. Main Results

In this section, for model (2), we aim to propose the sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of the disease-free periodic solutions, the global stability of disease-free periodic solution, and the uniform persistence of the considered model.

3.1. Existence of the Disease-Free Periodic Solutions

Firstly, the analysis result is given to ensure the existence of the disease-free periodic solutions.

Theorem 3. If, (10) has a unique and positive periodic solution . Moreover (5) has a unique disease-free periodic solution .

Proof. The existence of the disease-free periodic solution means that the number of sick people is zero, that is for all . Thus (5) is transformed into

Noticing that only appears in the second equation of (9), so we only need to consider the first and third equations of (9),

Let and represent the initial value of and , at the time , respectively. For brevity, denote , . Then, we can be integral in the pulse interval , respectively, and for the total population and infected people, and we have

According to (11), we have the following stroboscopic map:

The Jacobi matrix of (12) is

The matrix has the characteristic roots with . If , that is, , then map (12) has a unique and positive fixed point with , . Therefore, the periodic solution of (10) is

By using the second and fifth equations of (9), we have . Thus the proof of this theorem is complete.

3.2. Global Stability of Disease-Free Periodic Solution

In this subsection, the global stability of the disease-free periodic solution is discussed and the sufficient condition is given accordingly.

Theorem 4. If , then the disease-free periodic solution of (9) is globally attractive, where

Proof. By the first and fifth equations of (5) and , we have , and then we have

By Lemma 1, we obtain

where

So

that is,

Noticing , we have . Moreover, we obtain . Then, for all , there exists such that

for all .

Subsequently, it follows from (21) and the third equation of (5) that

for .

Consider the comparison system of (22)

Due to , the following inequalities hold:

for . By Lemma 2, we have . Note that for all . Then, according to the comparison theorem of differential equation, one gets .

Without loss of generality, assuming that there exists , we have for all . By the first and the fifth equations of (5), we have

Considering the comparison systems of (25),

when , we obtain

where

By the comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation, for , there exists , when , and we obtain

for all . As , , . Then due to the first and the fifth equations of (5), we obtain

Considering the comparison systems of (30),

we have

when .

Similarly, for , there exists such that

for . Denote . When , let . Then it follows from (29) and (33) that , that is,

By substituting into (5), we have , . Then, the proof of this theorem is complete.

3.3. Uniform Persistence of the Model

In this subsection, the definition of the uniform persistence is first given. Then the sufficient condition is proposed to ensure the uniform persistence of the addressed model.

Definition 5. If there exists a compact set , such that (2) at any periodic solution enters into and finally remains under the initial condition of (3), then (2) is uniformly persistent.

According to the above definition, we aim to present the analysis result about the uniform persistence for model (2).

Theorem 6. If then the (2) is uniformly persistent, where

Proof. It follows from that, we obtain , then the solutions of (2) have upper bound. So we only need to consider the lower bound solution of (2).

First, we show the existence of a lower bound for . The third equation of (2) transforms the form as follows:

Construct . So is a bounded function. Along the solution of (2), we have

By , there exists satisfying

Then, we have

Subsequently, there exists , such that

So

where

Now we prove that is not true. Otherwise, assume that there exists , and when , there is . By using the first and the fifth equations of (2), we have

By Lemma 1, there exists , and we have

for . Together with (37) and (44), one gets

Denote . Then , that is, . Otherwise there exists , such that . Then there are , , and . It follows from the second equation of (2) and (41) that

which is a contradiction. So, for , according to (36), , , that is . This is, a contradiction of which is bounded. So when , is not tenable.

Two cases to prove are given as follows.

Case  1. If, for which is sufficiently large, , hence the statements are proved.

Case  2. If is shocked near , let . There exists two constants: and satisfying , and when , there is . Because is a continuous and bounded function which is not affected by pulse, then is uniformly continuous. So, there exists ( depends on the selection of ), met for all , and there is . If . The conclusion was established. If , then, by the second equation of (5) that we have when , ; again by , there is , and obviously is established. Similarly, if , then, by the second equation of (5), when , . Then proof is as follows, when , and there is still . If not, there exists , when , and there are , , and . It follows from the second equation of (2) that

It is a contradiction. So when , there is .

Above all, any positive periodic solution of (2) which for sufficiently large , it can be concluded that .

It follows from the first and the fifth equations of (2) that

It follows from Lemma 1 that

Since , so

Thus ; it follows from that , that is; for , there exists , when , and there is

Because of the second equation of (2)

Subsequently, it follows from the fourth equation of (2) that

Similarly, there is satisfying

Then, is a bounded compact set, nontrivial for any cycle solution of (2) to enter and stay in inside. Hence, it completes the proof of this theorem.

Remark 7. Up till now, we investigate the delay epidemic model with vertical transmission, constant input and nonlinear incidence. The sufficient conditions are given to guarantee the existence of the disease-free periodic solutions, the global stability of disease-free periodic solution, and the uniform persistence of the considered model. It is worth mentioning that, according to the statistics of the suspected patients and patients and using the data identification approach, the parameters in the model can be determined when the disease outbreaks. Subsequently, the illness trend of the epidemic can be predicted. Hence, we can make the reasonable control measures. One of the future research directions would be to apply the developed results to make the control strategy by properly considering the real information on the epidemic data.

4. A Numerical Simulation

For comparisons, we consider the following five cases.

Case 1. Let the parameters be specified as certain fixed values in (2): , , , , , , , , , and ; then the result is obtained after calculation. By Theorem 4, we know that the disease-free periodic solution of (2) is globally attractive. Setting the initial value , , , and , the numerical simulation of the diagram is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: The global attractability of disease-free periodic solution.

Case 2. Take the following parameters: , , , , , , , , , , and ; we calculate that . By Theorem 6, (2) is uniform persistence. Letting the initial , , , , the numerical simulation of (2) is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The uniform persistence of disease when , , and .

Case 3. The parameter of (2) is the same as that in Figure 1 except for parameter . Taking , we have . Then, by Theorem 6, (2) is of uniform persistence. The corresponding numerical simulation of (2) is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: The uniform persistence of disease when .

Case 4. If the parameter of (2) is the same as in Figure 1 except . Taking , we obtain . By Theorem 6, (2) is of uniform persistence. Accordingly, the simulation of (2) is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: The uniform persistence of disease when .

Case 5. If the parameter of (2) is the same as in Figure 1 except . Taking , we have . By Theorem 6, (2) is of uniform persistence. The numerical simulation of (2) is shown in Figure 5.

It can be seen that is more influenced by the change of , but is less influenced by the change of .

Figure 5: The uniform persistence of disease when .

By Figures 2 and 3, we can see that when the contact rate is smaller, the numbers of lurker and infective are reduced, but the numbers of susceptible and removed accordingly changed much. Also, there is a proportional relationship between the size of the extent of epidemic and the contact rate. By comparing Figures 2 and 4, when the vertical transmission rate is bigger, the number of infective is increased by controlling the vertical transmission rate of infected newborn. Moreover, by comparing Figures 2 and 5, the increase of vaccination rate has a certain effect for the control of the disease, but it is not obvious. Therefore, if we reduce the extent of the epidemic, the measure of one is reducing the contact rate and vertical transmission rate. From the simulation the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed main results are confirmed.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we have discussed the SEIR model with the pulse vaccination, the constant input item of population, and the vertical transmission. By employing the impulsive differential inequality and the stroboscopic map, the existence conditions of the disease-free periodic solution of the model have been given. Also, the sufficient conditions of globally attractive and uniform persistence have been proposed. Finally, a numerical example has been given to illustrate the validity of the proposed results. One of our future research interests is to extend the main results of the analysis and synthesis of gene regulatory networks or complex dynamical systems as discussed in [27–32].

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province under Grant no. A200502 and the Foundation of Educational Commission of Heilongjiang Province under Grant no. 12521099.

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