Fault Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control for Non-Gaussian Singular Time-Delayed Stochastic Distribution Systems

New integrated fault diagnosis (FD) and fault tolerant control (FTC) algorithm for non-Gaussian singular time-delayed stochastic distribution control (SDC) system is proposed in the paper. Different from general SDC systems, in singular time-delayed SDC systems, the relationship between the weights and the control input is expressed by a singular time-delayed state space model, which largely increases the difficulty in the FD and FTC design. An iterative learning observer (ILO) is designed to carry out the fault estimation. The influence of the time delay term is eliminated in the process of the proof of the observation error stability. The fault may be constant, slow varying, or fast varying. Combined with the switching control theory, based on the estimated fault information, the fault tolerant controller can be designed to make the postfault probability density function (PDF) still track the given distribution. Simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed integrated FD and FTC algorithms.


Introduction
Reliability and stability are of paramount importance for practical processes.Fault detection, diagnosis (FDD), and fault tolerant control (FTC) have long been regarded as an important and integrated part in control system design.The research of FDD and FTC has been carried out for almost thirty years, mainly aiming at the deterministic systems.However, in practical system, there are various stochastic disturbances such as sensor noises, stochastic disturbance, fault, or random variation of parameters.Thus, the system representation should be based on various stochastic models as the starting point of FDD and FTC.To enhance the reliability of the practical stochastic system, the research of FDD and FTC of stochastic systems has long been one of the important areas of control theory and application [1][2][3][4].Usually, two kinds of approaches can be used to deal with the FDD problems of stochastic systems.The first group of methods is originated from the statistic theory, where the ratio of likelihood and Bayesian methods are used to estimate the abrupt changes of the states or parameters of the concerned systems.In this context, the FDD algorithms are obtained by using some numerical computation methods such as the Monte Carlo methods or the particle filtering methods [5][6][7][8].As for the second group of methods, observer and filtering design theory are employed where the min-max optimization techniques have been applied to the estimation error system in order to guarantee some of the required performances [9,10].Passive method and active method are used to deal with the FTC problem of stochastic systems.For the passive fault tolerant control of stochastic systems, the related literatures are mainly concerning the robust fault tolerant control of stochastic systems [11][12][13].For the active fault tolerant control of stochastic systems, the fault estimation information is used to carry out the controller reconfiguration [14][15][16].
There are many systems in practice where the output concerned is the probability density function (PDF) of the system output, rather than the actual output values.For such a group of systems, the output that can be used for the feedback control is the measured output PDFs.Such types of stochastic systems are called stochastic distribution systems which were defined in [17], for instance, the paper evenness control, chemical polymerization process, grinding process fineness distribution control, and the flame distribution control.These kinds of system are described by the relationship between the input and the output PDF instead of the normal relationship between the input and the output.Stochastic distribution systems can not only represent Gaussian systems, but also represent non-Gaussian systems, making the assumption of being subject to Gaussian distribution be deleted.The aim of FDD in SDC systems is to use the measured input and output PDFs to obtain the information of the fault aim [18][19][20].An observer based algorithm was previously developed in [21] to detect the fault in the non-Gaussian SDC system.For most stochastic distribution systems, the research results focus on the FDD of such systems and little attention is paid to the FTC of such systems.When the objective probability density function is known, the purpose of FTC of the stochastic distribution systems is to design a fault tolerant controller to make the postfault PDF still track the given distribution [14][15][16].When the objective PDF is not known in advance, the purpose of FTC of stochastic distribution systems is to design a fault tolerant controller to make the uncertainty of the system output still be minimized.In this case, the concept of entropy is introduced to the stochastic distribution system and the performance index about the entropy is minimized considering the effect of the fault, leading to the minimum entropy fault tolerant control of stochastic distribution systems.
In the above-mentioned SDC systems, only dynamic links between the inputs and the weights are considered.However, in practice, some algebraic relations also exist between the input and the weights, leading to a singular state space model between the weights and the control input.Such systems are called singular stochastic distribution control systems.The final purpose of the grinding processes is to obtain ore pulp with certain fineness distribution by grinding the raw ore, which is a typical stochastic distribution system.The main control system of the grinding process, such as the amount of ore, amount of water, two times amount of water, sump level, cyclone feed concentration, pressure, and rate of flow, has direct influence on the probability density function of fineness distribution.Such control systems can be regarded as the input control variables which control the system distribution probability density function.It shows that a singular stochastic distribution control model between the probability density function and the multilevel control loops composed of the above-mentioned main control systems can be built.In practice, time delays may exist in system modelling, the data (or image) processing, and transmission phases [22].This is true especially in chemical processes and paper making processes, where ignorance of time delays will make the related FDD and FTC approaches totally invalid.Thus, the singular stochastic distribution system model should include the time delay factor, leading to singular timedelayed stochastic distribution system model.Few literatures have been reported on the FDD and FTC of such singular time-delayed stochastic distribution system.This forms the main purpose of the work in this paper.In this context, an iterative learning (ILO) based fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed to estimate the change of fault.Using the fault estimation information and switching control theory, a fault tolerant controller is designed to make the postfault PDF still track the given distribution.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Section 2 presents model description.In Section 3, the iterative learning observer based fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed.Section 4 gives the design of the fault tolerant control.Simulation results of FD and FTC are presented in Section 5, followed by some concluding remarks in Section 6.

Model Description
Denote (, ()) as the probability density function of the system output  being defined on a known bounded interval [, ].The model of the continuous singular time-delayed stochastic distribution system is given as follows: where  ∈   is the system state vector, () ∈   is the system input, () ∈  −1 is the weight vector,  ∈   is the system fault vector, and () is the time delay term. ∈  × ,   ∈  × ,  ∈  × ,  ∈  (−1)× ,  ∈  × , and  ∈  × are system parameter matrices with rank() =  <  (i.e.,  is a singular matrix).(), () are decided by the selected basis functions.Assumption 1.The system is regular; that is, | − | ̸ = 0.

Fault Diagnosis
The iterative learning observer based method is used to carry out fault diagnosis for the singular time-delayed stochastic distribution system, using the adaptive tuning property of the iterative learning observer.The fault diagnosis is constructed for the transformed system (5) as follows: where x1 and x2 are the state estimation,  is the time delay of the ILO,   () is the measured residual signal,  and   ( = 1, 2) are the gain matrices, and V() is the input signal of the ILO.From the third equation of the fault diagnosis observer, it can be seen that V() is updated by the previous residual signal and the input information.The concept of "iterative" shows that the repeated operation can be carried out.Denote the observation error vector as follows: Then the residual signal can be formulated to give where Σ = ∫   ()() and () is the function of  defined on [, ].If () = 1,   is not used as (, ()) and   (, ()) are integrated into 1 on [, ] simultaneously.From the transformed stochastic distribution system (5) and fault diagnosis observer (6), the observation error dynamic system can be obtained as where  =  1 − Σ 2  2 .It can be further formulated to give It is assumed that ( 1 , Σ 1 ) is observable.
Lemma 3. If the input of the iterative learning observer is defined by (6), the following inequality holds: Assumption 4. Assume that when  ≥ 0, the input () and fault of the system are bounded: Theorem 5.It is assumed that Assumption 4 is satisfied and there exist positive definite matrices  1 ,  1 , and  1 to make the following equation hold: Then the observation error system (10) is stable and observation error () is bounded.
Proof.The Lyapunov function is selected as follows: The first order derivative of the Lyapunov function  is derived as follows: When the condition  min ( 1 ) ≥ 2 2 ‖ 1 Σ‖‖‖/√‖‖ is satisfied, the observation error system is asymptotically stable.

Fault Tolerant Control
When the fault is diagnosed, the fault tolerant control should be considered.Using the fault estimation information, the fault tolerant controller is designed to compensate the system performance loss caused by the fault.In this section, the performance index and the switching rules of the switched singular time delay system are introduced.When the fault happened, the performance index is minimized combining with the system model and the fault estimation information, leading to fault tolerant control of the singular time-delayed stochastic distribution system.

Design of the Faultless Controller.
In this section, the purpose of the faultless PDF tracking controller is to choose a suitable control input to make the output probability density function track the given distribution.Different from the ordinary stochastic distribution system,  before ẋ is a singular matrix in the dynamic model.The performance index of the switching time-delayed singular system is given as follows: where  2 =   2 ∈  × > 0 and  2 =   2 ∈  × > 0 is the positive definite weight matrix of restricting the control input  1 (). () =   () is the control rule of the switching time-delayed singular system.
It is further formulated to give that where  ∈  × is a symmetrically positive definite matrix.
From the above-mentioned inequality, it is known that where Φ() is the continuous system initial function, , and  2 =   2 > 0. Denote  * as the upper bound of the performance function and it is shown that Using the switching rule The Lyapunov function is selected as follows: The whole closed-loop system can be written as where  () ,  () , and  () are the constant matrices with appropriate dimensions under the designed switching rule () of the system.
Then the controller can be formulated to give

Design of the Fault Tolerant Controller after Fault Occurs.
When the fault happens in the system, a new performance index function is given as where   () is the controller input after fault occurs.It can be obtained that where g (, ) = () 1 x1 () + () 2  2 F() + () − ().
The fault tolerant controller   () can be obtained by solving the following optimization problem using the defined performance index and the system model: min ,,,,  + tr () where ∫ 0 − Φ()Φ  () =     ,   and  are symmetrical positive definite matrix: Ψ  is a known parameter matrix.
It can be formulated that Similar to (), the following fault tolerant controller can be obtained as Remark 6.Based on the non-Gaussian singular stochastic distribution model of literature [16], time delay factor is considered in this paper.Similar to the fault diagnosis algorithm of literature [16], the iterative learning observer based fault diagnosis algorithm is used to carry out fault diagnosis for non-Gaussian time delay singular stochastic distribution system.Combined with the switch control theory, the corresponding fault tolerant control law is obtained.

A Computer Simulation Example
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the fault tolerant control algorithm, the output probability density function (, ()) is given as The following B-spline basis functions are used to approximate (, ()): where   ( = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) is defined as follows: The static model of the probability density function is shown as  (,  ()) =  ()  () +  () .
The dynamic model of the singular time-delayed stochastic distribution system is given as The main matrices of the dynamic model are given as  = ( ) . ( The dynamic model of the time-delayed singular stochastic distribution system can be transformed as The following parameter matrices and vectors can be obtained as In this paper, the fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control algorithms can apply to abrupt fault and gradual fault.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms, gradualvarying and abrupt fault are considered, respectively. (1) A Gradual-Varying Fault.A gradual-varying fault is considered as follows:   (2) An Abrupt Fault.It is assumed that an abrupt fault is given as follows: The learning rate  is chosen as  = ( 36 14 ). Figure 4 gives the fault estimation result of the abrupt fault.Figure 5 gives the faultless output PDF and the postfault probability density function result is shown in Figure 6.The postfault PDF can still track the given distribution, leading to good fault tolerant control results to the abrupt fault.

Conclusions
For non-Gaussian singular stochastic distribution system, the time delay factor is considered.The iterative learning observer is used to carry out the fault diagnosis.The concept of switching system is introduced to the time delay singular stochastic distribution system.A new fault tolerant control algorithm is proposed combining switch with the time delay singular stochastic distribution system to make the postfault
Figure1gives the fault estimation result.It can be seen that the tracking effect is good enough to show the effectiveness of the fault diagnosis algorithm.Figure2represents the faultless PDF and Figure3gives the postfault output probability density function.It is shown that fault tolerant control algorithm is effective to the fast-varying fault.