Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 8760351, 13 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8760351

Research Article

Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Decoupler for Nonlinear Multi-Input Multi-Output Distillation Columns

M. H. El-Saify,¹ A. M. El-Garhy,¹ and G. A. El-Sheikh²

¹Electronics, Communications, and Computers Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
²Electronics and Communications Department, Pyramids High Institute (PHI) for Engineering and Technology, 6th of October, Giza, Egypt

Correspondence should be addressed to M. H. El-Saify; mhelsaify@hotmail.com

Received 27 August 2016; Revised 24 December 2016; Accepted 9 January 2017; Published 31 January 2017

Academic Editor: Asier Ibeas

Copyright © 2017 M. H. El-Saify et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The distillation process is vital in many fields of chemical industries, such as the two-coupled distillation columns that are usually highly nonlinear Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) coupled processes. The control of MIMO process is usually implemented via a decentralized approach using a set of Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) loop controllers. Decoupling the MIMO process into group of single loops requires proper input-output pairing and development of decoupling compensator unit. This paper proposes a novel intelligent decoupling approach for MIMO processes based on new MIMO brain emotional learning architecture. A MIMO architecture of Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC) is developed and applied as a decoupler for 4 input/4 output highly nonlinear coupled distillation columns process. Moreover, the performance of the proposed Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Decoupler (BELBID) is enhanced using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The performance is compared with the PSO optimized steady state decoupling compensation matrix. Mathematical models of the distillation columns and the decouplers are built and tested in simulation environment by applying the same inputs. The results prove remarkable success of the BELBID in minimizing the loops interactions without degrading the output that every input has been paired with.

1. Introduction

In chemical industries, distillation is one of the most important processes. The objective of distillation is to separate a mixture of chemical components. The purpose of control is to maintain bottom and top product (distillate) purity despite variations in feed flow and feed concentration. As the distillation columns process is a MIMO system, many researches utilize decentralized approaches to control it [1]. The two-coupled distillation columns is a 4 input/4 output process. Normally, control engineers decouple the process into four independent loops via a decoupler [2]. Then, every loop is controlled separately by SISO controller [3]. This work is aimed at proposing MIMO decoupling unit based on brain emotional learning technique and applying it to the two-coupled distillation columns.

The design of intelligent systems is one of the most growing fields that have received considerable attentions in recent years. Biologically motivated intelligent control is the discipline in which control algorithms are developed by emulating certain characteristics of intelligent biological systems. Many control techniques, such as artificial neural networks [4, 5], fuzzy control [6, 7], and genetic algorithms [8, 9], had proven its effectiveness in solving wide range of complex control problems. Recently, a new member was added to this family of biologically motivated intelligent control, which mimics the emotional learning process in the limbic system of the mammalian brains. The model of brain emotional learning algorithm had been proposed in [10, 11] and then was developed and shared for control engineering applications [12]. Since then, BELBIC is increasingly being utilized in many control engineering applications such as electric motors [13, 14], servo systems [15, 16], motion control [17, 18], and power systems [19, 20]. Some recent researches utilize other intelligent techniques in cooperation with BELBIC to control the system such as fuzzy logic [21, 22]. These applications had utilized BELBIC as a SISO system. In [3], the two-coupled distillation columns is controlled by 4 separate BELBIC controllers and a steady-state decoupling compensation unit. BELBIC controllers had proven its effectiveness in controlling the distillation columns compared with the particle swarm optimized PID controllers. This paper proposes a new MIMO structure of the BELBIC model which is utilized as a decoupler of MIMO system.

PSO, introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart [23] and Eberhart et al. [24], is a population-based stochastic approach for solving continuous and discrete optimization problems. In PSO, simple software agents, called particles, move in the search space of an optimization problem. The position of a particle represents a candidate solution to the optimization problem at hand. Each particle searches for better positions in the search space by changing its velocity according to rules originally inspired by behavioral models of bird or fish flocking. In this paper, PSO is used to optimize the performance of the BELBID.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: A literature review including mathematical modeling of the two-coupled distillation columns is presented in Section 2. In Section 3, a literature review including mathematical modeling of brain emotional learning and its applications is presented. In Section 4, a new MIMO brain emotional learning model is introduced and utilized to work as a decoupler for the two-coupled distillation columns. In Section 5, the simulation and results are discussed. Finally, the paper is concluded with brief remarks in Section 6.

2. Modeling and Decoupling of the Two-Coupled Distillation Columns Process

2.1. Mathematical Modeling of the Two-Coupled Distillation Columns

The distillation process is an active topic in chemical and control research fields. Modeling and control of the distillation process is vital for the chemical industry. Many researches are conducted to model the distillation process dynamics and to provide a robust control of it [25–28]. Among the distillation processes, the two-coupled distillation columns is a 4 input/4 output process as shown in Figure 1. The objective of distillation process is to separate a mixture of chemical components based on the differences of the boiling points of these components. The outputs are tray temperatures: , , , and . Keeping the tray temperatures within a specified range around their steady state values is essential for specifying top and bottom product purity. The inputs are the heat added (QE), steam from column A to column B (SAB), reflux produced from column A (RLA), and reflux produced from column B (RLB). More details are listed in [2, 3]. The two-coupled distillation columns process is described by the following transfer function equations:

Figure 1: Graphical representation of the two-coupled distillation columns process.

2.2. Decoupling of the Two-Coupled Distillation Columns

Two main approaches are utilized to control MIMO systems, namely, centralized and decentralized techniques. Papers that have addressed the decentralized control deal with resolution of two design problems, namely, proper input-output pairing and interaction minimization. The proper input-output pairing is usually achieved through the development of relative gain array (RGA) [29, 30]. The interaction minimization is achieved through the design of decoupling compensator matrix, which was introduced in many papers [31, 32]. The design of decoupling unit includes estimating the elements’ values of steady state decoupling compensation matrix using detailed analytical techniques with very high mathematical burdens, specially, for high order MIMO processes. After decoupling, a set of SISO controllers are used to control the system in a decentralized way. Figure 2 shows general 2 input/2 output decoupled control system. In Figure 2, represent SISO controller, represents compensation matrix parameter, and represents the coupled system transfer function. This technique was applied to the two-coupled distillation columns (4 input/4 output process); then the decoupling compensation matrix is optimized via PSO in [2]. This work will be considered for comparison and evaluation of our work.

Figure 2: 2 input/2 output decentralized control system.

The decentralized approach, which is using a set of SISO controllers to control the process, is preferred by many researchers [33, 34]. Using a decoupling unit decreases the interactions between the controlled loops. The decoupling compensation matrix proposed in [2] is used in further research [3]. According to [2], the coupled pairs are chosen to be (), (), (), and (). In addition, the steady state decoupling compensation matrix is given in the following equations and connected as shown in Figure 3:

where is the process transfer function given in (2), and is the steady state decoupling compensation matrix given by [2]

Figure 3: The decoupled two-coupled distillation columns process.

Figure 3 declares the decoupled system.

3. Brain Emotional Learning

3.1. Computational Model of Emotional Learning

The brain emotional learning was introduced for the first time by Balkenius and Morén [10, 11]. They developed a computational model that mimics the parts of the mammalian brain that process the emotions. The model is powerful in real time control and decision making systems due to its simplicity, low computational complexity, and fast training [35]. The model is successfully utilized in many fields including system identification and prediction [36, 37], forecasting [38, 39], and pattern recognition [40].

Amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, and sensory input cortex are parts of the brain thought to be responsible for processing of emotions. The sensory input signals are received via the thalamus. After preprocessing in the thalamus, processed input signal will be sent to the amygdala and the sensory cortex. The amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex are used to compute their outputs based on emotional signal (primary reward or reinforcing signal) received from the environment. The final output is calculated by subtracting the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex outputs. More details are declared in [10–12]. Figure 4 represents a graphical depiction of brain emotional learning.

Figure 4: Graphical depiction of brain emotional learning.

As shown in Figure 4, the vector shows stimuli inputs to the system. There is one node for each stimulus . is a node in the amygdala which directly receives the maximum stimuli signals via a path from the thalamus:

The output of each node is calculated based on the multiplication of prespecified plastic connection weight () into the corresponding input:

The is adjusted proportionally to the difference between the activation of the nodes and the reinforcing signal Rew. The α term is a constant used to adjust the learning speed:

The weights cannot decrease, and it is a good reason for this design choice because once an emotional reaction is learned, this should be permanent and cannot be unlearned. It is the task of the orbitofrontal part to inhibit this reaction when it is inappropriate. The orbitofrontal learning rule is very similar to the amygdala rule but the orbitofrontal connection weight can both increase and decrease. The nodes behave analogously, with a connection weight employed to the input signal to create an output

is calculated as

where β is another learning rate constant. The node simply sums the outputs from the nodes and then subtracts the inhibitory outputs from the nodes. The result is the output from the model. The nodes give outputs proportionally to their contribution in predicting the reward Rew, while the nodes inhibit the output of as necessary. The node sums the outputs from except and then subtracts from inhibitory outputs from the nodes:

3.2. BELBIC Model

There are two main approaches of applying the brain emotional learning in a control process: either using BELBIC as a controller or using it to adapt an existing controller online. Figure 5 declares BELBIC as a main controller within a typical feedback control block diagram.

Figure 5: Control system configuration using BELBIC as a main controller.

The choice of sensory inputs and reward signal differs from research to another. Generally, the sensory inputs must include signals that provide necessary information to control the system (e.g., the plant output, the controller output, the error, etc.). These signals are chosen and reshaped in a function chosen by BELBIC designer to produce the sensory inputs. On the other hand, the reward signal comes as a function of signals which can validate a cost function chosen by the designer. The output is enforced by the reward signal (by applying reward or punishment) to validate the preselected cost function. Sensory inputs and reward signal are represented mathematically as follows:

where is the error between plant output and reference signal , while is the BELBIC output. Each research dedicates part of its effort to develop sensory input generator and reward signal generator. In addition, many researches optimize the gains of the generators by an optimization technique. Among other techniques, particle swarm optimization is utilized for optimizing the gains of the generators and the learning rates of the BELBIC [3].

Particle Swarm Optimization. Particle swarm optimization is a heuristic global optimization method. It is based on the research of bird and fish flock movement behavior. In PSO algorithm, particle swarm consists of particles (), and the position of each particle represents the potential solution in -dimensional space (). The particles change its condition (velocity () and position ()) according to its most optimist position () and the swarm’s most optimist position () while maintaining its inertia by a preselected factor called inertia weight (). The following equations represent the particles movement in the search space:

where determines the iteration number and is the maximal times of iteration. There are many approaches to choose , which is used to adjust the global and local searching capability. One of these approaches is decreasing gradually (from 0.9 to 0.4) during the iteration.

4. Proposed MIMO Brain Emotional Learning

4.1. Proposed MIMO-BELBIC Model

The BELBIC model introduced by [12] has one output. It is used widely to control SISO linear and nonlinear systems. The BELBIC controllers have the capability to overcome uncertainty and complexity issues of control applications. Although it is used to control MIMO systems in some applications [12, 41], the researchers used a set of BELBIC controllers to control every loop/output individually. In other words, they used the single output BELBIC model introduced in [12] rather than MIMO model. In [12, 41], they used 2 and 4 BELBIC controllers, respectively. In this research, we introduce MIMO-BELBIC model that can be utilized to control many loops/outputs simultaneously. This configuration allows the model to control every loop taking into consideration the state of other loops. This property allows compensating for the interactions between loops and providing more stable performance. Therefore, as a first application of the MIMO-BELBIC model, we applied the model as a decoupler to test its ability to compensate for the interactions between the controlled loops.

Many emotions can be generated in the mammalian brains. Sometimes, the same action (sensory inputs) can generate more than one emotion simultaneously. Receiving a gift may make us feel happy, hopeful, grateful, and so forth. The paper proposes a new brain emotional learning model, which is MIMO, (MIMO-BELBIC model) as illustrated in Figure 6. As declared in Figure 6, the new brain emotional learning model suggests that every emotion (output) has its , , , and nodes and is connected to all necessary sensory inputs. Each emotion has its reinforcing signal which validates its cost function and its own sensory inputs if necessary. Sensory inputs generator and reward signals generator are involved to build MIMO-BELBIC model. All the gains of the MIMO-BELBIC in addition to learning rates should be optimized together to minimize a specified cost function.

Figure 6: Graphical depiction of MIMO brain emotional learning.

The following sets of equations are considered for the MIMO-BELBIC:

It is obvious that the reward signals are function of all inputs. This construction gives the ability to compensate for the coupling in order to decrease the loops interaction. The proposed MIMO-BELBIC is tailored in this paper to work as a decoupler of MIMO nonlinear systems, namely, BELBID. This approach is applied to the two-coupled distillation process and PSO is used to optimize the decoupler performance.

4.2. The Proposed BELBID

The proposed BELBID model is 4 input/4 output BELBIC and is employed as a decoupler for the two-coupled distillation columns process. We produce 16 sensory input and 4 reward signals. The sensory signals are divided into 4 groups, 4 signals each. Each group of sensory signal is fed to nodes and nodes belong to one decoupler output as shown in Figure 7. In this design, is set to zero (i.e., there is no maximum stimuli signal output from the thalamus). The following equations represent the first group of sensory inputs which are related to the BELBID output :

Figure 7: Internal connections of 4 input/4 output BELBID.

The , and so forth are gains to be optimized. The following equation represents the first reward signal:

The rest of sensory inputs and reward signals equations are defined by the analogy to (14)-(15). Note that the above constants (, etc.) are related to the BELBID output and it will be called (, etc.) for and so on.

All gains in addition to learning rate constants () are optimized via PSO. The inertia weight of the PSO is reduced gradually from 0.9 to 0.4. Step changes are applied at the inputs, one at a time, and zero are applied to other inputs. For ideal decoupler, all outputs of the process should remain zero except the output paired to this input. So, the responses at the unpaired outputs are considered as a coupling error. The best solution is chosen to be the minimum total coupling error. For PSO, number of particles is chosen to be 100 and both and are set to 0.5. The cost function which is used to evaluate the particles and to be minimized is the sum of all coupling errors of all unpaired outputs. The errors are represented by the Integral Squared Error (ISE) form. Regarding that the paired inputs and outputs are (, , , ), so the cost function is given by

where is the coupling error at output due to input . Generally, the cost function can be written as follows:

where and are unpaired inputs and outputs, respectively, and is the number of inputs/outputs.

The optimization results are detailed in Table 1.

Table 1: The optimized gains and learning rate constants of the BELBID.

(a)

Sensory inputs

(b)

Reward signals

(c)

Reward signals
Learning rates

that is for , and it is called for and for and so on for all constants.

5. Simulation and Results

The model is built in MATLAB environment, where the results are compared with the decoupling compensation matrix provided in [2]. The authors of [2] proposed technique uses RGA to select proper pairing and PSO technique to estimate the optimal values of steady state decoupling compensation matrix constituting the decoupling compensator unit. The matrix is used in further works [3]. The model of the compensator matrix decoupler is built and compared with the BELBIC decoupler. Both models of the decouplers are tested by applying the same step changes in system inputs and the coupling errors for all unpaired outputs are measured by the technique descried in the last section. The sum of all integral squared errors due to coupling given by (17) is used to evaluate the decouplers. Equation (17) can be rewritten as follows:

where and represent the response of unpaired output due to input . It is found that the BELBID remarkably decreases the total coupling error compared with the compensation matrix. The optimization process of the BELBID tunes its parameters simultaneously. As the cost function depends on the total error, it is expected that the best improvement of the BELBID should be in the worst case of the coupling. The detailed responses to the 4 inputs are declared in Figure 8. It is clear that the worst coupling error of the decoupled system by the compensation matrix occurs between input 1 and output 1. The ISE due to coupling between input 1 and output 1 exceeds 57% of total ISE. BELBID is remarkably decreases this coupling error. On the other hand, the BELBID does not degrade the outputs of the coupled pairs (, , , and ). Figure 9 compares the coupling errors of the two decouplers by a bar graph. It declares that the choice of the cost function as the sum of all coupling errors lets the optimization process give a higher priority to the biggest coupling errors. As shown in Figure 9, the biggest coupling errors of the compensation matrix are , , and , respectively. These errors represent the main deficiency of the compensation matrix. It is clear that the BELBID overcomes this problem and remarkably decreases these errors. The integration in the ISE motivates the optimization process to prefer the solutions that produce coupling responses like narrow glitches that decay rapidly. All the 12th coupling errors produced by the BELBID are smaller than the errors that are produced by the compensation matrix except and . It is found that improving these errors will produce increase in more important errors and degrade the overall improvement. For example, improving will cause big increase in which is the most important error. Finally, according to (18), the total ISE due to coupling of the systems is reduced by 85.3% compared with the compensation matrix results.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8: Detailed transient responses of the decoupled two-coupled distillation columns process via BELBID (solid line) and previous work (dashed line): (a) responses to step change in input 1, (b) responses to step change in input 2, (c) responses to step change in input 3, and (d) responses to step change in input 4.

Figure 9: Bar graph of the coupling errors (ISE) of the BELBID and previous work.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, the control of distillation columns, which is usually highly nonlinear and coupled process, is enhanced by applying a novel MIMO model of brain emotional learning. The model mimics the brain ability to introduce many emotions via the same inputs. This model is tailored to work as a MIMO decoupler of the two-coupled distillation columns. The decentralized approach of controlling MIMO systems, which include decoupling of the system and using set of SISO controllers, is preferable for many researches to deal with MIMO nonlinear systems. The gains’ values and training rates of BELBID are optimized via PSO. In comparison with the PSO optimized compensation matrix, the BELBID remarkably decreases the coupling error due to the loops interactions. The total integral squared coupling error of the system is reduced by 85.3%. The detailed responses declare that the BELBID decreases the total coupling error without degrading the responses of the paired outputs.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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