Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 932389, 14 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932389

Research Article

Integral Sliding Mode Control Strategy of D-STATCOM for Unbalanced Load Compensation under Various Disturbances

Mingchao Xia and Yanhui Mao

School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100044, China

Received 1 July 2013; Accepted 26 August 2013

Academic Editor: Rongni Yang

Copyright © 2013 Mingchao Xia and Yanhui Mao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Control strategies of D-STATCOM for unbalanced load compensation under internal and external disturbances were discussed. Linear control strategies do not have a satisfactory dynamic performance and become invalid under internal or external disturbances. To guarantee a good precision and robustness, a control strategy combining input-output feedback linearization technique with integral sliding mode control (ISMC) method was applied to D-STATCOM for unbalanced load compensation. The strategy has features of simple structure and is easy to implement. A 10 MVar/10 kV D-STATCOM simulation system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the control strategy proposed. Simulation results show that the control strategy can compensate reactive power and eliminate unbalance simultaneously under various disturbances.

1. Introduction

With the fast development of modern society, requirements of good power quality become higher and higher. Unbalanced loads such as electric arc furnace and rolling mill will cause enormous impacts on power quality in the power distribution grid by unbalanced current and by absorbing a large amount of reactive power, which endanger the normal operation of the power supply and electrical equipment. In order to improve the power quality, compensating reactive power and unbalanced load current simultaneously was necessary. Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM), which has features of fast dynamic response and compact structure, can compensate reactive power and unbalanced current [1]. Many control strategies have been proposed for D-STATCOM to compensate unbalanced load, while they presented a poor performance under various disturbances.

Sliding mode control (SMC) has gained much attention for its robustness. Reference [2] presented a model reference adaptive sliding mode control algorithm for the single-phase shunt APF. The THD performance and power quality were improved by the control algorithm which was insensitive to the nonlinear load and disturbance. Reference [3] presented an adaptive variable structure control strategy for a class of uncertain switched delay systems with parameter uncertainties, unknown nonlinear perturbations, and external disturbance to adapt the unknown upper bounds of the nonlinear disturbances so that the objective of asymptotic stabilization with an -norm bound is achieved under the hysteresis switching law. Reference [4] combined SMC with adaptive tuning for the nonlinear system with uncertain parameters. The control system was robust against parameter variation and external disturbances, the tracking capacity was guaranteed, and the upper bound of the system uncertainty was unnecessary. Reference [5] presented an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller (AFSMC) for linear systems with mismatched time-varying uncertainties. The available uncertainty bounds, which are necessary for the traditional SMC, were not needed, the system was stable on the sliding surface and the chattering was reduced. Reference [6] presented a robust control scheme that consists of sliding mode control, nonlinear disturbance observer, and radial basis function neural network for a class of uncertain multi-input and multioutput (MIMO) nonlinear systems with the unknown external disturbance, the system uncertainty, and the backlash-like hysteresis. The scheme had been successfully applied to near-space vehicles attitude dynamics. Reference [7] presented a proportional-integral-differential neural network-based sliding mode controller for modular multilevel high-voltage DC converter of offshore wind power, which could make the system globally stable and achieve a stronger robustness. Reference [8] presented a terminal SMC based on adaptive fuzzy-neural observer for the nonaffine nonlinear uncertain system, where only the measurable outputs were necessary. Reference [9] presented a robust input–output sliding mode control method for the buck converter that avoided state measurements, or the use of observers. Reference [10] presented an ISMC-based ASMC algorithm for rigid spacecraft attitude maneuvers, which could reduce switching gain and chattering and get a faster convergence rate. Reference [11] combined the input–output linearization technique with the integral sliding mode for load pressure control of die-cushion cylinder drive in the presence of unknown disturbances and parametrical uncertainties. Conducted tests showed a very good and robust performance of the closed loop control. Reference [12] combined rate reaching law with integral sliding manifold to form a novel integral sliding mode controller which was suitable for many nonlinear systems with approximate mathematics model, especially with unmatched uncertainty or external disturbance, and had better performance in rapidity, stationarity, and robustness. Reference [13] presented a robust integral sliding mode control method for a class of uncertain switched nonlinear systems, by which the state of the system remained on the integral sliding surface from the initial time. Reference [14] presented a new PD sliding mode observer to construct the accurate estimations for both system states and sensor faults simultaneously for Lipschitz nonlinear and Markovian jump systems with time delay subject to sensor faults. Based on the state estimation, an observer-based fault-tolerant state-feedback controller is designed to stabilize the resulting closed-loop system.

As SMC has a good robustness against the disturbances and has been applied to many applications, it can be applied to D-STATCOM for unbalanced load compensation so that the performance of D-STATCOM under various disturbances will be improved. This paper proposes a control strategy combining integral sliding mode control with input-output feedback linearization for the compensation of unbalanced load. Two loops are designed: one is for the positive sequence compensation where the positive sequence reactive power is compensated and the other is for the negative sequence compensation where the negative sequence current due to load unbalance is compensated. ISMC combined with input-output feedback linearization is used in the two loops. The advantages of the proposed control strategy are tripartite. First, the steady-state error in the presence of disturbances is avoided by ISMC. Second, asymptotic state observers are not need. Third, the two-loop control form makes it possible to compensate positive sequence reactive power and negative sequence current separately to improve power quality. A 10 MVar/10 kV D-STATCOM simulation system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results proved that the control strategy works well under unbalanced condition and compensates reactive power and negative sequence current simultaneously in the presence of disturbances.

2. The Mathematical Model of D-STATCOM under Unbalanced Load

As shown in Figure 1, and represent the grid voltage and current; and represents the output voltage and current of D-STATCOM; represent the load current; represents the DC voltage of each capacitor where “”, “,” and “” in subscript represent the three phases of phase , phase , and phase ; represents the connection inductance; represents the resistance and the inverter loss. The mathematical model of D-STATCOM in the static three-phase coordinates is

The dq transformation is usually used for three-phase analysis, and the sequence component decomposition is usually used for unbalance analysis. When compensating unbalanced load, it would be better to compensate positive sequence reactive power and negative sequence current separately. According to sequence component decomposition, D-STATCOM can be equivalent to a positive sequence one and a negative one, where both of them are independent. This is the basis of the control strategy proposed. The positive and negative sequence models are as (2) and (3):

where , , , represent the and components of the output positive () and negative () sequence currents of D-STATCOM; , , , represent the and components of the positive () and negative () sequence grid voltage; , represent the positive () and negative () sequence angular speed; , represent the positive () and negative () sequence modulation ratio; , represent the positive () and negative () sequence phase difference between the grid voltage and the output voltage of D-STATCOM.

Figure 1: The main wiring diagram of D-STATCOM in power distribution grid.

3. The Control Strategy for Unbalanced Load Compensation

Unbalanced load compensation is a prominent problem for D-STATCOM both in theory and practice. Reference [15] compensated the positive sequence component of reactive power and negative sequence current in a way that the duty ratio and the input phase currents satisfy a special relationship. Reference [16] treated STATCOM as three single-phase systems for unbalance compensation. Reference [17] employed the feed forward compensation scheme with symmetrical components method to compensate unbalanced load. Reference [18] compensated unbalanced network fault and load by separate control of positive and negative sequence current with switching function modulation. Reference [19] combined linear PID feedback control with the admittance compensation method to compensate unbalanced load. Reference [20] presented a software sensor-based control strategy to compensate unbalanced load avoiding the use of the physical voltage sensors.

However, the common drawbacks of the above mentioned control strategies are heavily reliant on the mathematical model and sensitive to disturbances. Considering the drawbacks, it is worth applying SMC to D-STATCOM which is independent of the mathematical model and robust against disturbances. Some works have applied SMC to D-STATCOM to compensate reactive power [21–26]. But all of them cannot compensate unbalanced load.

This paper aims to apply a control strategy based on integral sliding mode control to D-STATCOM to compensate unbalanced load under various disturbances. Since the mathematical model of D-STATCOM under unbalanced condition includes a positive sequence part and a negative sequence part, the separate control of positive and negative sequence currents can be achieved. Then, the integral sliding mode control combined with the input-output feedback linearization is used in the two parts to compensate positive sequence reactive power and negative sequence current simultaneously. The entire schematic diagram of the control strategy is as shown in Figure 2, where represents the current used to stabilize DC voltage, represents the positive sequence reactive load current, and and represent the negative sequence load current.

Figure 2: The entire schematic diagram of the control strategy.

3.1. The Implementation of Input-Output Feedback Linearization

D-STATCOM is a multivariable, strong coupling, nonlinear system which is complicated to design control strategy. The input-output feedback linearization is a straightforward method to simplify such nonlinear system. The main idea of this method is to linearize and decouple the original system into a pseudo linear system through coordinate transformation which is realized by the differential geometric theory. The control characteristics of the system remain unchanged since the coordinate transformation is diffeomorphism. First, input-output feedback linearization method is applied to the positive sequence mathematical model as in (2): the state variables are , the control variables are , and the output variables are . The positive sequence mathematical model and the output equation can be equivalent to (4) and (5), respectively,

Equation (6) can be deduced from (4) and (5):

where

Two new input variables named and are introduced to linearize and decouple the positive sequence mathematical model, where the relations of , , and , are as follows:

The final form of the model is as follows:

The DC voltage control of capacitors in series D-STATCOM is an internal dynamic system control issue. For the stability of the internal dynamic system, the three-level DC voltage control strategy as in [27] was adopted. Since the positive and negative sequence mathematical models have the same form, the negative sequence model can be equivalent to (10) and (11):

where , , .

3.2. The Implementation of Integral Sliding Mode Control

Theoretically, the input-output feedback linearization is a relatively uncomplicated way to control D-STATCOM. Unfortunately, this control is also highly sensitive to disturbances, which in practice considerably restricts its performances. The sliding mode control has been widely applied because of its satisfactory operation characteristics such as fastness, robustness, and stability. A control strategy based on input-output linearization and SMC, which can considerably simplify the design progress and increase the overall system robustness, was proposed to guarantee the normal operation of D-STATCOM and compensate positive sequence reactive power and negative sequence current.

We define the tracking error named as follows:

Determining a sliding surface is the key of sliding mode control. While tracking the reference current, traditional SMC such as in [21–23] cannot avoid steady state error in the presence of disturbances. In this paper, an integral portion is added to the traditional SMC to solve this problem. The switch function can be described as follows:

In order to weaken the chattering and improve the convergence, exponential approach law is used in this paper as follows:

From (9), (10), and (15), we can obtain

Finally, from (8), (11), and (16), we get the control variables , , , and which are applied to generate PWM pulse signals to control IGBTs in D-STATCOM.

4. Simulation

In order to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy proposed in this paper, a 10 MVar/10 kV D-STATCOM simulation system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC. The system parameters are the rated line voltage at the point of common coupling:  kV; the impedance of the power supply and the line:  Ω. The parameters of D-STATCOM are the joint inductance:  H; the single capacitor in DC side:  mF; the cascade count: . The equivalent loss resistance between D-STATCOM and the point of common coupling is  Ω. The load of phase is  Ω; the load of phase is  Ω; the load of phase is  Ω. The unbalanced degree of power grid current is , where represents the maximum value of the three-phase current peak, represents the minimum value of the three-phase current peak, and represents the average value of the three-phase current peak.

Figure 3 shows the reactive power compensation effect when there were no disturbances. The reactive power compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 3(a), where the reactive power in grid (Q_grid) fell to 0.0 Mvar from 4.3 Mvar at 0.4 s when the control strategy was put into operation and fluctuated a little at 1.0 s and became stable at 1.2 s due to the DC voltages in the three phases that were forced to 1 kV. The reactive power generated by D-STATCOM (Q_STATCOM) could track the reactive power in load to guarantee the Q_grid to be stable at 0.0 Mvar and the voltage at the point of common coupling rose to 10.0 kV from 9.7 kV. This proved that the positive sequence control loop could make D-STATCOM generate reactive power needed by load to improve the power factor and voltage at the point of common coupling. The reactive power compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 3(b), where the overshoot in the transient process is larger than ISMC. This proved that the integral portion can improve the compensation performance.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: The reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM under no disturbances.

Figure 4 shows the negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under no disturbances. The three-phase grid current before the control strategy was put into operation is shown in Figure 4(a), where ,  kA,  kA, and . The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 4(b), where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The three-phase grid current became stable and balanced due to the negative sequence control loop which made D-STATCOM generate negative sequence current needed by load to avoid the unbalance thatappeared in grid. The unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 4(c), where  kA,  kA, kA, and . This proved that the integral portion can improve the compensation performance.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4: The negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under no disturbances.

Figure 5 shows the reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal disturbances containing parameter and joint impedance variation. The reactive power compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 5(a), where Q_grid and Q_DSTATCOM were quickly stable after a small fluctuation when parameter variation happened at 1.3s and joint impedance variation happened at 1.6 s, while V_pcc, kept at 10.0 kV no matter what disturbance happened. This proved that the positive sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate reactive power needed by load and has a good robustness against internal disturbances. The reactive power compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 5(b), where the overshoot when the internal disturbances happened is larger than the ISMC. This proved that the integral portion can improve the robustness against the internal disturbances.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: The reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal disturbances.

Figure 6 shows the negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal disturbances. The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC under parameter variation that happened at 1.3 s is shown in (a), where the three-phase grid current balanced again at 1.36 s with smooth transient process and  kA,  kA,  kA, and , while the unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 6(b) where  kA,  kA, kA, and . The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC under parameter and joint impedance variation that happened at 1.3 s and 1.6 s, respectively, is shown in Figure 6(c) where the three-phase grid current balance again at 1.65 s with smooth transient process and  kA,  kA,  kA, and , while the unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 6(d) where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The current curves mentioned above proved that the negative sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate unbalance current caused by unbalanced load and has a better robustness against internal disturbances than the traditional SMC.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 6: The negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal disturbances.

Figure 7 shows the reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM when power supply was unbalance. The reactive power compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 7(a), where Q_grid and Q_DSTATCOM were quickly stable after a small fluctuation when the degree of unbalance in power supply became 5% at 1.5 s and 10% at 1.7 s, and V_pcc was kept at 10.0 kV all along, while the reactive power compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 7(b), where the overshoot is larger than the ISMC. This proved that the positive sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate reactive power needed by load and has a better robustness against power supply unbalance than the traditional SMC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7: The reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM when power supply was unbalanced.

Figure 8 shows the negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM when power supply was unbalance. The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC when the degree of unbalance became 5% at 1.5 s is shown in Figure 8(a), where the three-phase grid current balanced again at 1.55s with smooth transient process and  kA,  kA,  kA, and , while the unbalance effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 8(b), where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC when the degree of unbalance became 10% at 1.7 s is shown in Figure 8(c), where the three-phase grid current balanced again at 1.75s with smooth transient process and  kA,  kA,  kA, and , while the unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 8(d), where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The current curves above proved that the negative sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate unbalance current caused by unbalanced load and has a better robustness against power supply unbalance than the traditional SMC.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8: The negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM when power supply was unbalanced.

Figure 9 shows the reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM during load variation. The reactive power compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 9(a), where Q_grid and Q_DSTATCOM were quickly stable after a small fluctuation when load variation happened at 1.3 s, 1.6 s and 1.9 s, and V_pcc was kept at 10.0 kV all along, while the reactive compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 9(b), where the overshoot is larger than the ISMC. This proved that the positive sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate reactive power needed by load and has a good robustness against load variation.

(a)

(b)

Figure 9: The reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM under load variation.

Figure 10 shows the negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM when load variation. The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC when load in phase became and load in phases and remained unchanged at 1.3 s is shown in Figure 10(a), where the three- phase grid current balanced again at 1.35 s with smooth transient process and  kA,  kA,  kA, and , while the unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 10(b), where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC when load in phase and became and and load in phase remained unchanged at 1.6 s is shown in Figure 10(c), where the three-phase grid current balanced again at 1.66 s with smooth transient process and =2.090 kA, =2.091 kA, =2.092, and , while the unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 10(d), where  kA,  kA, , and . The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC when load in the three-phase restored to the original value at 1.9 s is shown in Figure 10(e), where the three-phase grid current balanced again at 1.96 s with smooth transient process and  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 10(f) where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The current curves above proved that the negative sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate unbalance current caused by unbalanced load and has a better robustness against load variation than the traditional SMC.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 10: The negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under load variation.

Figure 11 shows the reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal disturbances containing parameter variation happened at 1.3 s, joint impedance variation happened at 1.6 s, external disturbances containing power supply unbalance happened at 2.0 s and 2.5 s, and load variation happened at 2.8 s and 3.2 s. The reactive power compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 11(a) where Q_grid and Q_DSTATCOM were quickly stable after a small fluctuation, and V_pcc was kept at 10.0 Mvar all along under internal and external disturbances, while the reactive power compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 11(b), where the overshoot is larger than the ISMC. This proved that the positive sequence control loop which contains integral SMC can compensate the reactive power needed by load and has a better robustness against internal and external disturbances than the traditional SMC.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11: The reactive power compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal and external disturbances.

Figure 12 shows the negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal and external disturbances. The DC voltage controlled by the ISMC is shown in Figure 12(a), where all DC voltages were stable at 1 kV under internal and external disturbances. This is the basis of the normal operation. The unbalance compensation effect of the ISMC is shown in Figure 12(b), where the negative sequence current generated by D-STATCOM could track the negative sequence current in load to make negative sequence current in grid keep at 0.0 kA under internal and external disturbances, while the unbalance compensation effect of the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 12(c), where the negative sequence current generated by D-STATCOM could not track the negative sequence current in load precisely. The final wave form of three-phase current controlled by the ISMC is shown in Figure 12(d), where  kA,  kA,  kA, and , while the final wave form of the three-phase current controlled by the traditional SMC is shown in Figure 12(e), where  kA,  kA,  kA, and . The current curves above proved that the negative sequence control loop which contains the ISMC can compensate unbalance current caused by unbalanced load and has a better robustness against internal and external disturbances than the traditional SMC.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 12: The negative sequence current compensation effect of D-STATCOM under internal and external disturbances.

5. Conclusions

Considering that D-STATCOM is a nonlinear and strong coupling system and the impact caused by unbalanced load on D-STATCOM and grid, a two-loop control strategy based on the input-output feedback linearization and the integral sliding mode technique was applied to D-STATCOM for unbalanced load compensation. The positive and negative sequence separation technique were used to divide the control strategy into positive sequence control loop for the positive reactive power compensation and negative sequence control loop for unbalance compensation. The combination of input-output feedback linearization and integral sliding mode control was used in the two loops to strengthen the tracking capacity and robustness against the internal and external disturbances. The simulation results demonstrated that the control strategy can simultaneously compensate the reactive power and negative sequence current caused by unbalanced load to improve the power quality and has a good robustness against internal and external disturbances. Moreover, the design of the integral sliding mode control compensator was straightforward.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China for the financial support under Grant no. 2012JBM098.

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