Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 587510, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/587510

Research Article

Local Stabilization of Time-Delay Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems Using Takagi-Sugeno Models and Convex Optimization

Luís F. P. Silva,¹ Valter J. S. Leite,² Eugênio B. Castelan,³ and Michael Klug³

¹Department of Mechatronics, CEFET-MG–Campus Divinópolis, 400 Rua Alvares Azevedo, 35503-822 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil

²PPGEL and Department of Mechatronics, CEFET-MG–Campus Divinópolis, 400 Rua Alvares Azevedo, 35503-822 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil

³Department of Automation and Systems, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-DAS/CTC/UFSC, 88040-900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

Received 7 May 2014; Accepted 11 July 2014; Published 20 August 2014

Academic Editor: Massimo Scalia

Copyright © 2014 Luís F. P. Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A convex condition in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) is developed for the synthesis of stabilizing fuzzy state feedback controllers for nonlinear discrete-time systems with time-varying delays. A Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is used to represent exactly the nonlinear system in a restricted domain of the state space, called region of validity. The proposed stabilization condition is based on a Lyapunov-Krasovskii (L-K) function and it takes into account the region of validity to determine a set of initial conditions for which the actual closed-loop system trajectories are asymptotically stable and do not evolve outside the region of validity. This set of allowable initial conditions is determined from the level set associated to a fuzzy L-K function as a Cartesian product of two subsets: one characterizing the set of states at the initial instant and another for the delayed state sequence necessary to characterize the initial conditions. Finally, we propose a convex programming problem to design a fuzzy controller that maximizes the set of initial conditions taking into account the shape of the region of validity of the T-S fuzzy model. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate this proposal.

1. Introduction

Fuzzy logic technique has been widely and successfully used in nonlinear system modeling and control. In a large number of model-based fuzzy control studies and applications the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model approach has been shown to be quite popular and a convenient tool to handle complex nonlinear systems. Such an approach consists of a set of local linear models that are smoothly connected by nonlinear fuzzy membership functions [1]. Some successful applications in controller synthesis can be found in [2–7].

In many real applications, the controlled system is required to work inside a subregion of the state space due, for instance, to safe operational conditions, physical constraints, or some desired level of energy consumptions. Thus, an important characteristic of the T-S fuzzy model is that it can represent exactly or approximately the original nonlinear system in a state space region of interest [8]. In particular, using the technique described in [8] the obtained T-S fuzzy model represents exactly, that is, without modeling error, a nonlinear system in a restricted domain of the state space, here called region of validity. This region can be chosen according to the mentioned operational, physical, or energy consumption constraints. Once this region of validity is assigned and the associated T-S fuzzy model is determined, it is relevant to consider the local behavior in terms of performance and stability of the actual closed-loop system formed by the feedback connection of the nonlinear system with a controller designed using this T-S fuzzy model. Just to cite a few, see [9–14] and the references therein. Few results are known where the region validity of the T-S fuzzy model is taken into account, as example in [15]. However, no delay is considered in the last reference. Therefore, the control laws synthesized without taking into account such a region of validity may yield some trajectories of the actual controlled system to go outside of the region of validity. As a consequence, malfunctioning, performance deterioration, or even instability of the actual controlled closed-loop system may be verified.

Because the considered T-S fuzzy model represents exactly the controlled nonlinear system only inside the above mentioned region of validity, in general, the actual closed-loop system is not globally asymptotically stable and we have to deal with the corresponding region of attraction. This region is the set of all initial conditions such that the corresponding closed-loop trajectories converge to the origin. The exact characterization of the region of attraction is not an easy task. Hence, it is relevant to characterize subsets of this region with well-defined analytical representation and use them for analysis and synthesis of the nonlinear closed-loop system. These subsets are called regions of stability, according to [16].

Dynamic systems with delay are often found in industrial processes especially when there is transfer of mass, energy, and/or information. The delay usually causes performance deterioration and even loss of stability [17, 18]. In the recent years, the academic community has given great attention to the control problem of systems with delayed states, as can be seen, for example, in [10, 19–23].

Recently, T-S fuzzy control of time-delay systems has been studied in context of systems with delayed states, as can be seen in [13, 24, 25]. In these papers, the stability analysis and the control synthesis problems for time-varying delay discrete-time systems represented by T-S fuzzy model is treated and delay-dependent conditions are obtained by using Lyapunov-Krasovskii (L-K) functions. Besides, in [26, 27] the influence of exogenous perturbations is included. In all these works, the region of validity is not taken into account.

In the context briefly described above, the main contribution of the present work is to propose convex conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) for the synthesis of fuzzy stabilizing feedback controllers that maximize the set of initial conditions for which the corresponding trajectories evolve inside the region of validity of the T-S fuzzy model. The proposed results are based on an L-K function to guarantee the convergence of the trajectories for any sequence of initial conditions that belong to some level sets defined from the L-K function and contained in the region of validity of the T-S model. To determine the regions of stability, we split the sequence of the initial states into two parts: the first one is composed only by the initial state vector at . The other part encompasses the remaining delayed state vectors required for the uniqueness of the solutions. Using this decomposition, we can characterize the region of stability through the Cartesian product of two sets. In particular, if the delayed sequence of initial state vectors is identically null, the set of initial conditions at is obtained as the biggest possible level set associated to the L-K contained in the region of validity. Otherwise, if delayed initial states are not null, the mentioned level set shrinks in function of a given measure of these delayed states.

Based on the developed conditions an LMI based optimization problem is proposed to synthesize a fuzzy state feedback controller that maximizes the associate region of stability with respect to the region of validity of the T-S fuzzy model, where the dynamics of the nonlinear closed-loop system are allowed to evolve.

In Section 2 some definitions and the problem formulation are provided. In Section 3 we present the main result: a convex condition for the synthesis of T-S state feedback control gains and an optimization convex problem is also presented to compute the control law maximizing the region of stability. In Section 4, numerical examples are given to illustrate the relevance of the present proposal. Comparisons with recent conditions presented in the literature are also presented, showing the importance of considering the region of validity. Some conclusions are presented in Section 5.

Notations. The th row of the matrix is denoted by . The symbol represents the symmetric blocks in relation to the diagonal. The matrices and denote, respectively, identity and null matrices of appropriate dimensions. For and , denotes a sequence of vectors , , where is the interval of the integer numbers starting in “” and ending in “.” Consider that defines a sequence of vectors , , such that . The space of the vector sequence , which maps in , is , with the norm , where is the Euclidian norm. The function   round rounds the elements of to the nearest integers.

2. Problem Statement

Consider a discrete-time nonlinear system with a time-varying delay in the state such that in a specified subset of the state space including the origin it can be represented by

where is the state vector with the initial condition given by a sequence , with , and , , and is the control input vector. Functions , , and are continuous and bounded for all . Besides, the origin is assumed to be the equilibrium of the system; that is, . The time-varying delay is denoted by and it is subject to

where denotes the maximum modulus variation admissible by between two samples and . The value of is arbitrated through of knowledge of the plant.

The nonlinear system (1) is represented exactly as a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model with rules inside a region to be specified later in this section. Each rule of such a model is given by

where , , are the scalar premise variables supposed to be dependent only on the states, are the fuzzy sets, and is the number of premise variables. The matrices of the systems, , , and , are known.

In this paper is called region of validity and it is defined by a polyhedral set as

where and , for , with representing the number of constraints that characterize the allowed region for the closed-loop system in the state space. Due to the use of the modulus function in (4), the model (3) has symmetric limitations in the states relative to the origin.

Each linear delayed system shown in the fuzzy rule (3) represents a subsystem. By using a standard fuzzy inference method, for example, a center-average defuzzifier, product fuzzy inference, and singleton fuzzifier, the dynamic fuzzy model (3) can be expressed by the following model [28, 29]:

where with and . As usual in fuzzy framework, the membership function is a state-dependent time-varying parameter that is measurable or possible to be estimated in real time and verifies the unitary simplex:

Therefore, matrices in (5) can be rewritten as

which characterizes exactly the nonlinear system (1) inside the region of validity . See [8, 30] for further discussions about the use of T-S models to represent exactly nonlinear systems (1) inside a prespecified region . The initial condition that assures existence and uniqueness of solutions for (5) is given by a sequence , where with , , and sufficiently large. It is necessary that such that this initial condition sequence leads the states of nonlinear system to be controlled (1) to satisfy .

We suppose that it is possible to access to the value of on real time. The control law is defined as follows:

If the value of is unknown, it is enough to assume that in (8). Note that the matrices of the controller are dependent on the membership functions and, likewise the matrices of the fuzzy system (5), they are defined as follows:

where and .

Using the fuzzy formulation (5)–(9), we have the fuzzy closed-loop system with a time-varying delay in the state

where, by construction,

with

It is worth pointing out that, by construction, the fuzzy system is supposed to represent exactly the dynamics of the closed-loop system only inside the region of validity , where it is guaranteed that the representation of the nonlinear system by fuzzy T-S model is valid. Thus a main purpose in this work is to determine the regions of stability related to the sequences of initial states , for which the corresponding trajectories are asymptotically stable and do not leave . Thus, we define with

where is a parameter dependent quadratic form, is a function on with the sequence as argument, and . The set is fundamental to determine possible initial sequences whose corresponding trajectories are asymptotically stable and remain in . The characterization of is new and it is a contribution of this paper.

Problem 1. Determine the gains and of the controller (8)-(9) and characterize the regions and , such that is a safe set of initial conditions, whose corresponding trajectories of the closed-loop system remain in and converge asymptotically to the origin.

3. Mains Results

Consider the following fuzzy Lyapunov-Krasovskii (L-K) candidate function, :

with

where , , and , . This L-K function is nonlinear and composed of three therms. Note that the Lyapunov matrices are dependent of the membership function.

In this L-K function we can associate level sets defined as follows.

Definition 2. Consider the fuzzy L-K function given by (16). For all scalar , we define the level set from the intersection of ellipsoidal sets associate the matrices , , as follows:

where , for ; denote the ellipsoidal sets defined as follows:

The equivalence given in (18) has been proved in [31, Lemma ].

The Definition 2 is used for the characterization of the set of initial conditions and the set where corresponding trajectories remain confined, through of the determination of values for . In Definition 2, if , we use the simplified notation and .

We consider the decomposition of the initial conditions sequence and therewith we treat separately and . Firstly, consider the following lemma.

Lemma 3. Let and ; then

for and .

Proof. Because of the positive definiteness of , we have

Consider that , where is a positive scalar. Thus, that by Schur’s complement equals

Multiplying the inequality (22) by and summing up for , knowing that , and applying Schur’s complement in the results, we have . Therefore, we proof Lemma 3.

Through the terms and of the L-K function (16) and using the Lemma 3, we have:

where, for ,

By considering Definition 2 and assuming , with given by (24), the set in (14) can be defined as

Moreover, for the set in (15), is limited by .

The following lemma allows connecting the sets and in terms of the confinement of trajectories in and local asymptotic stability.

Lemma 4. Let be given by (16). If , then

Therefore, and for all it ensures that , and .

Proof. Through (16) and considering , , and , it verifies that

Moreover, . By using (23)-(24), we have

From (27) and (28), it can be verified that if , then . Therefore, the local asymptotic stability of the state delayed closed-loop system is ensured.

Based on the L-K function (16), Definition 2, and Lemma 4, we present in the following theorem the convex conditions for synthesis of T-S fuzzy controllers for local stabilization of nonlinear discrete-time system with time-varying delay and constraints on the states.

Theorem 5. Suppose that there exist symmetric definite positive matrices and , , and matrices , , , and verifying the following LMIs, for , and :

Then, the controller matrices (8)-(9) obtained with

are such that the origin of the nonlinear system (1) in closed-loop by control law (8)–(9) is asymptotically stable for any set of initial conditions , with and given by (24), ensuring that the respective trajectories remain in .

Proof. Firstly we show that the feasibility of (29) assures the asymptotic stability of the T-S fuzzy model (3) in closed-loop by control law (8)-(9) if the control gains are given by (9) with (31). If additionally (30) is verified, we show that it is assured that any set of initial conditions belonging to and given by (24) contains only initial conditions ensuring that the respective trajectories of the T-S fuzzy model (3) remain in . Therefore, we can guarantee the local asymptotic stability of the nonlinear system (1) in closed-loop by control (8)-(9) with the gains given by (31).

If (29) is verified, then we have assured the positivity of and , , and by consequence verifies (16). Besides, the regularity of and is assured by blocks and . By replacing and by and , respectively, multiplying the resulting inequality successively by , , , and , and summing up on , , , and , we get

where and are given in (11) and (12), respectively. Note that the positive definite matrices and can be written as

where can be replaced by and , with given in (13), , , and the shorthands and .

Because the inequality holds for all pairs of square matrices and (see [32] for details), we can apply it on blocks and of to obtain , where

Then, applying Schur’s complement on (34) we get

Then, taking into account the regularity of and , let us consider the congruence transformation with . This allows us to obtain

Again, by using Schur’s complement on this last inequality, we obtain

Pre- and postmultiplying (37) by and its transpose, respectively, and from (10)–(12), we can replace by , getting

On the other hand, following [33], we can obtain from (16)

Then, we can conclude that the feasibility of (29) assures the negativity of which with the positivity of and the Lyapunov-Krasovskii’s theorem (see [33] for details) assure the stability of T-S fuzzy model (3) in closed-loop by control law (8)-(9).

Now we assume that (29) is verified and additionally (30) is satisfied. Then, we multiply (30) by and sum up on , getting

By using the congruence transformation with , we get

Applying Schur’s complement in , we have

In this last inequality we can pre- and postmultiply by and , respectively, and using the S-procedure, we have that

Then, by considering (43), we prove that and any trajectory that starts in remains and thus the local stability of nonlinear system (1) in closed-loop by control law (8)-(9) is assured.

Thus, Theorem 5 is stated as a convex feasibility problem that can be used to synthesize fuzzy gains and assuring that the trajectories of the closed-loop system do not leave the model region of validity, once the initial conditions belong to the set with and given in (15) and (25), respectively.

Note that if the delay is time-invariant but unknown, it is enough to assume and in (29); that is, , for . Thus, the uncertain time-invariant delay case is encompassed by Theorem 5. The quadratic stability approach, that is, the use of crisp matrices and instead of the fuzzy matrices and , can be obtained as a special case of Theorem 5. Such an approach can be obtained by imposing and and solving (29) only for and . Naturally, this procedure reduces the numerical complexity of the conditions but it may lead to more conservative results.

In the next section, this theorem is exploited in a convex optimization problem to maximize the size of the region of initial conditions.

3.1. Optimization Problem

The objective is to determine the control law defined by (8), with the set inclusion and as large as possible. Thus, to obtain the largest set , we can proceed as follows.

(1)Minimizing to have as big as . According to Lemma 3 and (24), we need to minimize . Therefore, , where , and we have

(2)Optimizing the size of to have as big as . Therewith, we consider an ellipse included in level set :

Therefore, this inclusion is equivalent to

Thus, a convex optimization problem is proposed as follows:

Remark 6. Note that the computation of depends on the value of the maximum delay. This means that the larger the delay is, the smaller the region is, although the region remains the same, because the conditions of stabilization (29) and of inclusion (30) are independent of the maximum delay. Note also that if , the radius of the ball , the region is the own region . Then, in this case it does not matter the value of the maximum delay for computation of .

4. Numerical Examples

We present two examples, one physically motivated and other purely academic, to demonstrate the relevance of taking into account the region of validity of T-S fuzzy models. In these examples we make some comparisons with other approaches found in the literature.

4.1. Physically Motivated Example

Consider the following nonlinear equations that represent a magnetic suspension system investigated in [34, 35]:

where and are the ball position and vertical velocity, respectively, and  m the desired controlled position. The physical parameters are  Kg the mass of the suspended ball, the gravity acceleration, the viscous friction coefficient,  H the inductance, and the variation of the inductance. Motivated by this system we consider the following discretized version of model (48), with a discretization period of seconds and where a delay in state is included to match, for example, practical sensor dynamics in the velocity measure:

where the time-variant delay is assumed and the parameter weights the delay effects. The physical structure of the assembling imposes that , where . Just to follow this notation, we call . Thus the operational region for this system can be modeled by (4) with and . Considering such a region, an exact T-S model as given in (5)–(7) can be obtained with , , , , and

The fuzzy sets are computed as

where

From these fuzzy sets it is possible to compute the membership function .

Solving the optimization problem (47), we obtain the following gains for the control law (8):

Considering ; that is, all the delayed states equal zero, we have the sets and . The set (dashed line) and the stable trajectories for two initial conditions with and , for , (marks) are shown in Figure 1, where we have and . In these two simulations, the nonlinear system (49) was employed in closed-loop with control law (8) and the gains shown in the previous paragraph, and the time-varying delay was assumed as round. As expected, the two trajectories started in converge asymptotically to origin, that is, in the physical structure.

Figure 1: The set (dashed line), two stable trajectories starting on marks, and a divergent trajectory starting on □ mark.

Additionally, we considered the condition shown in [24, Theorem ], where the region of validity is not taken into account to calculate the gains for the control law (8). We obtain the following gains: , , , , , , , and considering the constant . Applying these gains in the control law (8) in the nonlinear system (49) and considering the initial condition with and , we obtain the divergent trajectory shown in the Figure 1 marked by □, that is, bounded by the structure limitation of the physical system.

4.2. Academic Example

Consider the following T-S fuzzy model described by (5)–(7) with , :

with , and the operational region for this system is fixed by (4) with and and the fuzzy sets are given by and . Besides, if then and , otherwise and .

In this example, we consider which yields the sets and . We compare the controller designed by using the condition presented in [24, Theorem ] and with the one obtained by solving optimization problem (47). For each of these designs we tested the controller with initial belonging to a grid on the valid region of the space . For each divergent trajectory we marked the respective starting point with □ for the design based on [24, Theorem ] and with for the design based on our proposal. These marks are shown in Figure 2 with the region of validity (dash-dotted line) and the region of stability estimated through (25) (dashed line). Note that the number of unstable points using [24, Theorem ] is about greater than the number of unstable ones using the design proposed here. For the simulation we considered round. It is clear that our proposal leads to a wider region of stability for this system. Besides, Figure 2 can give an idea of the lower conservatism of the estimative of such a region in our approach.

Figure 2: The sets and and initial conditions that generate unstable trajectories.

5. Conclusions

Convex conditions for the synthesis of state-feedback Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy gains are proposed in this paper for local stabilization of nonlinear discrete-time systems with time-varying delay and restriction in the states. These conditions are formulated to ensure that the trajectories of the controlled system evolves only inside the region of validity of the T-S model used in the controller design step. Beside this, the characterization of the region of stability is developed by splitting the initial vectors to two parts: one composed by initial states in the sampling instant zero and another part encompassing the sequence of delayed state vectors. Therewith, the calculated region of initial conditions is characterized by a ellipsoidal set that contains the state vector in the sampling instant zero and another region encompassing the delayed state vectors. The size of these regions is depending on the norm of the delayed states as well as on the size of the delay. We proposed a convex optimization problem to maximize the region of stability. The stabilization condition was developed from a fuzzy Lyapunov-Krasovskii function candidate. Two examples with nonlinear systems are given to illustrate the proposal and also to compare with recent conditions where the region of validity and the local stability are not taken into account during the controller design phase.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Brazilian agencies CAPES, CNPq, and FAPEMIG.

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