Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 636934, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/636934

Research Article

Robust Redundant Input Reliable Tracking Control for Omnidirectional Rehabilitative Training Walker

Ping Sun,¹ Shuoyu Wang,² and Hamid Reza Karimi³

¹School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China

²Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 7828502, Japan

³Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4898 Grimstad, Norway

Received 21 October 2013; Revised 16 December 2013; Accepted 17 December 2013; Published 30 January 2014

Academic Editor: Xiaojie Su

Copyright © 2014 Ping Sun et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The problem of robust reliable tracking control on the omnidirectional rehabilitative training walker is examined. The new nonlinear redundant input method is proposed when one wheel actuator fault occurs. The aim of the study is to design an asymptotically stable controller that can guarantee the safety of the user and ensure tracking on a training path planned by a physical therapist. The redundant degrees of freedom safety control and the asymptotically zero state detectable concept of the walker are presented, the model of redundant degree is constructed, and the property of center of gravity constant shift is obtained. A controller that can satisfy asymptotic stability is obtained using a common Lyapunov function for admissible uncertainties resulting from an actuator fault. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method and verify that the walker can provide safe sequential motion when one wheel actuator is at fault.

1. Introduction

Modern control applications are characterized by the presence of multiple actuators inducing the same effects on the plant dynamics. It is a natural way to introduce redundancy into a control scheme for enhancing reliability. However, how do we realize reliability using these redundant actuators? When the actuator fault has been detected, nonfault functioning actuators can maintain the sequential working of a system that normally operates with redundant actuators. Then, what are the changes of the system performance? Clearly, these problems are fundamentally important in modern control theory. Considering theoretical study and engineering applications simultaneously, there are many problems worth studying. This paper will start a certain extent research on omnidirectional rehabilitative training walker.

Omnidirectional walker (ODW) is a class of typical wheeled mobile robots that have redundant actuators. That can help patients undergoing rehabilitation training move in any direction on a flat surface and can be programmed to follow specific training trajectories that make up recovery training programs for various illnesses and injuries. Image of the ODW is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Omnidirectional walker and omniwheel.

The effectiveness of ODW in rehabilitation has been verified through clinical tests [1, 2], which has motivated research into various aspects of ODW performance. The work in [3] studied the problem of robust control using a kinematic equation; however, the kinetic equation was not analyzed. Consequently, the analysis could not account for patients with different weights. The work in [4, 5] researched tracking control on mobile robots using a kinematic equation. It was found that tracking neglects the mass and inertia matrix when the loads are overweight, and consequently tracking precision is reduced. An adaptive control method for the ODW was discussed in [6–8]. The kinetic equation was improved by considering the center of gravity shifts and load fluctuations caused by users. The adaptive controller obtained favorable tracking. However, many parameters needed to be adjusted in the controller. To operate effectively in real-world applications, the control algorithm must guarantee that they can follow a prescribed path accurately.

Extensive results about tracking control and nonlinear control have been reported in literature. For example, tracking control for stochastic modeling was studied in [9, 10], fuzzy logic tracking control for autonomous mobile robot was investigated in [11], dynamic output feedback for nonlinear systems was addressed in [12, 13], fuzzy control was studied in [14], and dissipativity-based sliding mode control was studied in [15]. Note that all the abovementioned results were obtained under the assumption that the actuator motors are fault-free. However, in practical applications, actuator failures are often unavoidable. Therefore, to guarantee performance safety, the controller must be reliable [16, 17]. To ensure system reliability, many modern control applications, particularly in aircraft and robotic systems, are characterized by redundant actuators [18, 19].

From previous studies, we know that the ODW has a redundant actuator degree of freedom [20]. In [20], the problem of center of gravity which does not shift was solved in tracking control. Actuators are very important in transferring the controller output to the plant. Therefore, determining how to maintain both stability and a bound of a certain cost in the presence of actuator failures is a worthwhile endeavor. Previous research assumed that actuators never fail and can reliably stabilize wheeled mobile robots, including the ODW. This assumption ignores safety issues. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the corresponding problems on safety of the redundant input system when actuators fail have not been investigated yet, while research in this area is clearly very important from both theoretical and practical points of view, which motivate us to carry out the present work.

In this study, the main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows.

(i)The redundant input is very important when one actuator fails. In this study, a redundant input kinetic model is constructed by separating the corresponding columns of the control matrix.(ii)The property of center of gravity constant shift is obtained. The controller is gotten for admissible control actuator failures; that is, the resulting design could tolerate the actuator failure and maintain the stability of the system by constructing a common Lyapunov function.(iii)Reliability goals are intended to ensure system performance and are not exclusively related to safety. When an actuator fails, the corresponding column of the control matrix will be separated from the original control matrix. The structure of system will be changed. Therefore, maintaining system tracking performance is very important. The sufficient condition of tracking error performance is derived for admissible uncertainties that an actuator fault causes.(iv)As an application, the robust reliable tracking control on the ODW is considered. On the basis of the redundant input model, the efficiency of the proposed scheme is demonstrated. The proposed method can be extended to solve safety problems in other wheeled mobile robots.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the model of the ODW with redundant degree of freedom is formulated. The main results that provide a solution to the robust reliable tracking control problem are presented in Section 3. Simulation results are given in Section 4, and concluding remarks are provided in Section 5.

Notation. The following notations are used throughout the paper: for a vector , the 2-norm of is defined as ; for a matrix , denotes its inverse and denotes its transpose; for a matrix , and are defined as the maximum eigenvalue and the minimum eigenvalue of , respectively. denotes the identity matrix with an appropriate dimension.

2. Redundant Input Model of the Omnidirectional Walker

The coordinate settings and structure used to develop the safety control for the ODW are shown in Figure 2. We will deduce the redundant input model on the basis of the kinetic equation in [21].

Figure 2: Structure of omnidirectional walker.

In Figure 2,

 : absolute coordinate system : translation coordinate system : speed of the ODW : speed of an omniwheel : force on each omniwheel : center of gravity of the walker : distance between and the center of gravity due to the load : angle between the axis and the direction of  : angle between the axis and  : distance from the center of the ODW to each omniwheel : distance from the center of gravity to the middle of each omniwheel : angle between the axis and the position of each omniwheel : angle between the axis and .

The kinetic model is expressed as

where

where is the mass of the ODW, is the user’s equivalent mass, which varies according to the user’s weight and walking disability, and is the inertia of mass of the walker. is the inertia of mass cause by . , , , and are the input forces of the system; , , and are the output of the system; and are variable parameters.

As can be seen from the differential equations (1), the system is nonlinear because the direction angle changes over time. is the angle between the axis and the position of the first omniwheel, , then we have , , and . Although four control input forces are found, , , , and , only three are independent. This implies that the walker has a redundant degree of freedom.

The problem of center of gravity constant shift will be solved in this paper. From the expression of , , we can obtain

To deal with the problem of center of gravity constant shift, using matrix premultiplication (1). The kinetic model can be expressed as

where

Definition 1. For a nonlinear system

For control matrix , if , then has redundant degree of . Control actuators with less are at fault; the other actuators can sustain regular motion of the system (6); we can state the system can realize safety using redundant degree of freedom. Furthermore, if the system (6) can track the prescribed path sequentially when control actuators of less are at fault, we can say the system (6) can guarantee tracking cost.

Remark 2. In fact, the control matrix has a nullspace of dimension in which can be perturbed without affecting the system dynamic. These redundant actuators are not functional when all redundant actuators are fault-free. However, if some actuators of less are at fault, the redundant actuators are very important to maintain safe sequential motion. Many modern control applications have redundant actuators to promote system safety.

The problem of safety control in the presence of actuator failures that may occur in the control channels is considered. The walker can realize safety reliable tracking control through its redundant degree of freedom. The fault actuator input force will be separated from (4) to obtain the following redundant input model:

Define , . So

where denotes the normal control input force of the system. is regarded as extrinsic bounded interference that represents the input force of actuator failure and satisfies

Remark 3. Many modern control applications are characterized by multiple actuators. Modern aircrafts, especially military planes, often use redundant actuators to improve maneuverability and reliability [22]. The ODW has a redundant actuator that is not important when the ODW is in normal motion; however, it is very important to guarantee the safety of the ODW when an actuator is at fault. Therefore, construction of the redundant model (8) becomes very important.

Remark 4. As in [23], the generalized force can be decomposed as the dissipative force, the control force, and the random excitation force. In this study, the control input in (4) can be decomposed as and in (7). is caused by the control input acting on the system, and is caused by the control input of an actuator failure. It is worth noting that will produce the uncertain term of . It is well known that mechanical systems are often subject to uncertainty, which can significantly affect system performance [24, 25]. The purpose of this study is to solve the ODW safety problem under the uncertainty . When an actuator fails during the course of system operation, is the corresponding column of the control matrix and regards uncertainty extrinsic bounded interference.

The desired motion trajectory is , and the actual motion trajectory is ; therefore, tracking error is

where

The error state equation is

This paper is to design a robust controller for the system (12) such that, for center of gravity constant shift and extrinsic bounded interference , the following two requirements are simultaneously satisfied.

(C1)The error system (12) is asymptotically stable.(C2)Given , and , the tracking error performance satisfies

Remark 5. This study examines the problem of tracking control. Tracking error is an important performance index. Therefore, the guaranteed tracking cost is given as (13) such that the tracking error is restricted an upper bounded when the structure of the system (4) is changed as a result of actuator failure. This approach (13) has the advantage of providing the upper bound on a given performance index, and thus the system performance degradation incurred by the model bounded interference is guaranteed to be less than this bound.

3. The Design of the Robust Controller

Our purpose is to design a safety controller that can track the paths defined in walking training programs to ensure compliance with the rehabilitation regime when one wheel actuator fault occurs and center of gravity constant shifts. The robust tracking control for the error state equation (12) is stated as follows.

Definition 6. If there exist control laws , such that for all admissible actuator failures, the error state equation (12) is asymptotically stable and the corresponding tracking error function (13) is satisfied, then is said to be a guaranteed safety robust reliable control law.

Remark 7. The safety control can be realized when the actuator fault has been detected. Therefore, three nonfault functioning actuators can maintain the programmed sequential motion of a walker that normally operates with four actuators. The corresponding fault column was separated from the control matrix and regarded as extrinsic bounded interference. At the same time, the initial input forces must increase to compensate for the tracking error. This condition is dangerous for both the walker and trainer. The functioning actuators will be damaged by the disproportionate input forces, and the walker will lose stability. Here, robust reliable control and the tracking error function have been proposed to address this issue.

Definition 8. The ODW error tracking system

is called asymptotically zero state detectable if for any , there exists , such that when holds for some , , and , we have .

Remark 9. Definition 8 is the asymptotic zero state detectability concept. Detectability is a useful property when addressing asymptotic stability. Here, asymptotic zero state detectability is a limited-time norm observability.

Proposition 10. The center of gravity is constant shift for the ODW, and , is a constant. Then, .

Proof. The center of gravity is constant shift, which is the center of gravity that gets to a fixed point. So, , is a constant. When , we obtain

From the expression of , we complete the proof of Proposition 10.

Remark 11. The center of gravity is constant shift that is a general phenomenon due to the load changes for Wheeled Mobile Robot, including the ODW. This phenomenon causes that the ODW cannot accurately follow a training path planned by a physical therapist for walking rehabilitation. Maybe, the ODW will bump into an obstacle, so, it is dangerous for the user. Proposition 10 is an important conclusion for solving the problem of center of gravity constant shift.

Next, we design control laws for the system (12) by employing a common Lyapunov function technique to solve the problem of guaranteed safety control for admissible actuator failures.

Theorem 12. Considering the redundant input error state equation (12), suppose that there exist scalar symmetric matrices , , positive constants , and , and that the system of (12) is asymptotically zero state detectable. Then, the control input (16)

solves the problem of robust reliable tracking control for actuator failures.

Moreover, the tracking error performance satisfies

Further, the control input forces are given by

Proof. is a positive symmetric matrix. Define the Lyapunov function

The time derivative of along the trajectory of system (12) is given by

From (16) and Proposition 10

Choosing , we have

Thus, according to the asymptotical zero state detectability, the error state equation (12) is asymptotically stable.

In the following, we show that the system satisfies the tracking error performance. Furthermore, integrate the inequalities (21) from to on both sides, it follows

Let , ; therefore

is the tracking error performance upper bound of system (12). This completes the proof of Theorem 12.

Remark 13. The safety reliable controller is easily solved by a common Lyapunov function, and the tracking error performance upper bound, required to prevent the initial oversize input forces caused by the initial tracking error, can be obtained from . We propose a method that is much easier to satisfy than the partial differential inequalities in [26]. In addition, reliable control for linear systems against actuator faults by the introduction of an adaptive mechanism has been researched in [27, 28]; fault values must be estimated online and adjust control law to maintain satisfactory performances.

Remark 14. A new method against actuator faults has been proposed by separating the corresponding columns of the control matrix based on redundant degree of freedom. The fault values must not be estimated online compared with general reliable controller design, and reliable tracking control can be realized by others nonfault functioning actuators.

4. The Simulation Results

In this section, the proposed robust redundant input reliable tracking control algorithm is verified by the ODW linear path tracking simulation.

Consider actuators that may fail during the course of system operation. Suppose that for any , only one actuator fails. Without loss of generality, we consider that the fourth actuator is at fault. Thus, the error state system (12) can be rewritten as

where , , and

In a typical rehabilitation scenario, the ODW must follow a predefined path that consists of a series of linear paths. Here, to verify the tracking performance of the proposed method rigorously, we assume that the walker follows a linear path. The reference trajectory is described by

The physical parameters of the ODW used in the simulation are kg, m, , kg·m², and load kg. The centers of constant shift are m, and .

As an example, we consider the stuck failure of the fourth actuator,  N. The ODW has extrinsic bounded interference . The controller parameters are and . The simulation results are given in the following figures.

Figures 3, 4, and 5 plot the trajectories of the and positions and the orientation angle, respectively. The error state equation (12) can realize asymptotic stability in limited time. The input forces are shown in Figure 6. The other actuators input energies converge to neighborhood of zero when one actuator is stuck in failure. So, three nonfault functioning actuators can maintain the programmed sequential motion of the ODW that normally operates with four actuators and restrain extrinsic bounded interference resulting from the fourth actuator fault. The reliable control method can guarantee the walker’s continuous safe motion when one actuator fails.

Figure 3: Trajectory tracking of position.

Figure 4: Trajectory tracking of position.

Figure 5: Trajectory tracking of angle.

Figure 6: Input forces.

To verify the effectiveness of redundant input reliable control to deal with actuator failures, we conducted comparative simulations with the four input forces controller. If all the actuators are normal, the redundant input method is not used to decompose the kinetic model (4); the error state equation is

where , using the same Lyapunov function , and the four control input forces can be expressed as follows:

where is the pseudoinverse of control matrix in model (4).

Using the controller (29), and while all of the parameters do not change, the walker can follow the specified training trajectory . The simulation results are given in the following figures.

Figures 7, 8, and 9 plot the tracking performance of the ODW for the position, position, and orientation angle, respectively. Figure 10 plots the input forces of the ODW. It is evident that the walker can realize asymptotic stability and trajectory tracking. These simulation results demonstrate that the controller (29) is only effective when all the actuators are fault-free. However, one wheel actuator fails abruptly when the ODW is in motion; the walker must rely on the remaining three functioning actuators to maintain the training sequence. The results of the comparative simulation are presented in the following figures.

Figure 7: Trajectory tracking of position.

Figure 8: Trajectory tracking of position.

Figure 9: Trajectory tracking of angle.

Figure 10: Input forces.

As shown in Figures 11, 12, and 13, after approximately 70 s, the ODW can track training trajectory of position; the tracking error is larger than that in Figure 3. However, the ODW cannot track training trajectory of position and orientation angle; the error state equation (12) cannot realize asymptotic stability. Figure 14 shows the input forces fluctuate partly in the first 70 s because the ODW do not stabilize. In particular, the user may be in danger because the actual path is far from the desired path in Figures 12 and 13. Given such dramatic deviation from the desired path, the ODW could bump into an obstacle and potentially even be a danger to others in the rehabilitation facility because of the unstable input forces in Figure 14.

Figure 11: Trajectory tracking of position.

Figure 12: Trajectory tracking of position.

Figure 13: Trajectory tracking of angle.

Figure 14: Input forces.

We developed the safety mechanism to ensure that patients would have the best opportunity to regain normal walking ability through a variety of ODW training programs. The redundant input reliable control method exhibits good tracking performance for a training path planned by a physical therapist when one actuator fault occurs and the center of gravity is constant shift, and the user is safe even though a wheel actuator fails. Therefore, according to Definition 1, the proposed control method, which was verified by simulations, can ensure patient safety and satisfy the tracking performance.

5. Conclusions

Guaranteeing the safety of patients using the ODW when an actuator fault and the center of gravity constant shift occur is very important. The nonlinear robust redundant input reliable control method is proposed. By using the common Lyapunov function, the obtained safety controller can stabilize the walker. The tracking results are consistent with a preprogrammed training path designed by a medical professional. The proposed method focuses on actuator failures, which have not been addressed in previous studies. Simulation results for a new synthesis design to resolve safety issues associated with actuator failures have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is probable that, besides the ODW, the proposed method can also be applied to other wheeled mobile robots.

The robust reliable controller can track the path planned by a physical therapist when one wheel actuator is at fault based on the assumptions that the center of gravity is constant shift. However, the position of the center of gravity is usually time varying during the walking training. To address this issue, further work will focus on developing a new control method.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Associate Editor and the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that have helped improve the quality and presentation of this paper. This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Program of Science KAKENHI Grant nos. 24300203, 23240088, and 22300197, and the Canon Foundation.

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