Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 8013164, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8013164

Research Article

An Algorithm: Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method for Solutions of Systems of Second-Order Boundary Value Problems

Muhammad Rafiq Mufti,¹ Muhammad Imran Qureshi,¹ Salem Alkhalaf,² and S. Iqbal³

¹Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
²College of Sciences & Arts, Computer Science Department, Qassim University, Alrass City, Saudi Arabia
³Department of Informatics & Systems, School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Muhammad Imran Qureshi; imranqureshi18@gmail.com

Received 13 June 2016; Revised 26 October 2016; Accepted 22 November 2016; Published 3 January 2017

Academic Editor: Maria L. Gandarias

Copyright © 2017 Muhammad Rafiq Mufti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) is proposed to solve linear and nonlinear systems of second-order boundary value problems. OHAM yields exact solutions in just single iteration depending upon the choice of selecting some part of or complete forcing function. Otherwise, it delivers numerical solutions in excellent agreement with exact solutions. Moreover, this procedure does not entail any discretization, linearization, or small perturbations and therefore reduces the computations a lot. Some examples are presented to establish the strength and applicability of this method. The results reveal that the method is very effective, straightforward, and simple to handle systems of boundary value problems.

1. Introduction

In this presentation, we study the nonlinear system of second-order differential equations [1–3] of the subsequent type:

with boundary conditions:

where and and are nonlinear functions of and , respectively. Also, and are known forcing functions of the system and for are given continuous functions. In [1], the analytical solution of the above problem is illustrated in the form of series under the assumption that the solution is unique. In [4, 5], Sinc-collocation and the Chebyshev finite difference methods, respectively, are used to solve the same systems. A numerical method based on the cubic B-spline scaling functions is proposed in [6] to find the solutions of (1)-(2). Also, in [2], the variational iteration method is presented to elucidate problem (1)-(2). He’s homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is proposed to solve the same nonlinear systems of second-order boundary value problems [3].

In the present work, optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) is extended to demonstrate the solutions of systems of boundary value problems (BVP). This method finds the exact solutions of system (1) having boundary conditions (2) for the choice of selecting some part of or complete forcing function; otherwise, it produces numerical solutions in excellent agreement with exact solutions. In recent years, the application of OHAM in linear and nonlinear problems has been developed by scientists and engineers, because this method deforms the difficult problems under study into simple problems, which are easy to solve. The OHAM was proposed first by the Romanian researcher Marinca et al. [7] in 2008. The advantage of OHAM is integrated convergence criteria similar to HAM but flexible to a greater extent in implementation. Marinca et al. [8–10] and Iqbal et al. [11–15] in a series of papers have established validity, usefulness, simplification, and consistency of the method and acquired reliable solutions of currently significant applications in science and technology.

The organization of this presentation is as follows: In Section 2, extended algorithm of OHAM is illustrated for our subsequent progress. As a result, systems of simple differential equations are formed and the exact solutions of the considered problems are introduced. In Section 3, some examples of linear and nonlinear systems are answered by the extended algorithm, results to clarify the method with existing exact results. Section 4 ends this paper with a brief conclusion.

2. OHAM Formulation (an Algorithm) for Systems of BVP

According to the optimal homotopy asymptotic method [7–18], the following is the extended formulation for system of boundary value problems:

(a) Write the governing system of differential equations as follows:

where is an unknown vector function to be determined. , , and , , are known matrices having functions

which are given vector functions.

are given nonlinear vector functions, and is domain. Now, consider the equation of (3) to be of the following form:

for , , and is equation of any such system.

(b) Construct an optimal homotopy in an unconventional way which satisfies the following equation:

where is an embedding parameter increasing monotonically from zero to unity as is continuously deformed to , , and is a nonzero auxiliary function for , where are constants to be determined, ensuring the fast convergence. The functions reduce to constants for simple problems and for complicated problems these functions depend on and . The choices of functions might be exponential, polynomial, and soon. It is very significant to choose these functions, since the convergence of the solution very much depends on these functions. The auxiliary function provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence. It also increases the accuracy of the results and effectiveness of the method [12, 17, 18].

(c) Expand (5) in the manner of Taylor’s series expansion about to get the solution of the following form:

The convergence of the series equation (7) depends upon the auxiliary constants , and if it is convergent at , then one has

(d) Substituting (8) into (6) takes the following form:

(e) Compare the coefficients of the like powers of ; one can get the different order problems. Solution of these simple problems can be obtained easily. After substitution of these results in (8), one can get order approximation as

(f) Substituting (10) into (5) results in the residual . If for then will be the exact solution of the system. Generally, it does not happen, especially in nonlinear problems.

(g) Construct the functional for the determinations of optimal values of auxiliary constants, , , as

Optimal values of auxiliary constants for solutions of system can be determined by minimizing functional (11) as follows:

Note. To determine the solutions of systems of boundary value problems, the choice of from of the systems is very important. It has been observed in this article that exact solutions may be obtained by the proper choice of . Example 3 has been discussed for different .

3. Explanatory Examples

This section is devoted to explanatory examples. The extended method presented in this paper is applied to the three systems of boundary value problems. These problems are chosen such that they have exact solutions.

Example 1. A linear system of second-order boundary value problems is as follows [2, 3]:

subject to the boundary conditions

The exact solutions are and . A series of problems are generated by OHAM formulation presented in the previous section. The expressions for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order problems of the system and their solutions are given below:

By using (10), (e) part of the OHAM algorithm, solutions of the system are

Equations (16) show the exact solutions of the system given in Example 1. In this system, (f) and (g) parts of the algorithms are not used.

Example 2. Consider the following system [2, 3]:

subject to the following boundary conditions:

where

According to algorithm (b) (see (6)) of OHAM presented in previous section, and , since and . The exact solutions of system in Example 2 are and . According to OHAM formulation, the expressions for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order problems of the system and their solutions are given below:

By using (10), (e) part of the OHAM algorithm, solutions of the system are

Equations (21) show the exact solutions of the system given in Example 2.

Example 3. Consider the following nonlinear system [2, 3]:

subject to the following boundary conditions:

where and . The exact solutions of system in Example 3 are and . As discussed in Note at the end of previous section, Example 3 has been discussed here for different choices of .

1st Choice . According to the algorithm (b) (see (6)), of OHAM, and , since and . The expressions for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order problems of the system and their solutions are given below:

By using (10), (e) part of the OHAM algorithm, solutions of the system are

Equations (25) show the exact solutions of the system given in Example 3.

2nd Choice . The expressions for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order problems of the system and their solutions are given below:

By using (10), (e) part of the OHAM algorithm, solutions of the system containing auxiliary constants are

Using (f) and (g) of OHAM algorithm, one can get the auxiliary constants for

and the auxiliary constants for

By using auxiliary constants given in (28) and (29), the solutions of system and , respectively, are

3rd Choice . The expressions for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order problems of the system and their solutions are given below:

By using (10), (e) part of the OHAM algorithm, solutions of the system containing auxiliary constants are

Using (f) and (g) of OHAM algorithm, the auxiliary constants for are

and the auxiliary constants for are

By using auxiliary constants given in (34) and (35), the solutions of system and , respectively, are as follows:

It has been observed that exact solutions are obtained by the proper choices of in all three examples. In Tables 1 and 2, approximate solutions and are reliable for systems of boundary value problems having different choices of . Absolute errors of 2nd-order solutions using OHAM are in excellent agreement with 9th-order solutions of HPM as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Therefore, extended formulation is very trustworthy for solutions of systems of boundary value problems.

Table 1: Absolute errors of 2nd-order solutions of for different choices of and also comparison with the 9th-order HPM solutions.

Exact

⁢

HPM [3]
1st choice
2nd choice
3rd choice

0.1
−0.099
8.5 × 10⁻⁶
0.0
6.30503 × 10⁻⁶
4.48845 × 10⁻⁶

0.2
−0.192
1.6 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
1.41177 × 10⁻⁵
8.36115 × 10⁻⁷

0.3
−0.273
2.3 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
2.33804 × 10⁻⁵
1.10537 × 10⁻⁵

0.4
−0.336
2.9 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
3.22826 × 10⁻⁵
2.97367 × 10⁻⁵

0.5
−0.375
3.3 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
3.81526 × 10⁻⁵
5.6901 × 10⁻⁵

0.6
−0.384
3.4 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
3.86649 × 10⁻⁵
9.75798 × 10⁻⁵

0.7
−0.357
3.3 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
3.41025 × 10⁻⁵
1.54265 × 10⁻⁴

0.8
−0.288
2.7 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
2.51968 × 10⁻⁵
2.12191 × 10⁻⁴

0.9
−0.171
1.6 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
1.38339 × 10⁻⁵
2.11514 × 10⁻⁴

Table 2: Absolute errors of 2nd-order solutions of for different choices of and also comparison with the 9th-order HPM solutions.

Exact

⁢

HPM [3]
1st choice
2nd choice
3rd choice

0.1
−0.09
3.9 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
2.73481 × 10⁻⁵
7.24002 × 10⁻⁵

0.2
−0.16
7.8 × 10⁻⁵
0.0
5.22651 × 10⁻⁵
1.29739 × 10⁻⁴

0.3
−0.21
1.2 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
7.06381 × 10⁻⁵
1.60122 × 10⁻⁴

0.4
−0.24
1.6 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
7.68443 × 10⁻⁵
1.56816 × 10⁻⁴

0.5
−0.25
2.0 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
6.63508 × 10⁻⁵
1.20279 × 10⁻⁴

0.6
−0.24
2.4 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
4.01111 × 10⁻⁵
5.953 × 10⁻⁵

0.7
−0.21
2.7 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
8.66203 × 10⁻⁶
7.8516 × 10⁻⁶

0.8
−0.16
2.9 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
8.7425 × 10⁻⁶
5.7654 × 10⁻⁵

0.9
−0.09
2.4 × 10⁻⁴
0.0
1.01876 × 10⁻⁶
6.30638 × 10⁻⁵

4. Conclusions

In this paper, it has been revealed that the optimal homotopy asymptotic method can be applied effectively for solving the systems of second-order boundary value problems. This method is straightforward and easy to practice for solving the problems without any requirement of discretization of the variables. Therefore, it is not exaggerated by computational round of errors. As an advantage of the generalized optimal homotopy asymptotic method over the other procedures, it delivers the exact solutions of the problems depending upon the selection of . Moreover, the proposed method is free from rounding off errors and does not require excessive computer power or memory for its implementation.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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