Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 949703, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/949703

Research Article

Conditional Optimization and One Inverse Boundary Value Problem

Pyotr N. Ivanshin

Physics Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia

Received 20 April 2015; Accepted 23 June 2015

Academic Editor: Debasish Roy

Copyright © 2015 Pyotr N. Ivanshin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Here we construct different approximate solutions of the plane inverse boundary value problem of aerohydrodynamics. In order to do this we solve some conditional optimization problems in the norms , , and  and some of their generalizations. We present the example clarifying the mathematical constructions and show that the supremum norm generalization seems to be the optimal one of all the functionals considered in the paper.

1. Introduction

The formulation and the first attempt in solution of the inverse boundary value problem of aerohydrodynamics are due to Tumashev and Mangler [1, 2].

This problem is one of numerous boundary value problems. The example of the boundary value problem is the Hilbert one: given the real value of the analytic function on the known contour it should be possible to reconstruct this function in the inner domain with respect to the contour [3].

The example of the inverse boundary value problem is the following: Assume that we have two real functions , , , such that and . It should be possible to reconstruct both the contour of length and the analytic in the domain bounded by function whose real and imaginary parts at the contour point with the arc parameter coincide with the given functions , [2].

The inverse boundary value problem solution methods can be applied for problems of aerohydrodynamics [2, 4]. For example, all the wing construction methods I know of reduce to two basic problems [5]. The first of them is the plane wing section reconstruction, and the second is mutual positioning of these profiles. We consider the former of these problems.

Our problem is as follows: we have the air or fluid flow particles velocity distribution along the length of the unknown contour , that is, the function , . So we know only the contour length and not the form of this profile. We also assume that the air or fluid flow is potential. The inverse boundary value problem then is to find the shape of the contour depending only on the information on the particles velocity. Since the velocity is given only in the finite set of points it seems natural to apply a spline (not necessarily linear) in order to define this function for all the contour points. This approach was widely used by the authors of [4].

This problem requires certain resolution conditions which appear only after we find the contour parametrization. So these conditions cannot be satisfied initially. Here we try to find a minimal in some sense initial data deformation so that this deformed data meets these conditions. Note that almost all of the equation systems in the article can be solved only numerically due to their transcendent form.

Let us recall the solution procedure from [2].

(1) Inverse Boundary Value Problem Solution. Let the velocity distribution along the unknown contour be given; here is the curve length parameter. We must find the contour form. Assume that the contour length equals , the flow bifurcation happens at the point with the parameter value , and the flow velocity vanishes at , . Let for and for .

We consider the constants

and the function

Here the number is the flow circulation. If it is greater than then we have a positive lifting force for the wing profile.

Now we have the standard external inverse boundary value problem for the complex potential in the unknown contour exterior. This function has a simple pole and a logarithmic singularity at infinity and meets the boundary conditions

We introduce the auxiliary analytic function. First note that the complex potential of the flow over the unit disc with the circulation equal to has the following form:

Here we have the relations and for .

Since the velocity is in the critical points (where flow separates into two parts and where it vanishes) we have the following equations on the unknown constants , and two auxiliary angles relative to the flow critical points and :

This system is uniquely resolvable [2].

Now we equate the complex flow potential real parts of the contour in the complex plane of coordinate to the complex flow potential of the unit circle in the plane of coordinate :

Then we obtain the relation on the parameters of the contours. Finally we reconstruct the function , which maps the unit disc exterior onto the flow domain in the plane solving the Schwartz problem for the function at the unit disc exterior. The main object for our consideration is now the function

(2) Resolvability Conditions. The profile possesses the mechanical sense in case the function of the previous section meets certain conditions.

The first condition on the function naturally appears when we reconstruct our contour and equate the residue of at infinity to . Then the profile is a closed curve.

So the contour closeness condition is as follows: the function must meet the complex equality

Here and are known constants. Thus the first condition defines the first Fourier coefficients with and for the function .

We arrive at the second condition on due to purely mechanical reasons. Since the flow velocity is fixed at infinity (this is a flight speed) we equate the value of at infinity to some constant and obtain the following condition on :

Note that the constants , , and values under conditions (8), (9) depend only on the form of Zhukovskii-Mitchell modified function [2, 4].

So in the general case, that is, when the conditions do not hold, the problem does not have a solution and becomes an ill-posed problem.

(3) The Mathematical Problem. Ivanov [6] proposed application of quasisolutions to this problem. The notion of “quasisolution” was introduced earlier by Elizarov and Fokin [7, 8] and in our case can be described as follows.

Definition 1. Let the inverse boundary problem with the given velocity resolution procedure result in the function such that its first Fourier coefficients do not equal the desired ones. Let one denote the set of functions with appropriate first Fourier coefficients by . Then one says that quasisolution of the problem is the aerodynamic contour for whose construction we apply some function instead of . Here one chooses in the normed space so that

Thus we need to modify the function so that this modified function meets conditions (8), (9). Naturally this modification affects the initial data . So we must change the initial velocity distribution in some way.

This modification is as follows.

We consider the function instead of the constructed . Assume that meets conditions (8), (9). Clearly we need to make the modification as small as possible; that is, we search for the function with the minimal possible norm.

In [6] one can find the quasisolution which in our notation minimizes the function norm in . The solution procedure of [6] gave us in the form of the Fourier polynomial which allowed to meet the desired conditions.

It seems necessary to note that the articles [3, 9] contain function minimization similar to one presented here with respect to the norm . At the same time both the posed problems and the solution technique differ from that given in this paper.

We have purely mathematical problem.

We search for the function minimal in some norm under the following restrictions on its Fourier coefficients:

We preserve the former of these relations and we rewrite the two latter relations as follows:

and here , .

Without loss of generality we assume that . In the other case we simply consider the shifted variable instead of the initially given .

Finally we have the following problem.

We search for the function minimal in some norm under the following three conditions:

Here we construct the functions which minimize functionals , , and , , and give the solution for norm. We also present the example that compares the approximate solutions constructed with the help of the norms , and the functional .

2. Approximate Solution Which Minimizes

The results of the section were proved in [10].

2.1. Conditions (13): Modification Function Construction

Let us first solve the auxiliary problem. Given the function it is possible to construct the class of functions which meet the condition

We must find .

Clearly the possible solution space choice yields the following result:

and here . This can be easily proved by assuming the negative. Indeed, let us take into consideration a function such that . Then for and for . At the same time . Hence , and this inequality contradicts condition (14).

Let us apply this auxiliary problem solution to the case of . Then

Note that . Thus under conditions (13) the auxiliary function can be found from relation .

Let be the set of functions integrable on meeting conditions (13). Given these conditions it should be possible to find in the extreme function such that

Clearly the function is the solution of the problem for , and is also the solution for the case of . Thus it feels natural to construct the solution similarly to [4] and consider the sum . Nevertheless the solution minimizing the norm under condition of nonzero and differs from the given sum.

Let us find now the constants and so that

that is, we search for the solution of the equation system

This nonlinear system has a unique solution. The constant value is the solution of equation . This relation possesses a unique solution in the interval . After we obtain the value of we naturally determine the one and only value of .

Thus existence of and makes it possible to construct the desired function

It is easy to verify that the function meets the last condition of (13).

Proposition 2. Piecewise constant function of relation (20) is the problem solution for .

2.2. Quasisolution Which Minimizes

Let be the set of functions with almost everywhere bounded first derivative, meeting conditions (13). Given these conditions it should be possible to find a function minimizing the functional

Function class choice makes us search for the function which meets the equations in subsets of the interval . Solutions of these equations are the functions . The constants and must be chosen so that the solution is the continuous -periodic function on .

For example, for we obtain the following solution:

and here can be found from conditions (13).

2.2.1. Conditions (13) Satisfaction

Let us for the sake of simplicity fix .

2.2.2. Problem Formulation

Let be a subclass of -periodic functions which meet conditions (13). Find the function such that

Let us construct the piecewise smooth function glued from the functions of the form .

For the case of

we consider the function

The unknown variables and are the solutions of the system

In particular is the solution of the equation

Under condition (24) this equation has a unique solution in the interval .

Proposition 3. The function given by relation (25) is the solution of the problem under condition (24).

Let us now consider the case of false relation (24). Then the solution is the function

Here the system on and is as follows:

This system is uniquely resolvable for . Clearly for we have and .

Proposition 4. The function given by relation (28) solves the problem for the case of

Note that the constant describes the relative impact of the auxiliary function derivative on the approximate solution. The greater this constant is the closer the resulting minimizing function is to a piecewise-linear curve being the solution of the similar problem for the functional (cf. Figure 1).

Figure 1: Fun1: the solution corresponding to the norm , (). Fun2: the solution corresponding to the functional , (). Fun3: the solution corresponding to the norm .

3. Approximate Solution Minimizing

The results of the section were given without proof in [11].

Here we solve the problem for the integral norm . We obtain the solution for the norm opposite to the norm on the spaces scale.

Since the solution exists only in the space of distributions (generalized functions) [12] it cannot be immediately applied to mechanical problems. Indeed let us first find the function with minimal possible norm meeting the condition

It is clear that the solution is a function consisting of summands of type , and here . For example, for the function we obtain the extremal . Here is a Dirac -function [12]. At the same time must be considered as a limit of a function sequence such that and .

3.1. Problem Formulation

Let us find in the set of all integrable on distributions meeting conditions (13), one with the minimal possible norm .

3.2. Problem Solution

The first two solutions presented here are of purely mathematical interest since due to their noncontinuity they cannot be applied for any actual profile reconstruction.

Proposition 5. The function

solves the posed problem.

The proof of this statement is similar to the one of [11].

Proof. Assume that there exists a function such that , , and .
We first show that . Assume the contrary. Let be an integrable bounded function. Hence does not possess summands of -function type. Then

This contradicts the assumption. So , and here does not have summands in the form of and with some multipliers.
Assume first that is not a distribution (i.e., it does not contain -summands). Then

Thus we may assume that .
Assume now that . Then by assumption we obtain the relation

The following also holds true:

Let . Then the first relation of (13) yields . So the first relation is false. If the second relation of (13) is violated. For we have and violation of both of the relations. Hence does not have summands in the form of , .
Let us now prove that . The second relation () implies that . The third relation () in its turn tells us that . So .
By direct calculation we obtain

Consider now the functional

Let us find the function meeting conditions (13) and minimizing .

Proposition 6. Piecewise constant function of (20) solves the problem.

Let us first give the direct proof.

Proof. Let there exist a function meeting conditions (13) and such that .

(1)If is continuous then .(2)Since again can be considered to be symmetric with respect to its points of discontinuity are also symmetrically positioned with respect to . Hence , and here is piecewise constant and is continuous. Item yields .(3)Let be a simple piecewise constant function:

(4)Note that the first condition of (13) implies that the function can be represented as ; moreover and .(5)Consider the relations

(6)Note that, for , . It is also clear that .

There exist two possibilities:

(1),(2).

In case of we have and .
In case of we have , but , but the integral mean theorem yields

Thus for .
So if by the first condition of (13) then the second condition of (13) cannot be met.

Let us now give the alternative proof.

Proof. Consider the first condition of (13). Then integration by parts and symmetry of with respect to yield .
Similarly the two latter conditions of (13) turn into relations and , respectively.
Thus we have reduced the problem to one similar to the one already solved with one modified condition.
Again as in the proof of the first statement we can show that the solution is a linear combination of Dirac -functions.
We have to minimize the functional

under the following conditions: , , on the interval . The last condition may be rewritten as follows: , , .
Let us first prove that we may assume that . Let . Consider . Then the equation system

is uniquely resolvable. Moreover . That is, if we replace with then we obtain the function with smaller value of the functional. Hence all the points are greater than .
We next apply the Lagrange multipliers method. We have the function

The derivatives of this function with respect to generate the equation system , which possesses the unique and common solution on the given interval. Moreover , are of the same sign. Also they are both nonnegative since otherwise there is no solution of the equation which is a derivative of with respect to : .
The principle minors of the second derivative matrix are equal to , , , and , so all of them are positive. Hence is minimal at the point .

The last proof allows us to find a series of solutions minimizing functionals of the form

The first condition of (13) turns into

The second condition of (13) becomes

Finally the third condition of (13) transforms into

Here the polynomial on is such that , , . So, for , , and for , , and so on.

Now induction on allows us to prove the following facts:

(1)Case of , : the polynomial is even with respect to and monotone on .(2)Case of , : the polynomial is odd with respect to the point and is either strictly convex or concave on .

The induction base is .

Hence the solution is again a sum of two Dirac -functions. This is clear for even since there exist only two common extremal points for and .

For the case of the odd this fact follows from strict convexity or concavity of the polynomial and the function graph on . Thus for we obtain for .

Let us now write down the solution representation for the functional .

The statement given above shows us that the th derivative of the solution is a linear combination of Dirac -functions. Hence is a piecewise polynomial function.

Assume that . Then

Here , and are such that (1) .

(2) Conditions (13) hold.

Assume that . Then

Here , are such that

(1), ;(2)conditions (13) hold.

4. Example

The contour reconstruction procedure is as follows.

Since conditions (13) describe the Fourier coefficients of the velocity logarithm decomposition we construct the contours considering the first (this number is by no means fixed and simply provided satisfactory profile shapes) terms of this series. Then we modify these terms with the help of the optimization problems solutions and reconstruct the discrete sets of the respective contours points. The author considered only points so numerical integrals had to be calculated for each contour. All the calculations here were performed in the Computer Algebra System Maxima.

Let us consider the solutions for the norms , and the functional . In order to minimize the last functional we must find the solution for the following system on , , , and :

So we have the piecewise polynomial function

Figure 2 shows velocity distributions for the norms , and the functional . The integral norm solutions are better in majority of points but in certain points the norm is the best possible one. This is true for all of the examples constructed by the author. Since the velocity distribution describes the contour these differences result in rather palpable differences in contours presented in Figure 3. Also direct calculations tell us that the boundary layer thickness is minimal in the case of the norm and maximal in the case of the functional . Thus the drag (that is wind or fluid resistance) is also the smallest for the norm .

Figure 2: Fun1: the velocity distribution generated by the norm . Fun2: the velocity distribution generated by the functional . Fun3: the velocity distribution generated by the norm . Fun4: the initial velocity distribution.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3: (a) The contour corresponding to . (b) The contour corresponding to . (c) The contour corresponding to . (d) The contour corresponding to the initial velocity distribution.

5. Norm in the Space

Let us find the function with minimal norm in the space of all functions integrable on and meeting conditions (13).

The problem then can be resolved by methods of calculus of variations.

The relative Euler-Lagrange function is

Hence

Here , , and are solutions of system

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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