Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 6045708, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6045708

Research Article

Prediction of Natural Gas Consumption in Different Regions of China Using a Hybrid MVO-NNGBM Model

Xiaoyu Wang,¹ Dongkun Luo,¹ Jianye Liu,¹ Wenhuan Wang,¹ and Guixin Jie²

¹School of Business Administration, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China
²CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Dongkun Luo; ldk8511@hotmail.com

Received 14 June 2017; Revised 22 October 2017; Accepted 25 October 2017; Published 15 November 2017

Academic Editor: Yakov Strelniker

Copyright © 2017 Xiaoyu Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The accurate and reasonable prediction of natural gas consumption is significant for the government to formulate energy planning. To this end, we use the multiverse optimizer (MVO) algorithm to optimize the parameters of the Nash nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (NNGBM (1,1)) and propose a hybrid MVO-NNGBM model to predict the natural gas consumption in 30 regions of China. The results indicate that the prediction precision of the hybrid MVO-NNGBM model is better than that of other grey-based models. According to the forecast results, China’s natural gas consumption will grow rapidly over the next five years and reach 354.1 billion cubic meters (bcm) by 2020. Moreover, the spatial distribution of natural gas consumption will shift from being supply oriented towards being demand driven and will be mainly concentrated in coastal and developed provinces.

1. Introduction

As a clean low-carbon energy, natural gas is a realistic choice for the sustainable development of China’s energy supply. Thus, accelerating the development of the natural gas industry and increasing the proportion of natural gas in primary energy consumption are an effective method for resolving environmental constraints, improving air quality, and achieving low-carbon sustainable development in China. In recent years, China’s natural gas consumption has rapidly increased, and the contradiction between domestic supply and demand has been prominent [1]. Because China’s natural gas consumption has significant regional differences [2], pipeline construction should be prioritized in areas with rapidly increasing gas demands. Therefore, accurate forecasting of natural gas demand in different regions of China is highly important for policy making and planning [3].

In the literature, various methods and technologies have been used to predict natural gas consumption. The most commonly used methods include the following models: econometric, neural networks, and grey prediction. As a traditional forecasting tool, econometric models have been extensively used in natural gas consumption forecasting. Huntington [4] investigated industrial natural gas consumption via the autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) method. Khan [5] studied the dynamics of natural gas consumption in Pakistan and predicted the natural gas demand from 2012 to 2020 via an ordinary least squares (OLS) model. Bianco et al. [6, 7] predicted natural gas consumption by using a linear regression model with logarithmic transformations and considered gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita), gas prices, and heating degree days (HDD). Akpinar and Yumusak [8] used the Holt-Winters exponential smoothing method and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast natural gas demand. Taşpinar et al. [9] used a seasonal ARIMAX model to predict daily natural gas consumption.

In recent years, artificial neural network (ANN) models have been broadly used in energy prediction. Brown et al. [10, 11] developed a feedforward ANN model to predict daily gas consumption and compared it with a linear regression model. Demirel et al. [12] predicted natural gas consumption using neural networks and other time series methods. The comparison results showed that the ANN model with an error back-propagation algorithm gives a better forecasting accuracy than other models. Rodger [13] used a fuzzy nearest neighbor neural network model to forecast the natural gas demand to reduce energy costs. Yu and Xu [14] proposed an improved and modified GA-BP model to predict the short-term gas load. Szoplik [15] predicted the gas demand in Szczecin using a multilayer perceptron model (MLP) and considered the calendar and weather factors.

The grey prediction model has the advantages of needing less data and having highly precise predictions, and it has been widely used in natural gas consumption forecasts. Xie and Li [16] predicted natural gas consumption based on the grey model optimized using the genetic algorithm. Wang et al. [17] and Boran [18] applied the rolling GM (1,1) model to predict natural gas consumption. Ma and Liu [19] developed a novel time-delayed polynomial grey prediction model (TDPGM (1,1)) and compared it with other common prediction models. The results demonstrate that the TDPGM (1,1) model outperforms the other models. Zeng and Li [3] proposed a self-adapting intelligent grey prediction model that can automatically optimize model parameters. Kumar and Jain [20] applied the Grey-Markov model, the rolling GM (1,1) model, and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to predict natural gas consumption.

China is a country with distinct regional differences in terms of natural gas consumption, and few historical data are available in specific regions. Therefore, the grey forecasting model can be used to forecast natural gas consumption in each area. After the grey prediction model was proposed, many new models and methods were developed. Xie and Liu [21] developed a discrete grey model (DGM) to solve the instability of the traditional GM (1,1) model. Wen and Huang [22] proposed a grey Verhulst model to address U-shaped data which was further developed by Dai and Li [23]. Akay and Atak [24] applied the grey prediction model with a rolling mechanism approach to predict the electricity demand in Turkey. Chen et al. [25] proposed a nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (NGBM) and applied it to forecast the foreign exchange rate. Chen et al. [26] improved the NGBM using the Nash equilibrium concept and established a Nash NGBM (NNGBM). The NNGBM model contains two parameters, the background value and the power , which enhance the adjustability of the NGBM model. In addition, the grey model can also be associated with other models, such as the Grey-Markov [27–29], Grey-Taguchi [30–32], Grey-Fuzzy [30, 33, 34], and Grey-Fourier models [35–37].

To improve the accuracy of the grey prediction model, a number of methods have been proposed for optimizing the parameters of the grey prediction model. Lin et al. [38] and Zhao et al. [39] optimized the grey action quantity and the development coefficient of the GM (1,1) using the artificial fish swarm algorithm and the moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithm, respectively. Zhou et al. [40] optimized the parameters of the NGBM model using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Zhao et al. [41] used the multiverse optimizer (MVO) [42] to optimize the parameters of the DGM (1,1) model, and the results demonstrate that the MVO-DGM (1,1) model has a more excellent performance than the other optimized DGM (1,1) models. The objective of this study is to optimize the two parameters of the NNGBM using the MVO approach and to apply this hybrid MVO-NNGBM model to predict natural gas consumption in 30 regions of China. The model was developed and tested using input data between 2010 and 2015 and compared with the GM (1,1), the grey Verhulst model, and the NGBM (1,1) model. The main contributions of this study can be summarized as follows: We propose a novel hybrid MVO-NNGBM model to forecast the consumption of natural gas in different regions of China.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The next section analyzes the current natural gas consumption in China and the regional differences. Section 3 describes the data and methodology of this study. The results and discussions are presented in Section 4. The final section summarizes the main conclusions.

2. Regional Distribution of Natural Gas Consumption in China

China’s total natural gas consumption has been continually increasing. According to China’s National Bureau of Statistics [43], China’s natural gas consumption grew to 194.7 bcm in 2015, which represented an increase of 74.4% from that in 2010. In terms of sector classification, the natural gas end users are classified into different categories as follows: industrial, residential, transport, power, and heat use. In 2015, 51% of natural gas was used in the industrial sector, followed by residential (18%), power and heat use (14%), and transport (12%). Another characteristic of China’s natural gas consumption is the noticeable regional differences. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (the main objectives of this study are the provinces of mainland China, excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Tibet is not included because of the lack of statistical data in the Tibetan region), China can be divided into five natural gas consumption areas that include East China, West China, North China, Northeast China, and South-Central China. Figure 1 shows the proportion of natural gas consumption in various regions of China in 2010 and 2015. The western region is the largest consumer of natural gas in 2015 at 31% of the total, followed by East China (26%), North China (20%), South-Central China (17%), and Northeast China (6%). Compared with 2010, the proportion of natural gas consumption in the western region has declined, while the consumption in other areas has risen or remained unchanged.

Figure 1: Proportion of natural gas consumption in various regions of China in 2010 and 2015.

Figure 2 shows the natural gas consumption in each province. In sum, natural gas consumption increased in most areas but decreased in individual provinces, including Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Sichuan. The top five provinces of natural gas consumption include Sichuan, Jiangsu, Beijing, Xinjiang, and Guangdong, which together account for 39.7% of the total. The smallest five provinces of natural gas consumption include Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, and Ningxia, which account for only 3.4% of the total. China’s natural gas demand is mainly concentrated in the developed regions and natural gas producing areas. There are two main reasons for this phenomenon. On the one hand, China’s natural gas resources are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos Basins, which represent 80% of the total natural gas reserves. In addition, the construction of China’s natural gas pipeline is not perfect, which limits the scope of natural gas consumption. On the other hand, the population, economic environment, and industrial structure are different in different regions; thus, the demand for natural gas is also different.

Figure 2: Natural gas consumption in China’s 30 provinces in 2010 and 2015.

3. Data and Methods

3.1. Data

In this paper, the dataset was obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics of China [43] on an annual basis from 2010 to 2015. Due to the lack of historical data in Tibet, Macao, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, this paper considers only the remaining 30 provinces as shown in Figure 2. In this study, we use the statistical data of natural gas consumption in 30 areas before 2013 as the modeling sample. To verify the model’s predictive ability, the data from 2014 to 2015 will be used as the forecasted value for comparison with other models.

3.2. Nash NGBM (1,1) Model

Chen et al. [25] proposed the Nash NGBM, which is a modified GM (1,1) combined with the Bernoulli differential equation. Compared with other grey-based models, the NNGBM model has better prediction performance to fit nonlinear data from small sample sizes. The key steps of the NNGBM (1,1) are summarized as follows.

Step 1. Let be a nonnegative series

where is the th value of ,  .

Step 2. Apply a one-time accumulated generating operation to construct :

Step 3. The grey differential equation of NGBM (1,1) is defined as follows:

where is the production coefficient of the background value, and is an adjustable parameter.

Step 4. The parameters , can be estimated by the least squares method:

where

Step 5. The whitening differential equation of the NGBM (1,1) model is as follows:

where is the development coefficient and is the grey actor, .

Step 6. Set the initial value ; thus, (6) can be expressed as follows:

When , (7) is the GM (1,1) model; when , (7) is the grey Verhulst model.

Step 7. The forecasted value of can be estimated as follows:

The parameters of the NNGBM model include , , , and , which determine the accuracy of the predictive model. To obtain the best predictive value, the parameters must be optimized, where , are determined by and ; therefore, only the two parameters and must be optimized.

3.3. Multiverse Optimizer Model

The MVO algorithm is proposed by Mirjalili et al. [44], and it is derived from the multiverse ideas in physics and builds mathematical models based on three main concepts of the multiverse theory: white holes, black holes, and worm holes. Suppose that each variable in the problem to be optimized is an object in the universe and follows the following rules in the optimization process:

() A high expansion rate has a high probability of a white hole and a low probability of a black hole.

() The universe with a higher expansion rate transmits objects through white holes, and the universe with a low expansion rate absorbs objects through black holes.

() All objects in the universe are unaffected by the expansion rate and move randomly through the wormhole towards the best universe.

The mathematical description of the MVO algorithm is as follows.

Assumptions.

where is a randomly created universe, is the number of variables, and is the number of universes.

where is the th parameter of the th universe, is the th universe, is the expansion rate of the th universe, is a random number , and is the th parameter of the th universe chosen based on the turntable mechanism.

To maintain the diversity and development capacity of the universe, it is believed that wormholes randomly transport objects in the universe and move towards the best universe. This mechanism is expressed as follows:

where is the th parameter of the best universe, WEP is the wormhole existence probability, TDR is the traveling distance rate, and are the upper and lower bounds of the th variable, and are random numbers in .

The calculation formulas for WEP and TDR are as follows:

where max (1 in this paper) and min (0.2 in this paper) are the maximum and minimum values of WEP, is the current iteration number, is the maximum number of iterations, and (6 in this paper) is the iterative precision in the development process. In the MVO model, Low WEP and High TDR underline exploration and local optima avoidance, while High WEP and Low TDR promote exploitation [41].

3.4. MVO-NNGBM (1,1) Model

In this subsection, we describe the processes applied to optimize the NNGBM parameters using the MVO algorithm. Figure 3 clearly shows the details of the hybrid MVO-NNGBM, and the implementation steps of the hybrid MVO-SVM algorithm are as follows.

Figure 3: MVO-NNGBM flow chart.

Step 1. To weaken the randomness of the original time series, we use a log transformation to the original time sequence.

Step 2. Initialize the parameters. Before iterating, we should set some specific parameters that include the number of universes , the maximum number of iterations , the number of variables , upper bound , and lower bound .
In the MVO-NNGBM (1,1) model, the two parameters and of NNGBM (1,1) are substituted by the variables of universes . First, we create random universes based on

where is the th variable of matrix and   indicates the random number produced by the uniform distribution between .

Step 3. Determine the fitness function of the MVO algorithm. This article selects the mean squared error (MSE) as the fitness value, and the formula is as follows:

where is the sample number, is the observation value, and is the predictive value.

Step 4. Calculate the fitness and seek the best universe.

In this section, we calculate the fitness values for all universes according to (15) and seek the best universe in each iteration. If the fitness function value of the th universe is less than that of the best universe found so far, the best universe and its fitness values will be updated until satisfying the end criterion. If the condition is satisfied, go to Step ; otherwise, repeat Step .

Step 5. Output the best universe, that is, and and the corresponding fitness values. Then, input the optimal parameters and into the NNGBM (1,1) model to forecast natural gas consumption.

We used the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) to measure the accuracy of the prediction models.

The types of MAPE are defined as follows:

where is the actual value, is the predicted value, and is the number of test sets.

A lower MAPE indicates higher accuracy. According to Lewis, MAPE values below 10% indicate a higher prediction accuracy.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Results

In this part of the experiments, we use a novel hybrid MVO-NNGBM model to predict the natural gas consumption of 30 regions in China from 2014 to 2015 and to compare the prediction performance with the GM (1,1), grey Verhulst, and NGBM (1,1) models. The four algorithms are evaluated using the datasets described earlier, and the results are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: MAPE of prediction results for 30 regions in China.

Region
MAPE
Province
GM (1,1)
Verhulst
NGBM (1,1)
MVO-NGBM

North China
Beijing
16.0%
2.9%
5.9%
3.1%

Tianjin
21.8%
2.4%
6.3%
2.8%

Hebei
15.2%
2.7%
7.6%
3.1%

Shanxi
16.8%
1.8%
5.7%
1.8%

Inner Mongolia
4.8%
5.7%
4.6%
4.6%

Northeast China
Liaoning
20.8%
12.9%
9.2%
6.2%

Jilin
5.6%
5.6%
1.1%
0.8%

Heilongjiang
2.9%
1.1%
1.4%
0.2%

East China
Shanghai
6.3%
1.3%
1.4%
1.3%

Jiangsu
10.5%
4.3%
7.7%
3.7%

Zhejiang
14.6%
5.0%
6.7%
4.9%

Anhui
9.3%
3.4%
6.1%
2.4%

Fujian
7.4%
6.2%
7.0%
5.8%

Jiangxi
13.6%
2.0%
2.2%
1.9%

Shandong
8.5%
2.4%
2.4%
2.3%

South-Central China
Henan
8.1%
4.6%
3.8%
2.1%

Hubei
10.5%
2.5%
5.3%
2.9%

Hunan
10.2%
2.0%
3.3%
1.4%

Guangdong
4.1%
5.1%
6.1%
0.2%

Guangxi
10.8%
7.9%
8.3%
9.3%

Hainan
1.0%
2.5%
6.4%
0.5%

West China
Chongqing
7.5%
1.5%
2.1%
1.5%

Sichuan
3.7%
5.8%
1.8%
1.4%

Guizhou
32.4%
5.4%
6.8%
5.0%

Yunnan
9.0%
57.8%
14.9%
3.9%

Shaanxi
6.0%
0.8%
20.9%
0.7%

Gansu
10.3%
3.1%
5.1%
0.2%

Qinghai
5.7%
2.3%
4.8%
2.5%

Ningxia
4.0%
3.9%
10.9%
3.8%

Xinjiang
12.5%
6.0%
8.4%
7.6%

Average
10.3%
5.7%
6.1%
2.9%

We use four prediction models to predict the consumption of natural gas in 30 provinces, and the forecast accuracy is shown in Table 1. Overall, the MAPE for the traditional GM (1,1) model, grey Verhulst, NGBM (1,1), and hybrid MVO-NNGBM (1,1) model is 10.3%, 5.7%, 6.1%, and 2.9%, respectively. From the individual point of view, the MAPE of 30 areas for the hybrid MVO-NNGBM (1,1) model is less than 10%, followed by the grey Verhulst model (28 areas), the NGBM (1,1) model (27 areas), and the traditional GM (1,1) model (16 areas). The results show that the hybrid MVO-NNGBM (1,1) model exhibits much better prediction performance than all other models.

We further forecast the consumption of natural gas from 2016 to 2020, and the results are shown in Table 2. Overall, China’s natural gas consumption is expected to grow to 354.1 bcm in 2020, which represents an increase of 82% from the value in 2015. From an individual point of view, 19 provinces in China posted a positive growth rate in natural gas consumption, while the other regions posted a negative growth rate. The top five regions with the most substantial increase in natural gas consumption are Tianjin, Yunnan, Shanxi, Beijing, and Hebei. In contrast, the consumption of natural gas in Liaoning, Guangxi, Jilin, Henan, and Fujian will decline significantly. The spatial distribution of natural gas consumption in China in 2020 is shown in Figure 4. By 2020, China’s natural gas consumption is mainly concentrated in North China, East China, Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Guangdong. The regional distribution of natural gas consumption shows distinct characteristics and is mainly concentrated in developed provinces and natural gas producing areas (see Figure 4).

Table 2: Predicted results of natural gas consumption in 30 regions of China (bcm).

Region
Province
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Growth rate

North China
Beijing
17.7
22.1
27.9
35.7
46.3
215%

Tianjin
8.6
12.2
17.9
27.2
43.2
575%

Hebei
8.7
10.7
13.4
16.9
21.6
196%

Shanxi
7.9
10.0
12.8
16.6
21.8
236%

Inner Mongolia
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
−9%

Northeast China
Liaoning
4.2
2.9
2.0
1.3
0.9
−83%

Jilin
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
−47%

Heilongjiang
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
−5%

East China
Shanghai
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.5
−3%

Jiangsu
18.6
21.7
25.6
30.3
36.1
119%

Zhejiang
9.8
11.5
13.6
16.1
19.1
137%

Anhui
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.6
32%

Fujian
4.6
4.4
4.1
3.9
3.6
−20%

Jiangxi
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
5%

Shandong
8.6
8.9
9.2
9.5
9.8
19%

South-Central China
Henan
7.1
6.5
5.8
5.1
4.5
−43%

Hubei
4.5
4.9
5.2
5.6
5.9
48%

Hunan
3.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.4
65%

Guangdong
15.9
17.6
19.5
21.7
24.3
67%

Guangxi
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
−54%

Hainan
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
2%

West China
Chongqing
9.6
10.4
11.3
12.3
13.4
52%

Sichuan
18.6
20.2
22.2
24.6
27.3
60%

Guizhou
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
161%

Yunnan
0.8
1.1
1.6
2.4
4.1
549%

Shaanxi
9.0
9.9
10.9
12.1
13.4
62%

Gansu
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
−11%

Qinghai
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.9
3.7
−16%

Ningxia
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
−6%

Xinjiang
16.1
16.3
16.3
16.1
15.8
8%

Total
Average
212.3
233.7
261.9
300.2
354.1
82%

Figure 4: Natural gas consumption in China’s provinces in 2020 (bcm). Source: map generated by MATLAB using data from the prediction results of the Hybrid MVO-NNGBM.

4.2. Discussion

The results show that the hybrid MVO-NNGBM model can predict natural gas consumption more accurately than other grey prediction models mainly because the MVO algorithm has a better global search ability. However, the prediction accuracy of the hybrid MVO-NNGBM model is not necessarily optimal for each province. The grey Verhulst model is more accurate than the MVO-NNGBM model for individual regions. We compare the MVO-NNGBM model with the available prediction models. Table 3 lists the accuracy of other prediction models. The comparison shows that the hybrid MVO-NNGBM model has the lowest MAPE for predicting natural gas consumption.

Table 3: Error comparisons with other methods.

Source
Model
Target/region
MAPE

Yu and Xu [14]
Lm_MBP
Short-term natural gas load, China
5.00%

Lm_ABP
5.08%

Lm_MABP
5.15%

Szoplik [15]
MLP 22-25-1
Monthly natural gas consumption, Szczecin (Poland)
5.75%

MLP 22-36-1
8.23%

Zhu et al. [45]
FNF-SVRLP
Short-term gas demand, United Kingdom
3.80%

SVRLP
4.40%

ANN
5.30%

ARMA
6.10%

Authors’
MVO-NNGBM
Natural gas consumption, China
2.90%

According to the forecast results, China’s natural gas consumption is mainly concentrated in the coastal areas, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Xinjiang, and Sichuan. The spatial distribution of natural gas consumption has shifted from being supply oriented towards being demand driven, which can be explained by three main reasons. First, China has accelerated the pace of pipeline construction to meet the needs of natural gas in coastal and developed provinces. According to the 13th Five-Year Plan’s targets, natural gas pipeline mileage will reach 104 thousand km (64 thousand km in 2015) by 2020, and the gas transmission capacity will increase from 280 billion cubic meters to 400 billion cubic meters. In the next five years, the Chinese government will accelerate the construction of gas pipelines to Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei and increase the pipeline’s capacity in North China. Moreover, natural gas pipelines along the Yangtze River economic belt will increase, and the gas supply capacity of the main trunk pipeline to the urban agglomerations in the middle Yangtze River will improve. Second, regional economic development in China is extremely uneven, which leads to differences in natural gas consumption. Provinces with higher economic development will have a higher demand for natural gas, especially in China’s coastal areas. In contrast, natural gas demand in other less developed areas is growing slowly. Third, China’s natural gas industry started late with a low degree of marketization. The regional gas market is less linked, which exacerbates regional differences in natural gas consumption. Based on the above reasons, the spatial distribution of natural gas consumption will shift from being supply oriented towards being demand driven, and regional differences will become more prominent.

5. Conclusions

With the rapid growth of natural gas consumption in China, accurate forecasting of natural gas consumption has become the focus of policy makers. Therefore, this paper uses the MVO algorithm to optimize the parameters of the NNGBM model and proposes a hybrid MVO-NNGBM model. We use the historical data of natural gas consumption in 30 areas before 2013 as the modeling sample and the data from 2014 to 2015 as the forecasted value for comparisons with other models. Finally, we use the hybrid MVO-NNGBM model to predict natural gas consumption in 30 provinces from 2016 to 2020. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows.

() The overall prediction results indicate that the proposed hybrid MVO-NNGBM model has better prediction accuracy than the other forecasting models. The prediction results of each province show that the grey Verhulst prediction model is better than the hybrid MVO-NGBM model for individual areas.

() China’s natural gas consumption has significant regional differences and is mainly concentrated in Xinjiang, Sichuan, and other natural gas generation areas as well as in North China, East China, coastal regions, and other developed provinces. With the improvement in China’s natural gas pipeline construction, the future spatial distribution of natural gas consumption will shift from being supply oriented towards being demand oriented.

() The forecast results indicate that China’s natural gas demand will continue to grow and is expected to achieve 354.1 bcm by 2020. Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Shanxi, and Hebei are the top five consumers of natural gas.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project (2016ZX05042-002-004 and 2011ZX05018005-004) and the Science and Technology Special Projects of CNPC (2016D-4304).

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