An IMM-GLR Approach for Marine Gas Turbine Gas Path Fault Diagnosis

An IMM-GLR approach based on interacting multiple model (IMM) and generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) estimation was developed to detect, isolate, and estimate gas turbine gas path fault (including abrupt fault and multiple faults) in the underdetermine estimation conditions. In this approach, a model set representing gas turbine health condition and different fault condition was established, and a corresponding bank of filters was designed. An IMM-based FDI algorithm based on these filters is applied to detect and isolate fault, and a GLR estimation algorithm is used to estimate the fault severity. Then a model set update strategy based on the diagnosed fault was proposed to enable the diagnosis of multiple faults. Several simulation case studies on a marine gas turbine were conducted, and the results show that the IMM-GLR approach not only accurately diagnoses the abrupt gas path fault and multiple gas path faults but also accurately estimates the severity of the detected fault in the underdetermine estimation conditions.


Introduction
With increasing complexity of gas turbine, the requirement for reliability and security is growing significantly and the fault diagnosis is becoming a major issue in safety critical component such as gas path component.The main causes of component fault include fouling, erosion, corrosion, and foreign object damage (FOD).These causes will result in gas turbine performance degradation, further reduce its safety and stability, and lead to decreased fuel economy as well as increasing the operation cost.Gas path fault diagnosis can detect and isolate possible fault and estimate the fault severity and then help to develop a reasonable maintenance plan and reduce maintenance costs and time [1].
Various gas path fault diagnosis approaches have been developed and even applied to practice and achieve good results.Based on the available knowledge of the gas turbine, these approaches can be mainly divided into three categories, namely, model based [2,3], data-driven [4,5], and expert system [6,7].A detailed review of these approaches can be found in [8][9][10].Among them, the model based approach has received extensive attention due to its good theoretical basis.Model based approach is an analytical redundancy approach and diagnoses the fault based on residual signal, which is the difference between the observer and the gas turbine's mathematical model.And the most common approach for residual generation is parameter estimation approach.A variety of parameter estimation approaches have been developed, such as Kalman filter and its derivative approach [2,3,11] and particle filter approach [12].
Gas turbine gas path fault usually cannot be directly diagnosed through the measurement parameters.Instead, these parameters are used to estimate the changes in component performance parameters (such as mass flow and isentropic efficiency) caused by gas path fault and then determine the occurring fault by the performance parameters.Most of the estimation approaches are developed based on the assumption that the number of sensors is not less than the number of performance parameters.However, due to the complexity of gas turbine and the consideration of the installation cost and difficulty of the sensors, the number of sensors in gas path component is less than the number of the performance parameters and presenting an underdetermine estimation problem [13].A common approach to address this shortcoming is to estimate a subset of performance parameters, while it can result in "smearing" the effects of unestimated parameters onto those which are estimated and in turn introduce error of the estimated results [2].
Considering that the occurrence of a gas path fault only caused changes in few of performance parameters, a multiple model (MM) based diagnosis approach is developed.This kind of approach does not directly estimate the performance parameters; instead, it establishes a set of hypothetical models that represent the different conditions (including health and different fault conditions) of the gas turbine and design a bank of Kalman filters corresponding to these models and then analyzes the residual of these filters to diagnose the occurring fault [14].The MM approach is pioneered by Magill [15] and widely applied and promoted by researches [16][17][18].So far, the MM approach has been identified three generations, including autonomous MM (AMM), interacting MM (IMM), and variable structure MM (VSMM); a detailed description of these approaches can be found in the literature [18].
In [14], the MM-based diagnosis approach is used for the first time to detect and isolate the gas path fault of gas turbine.And a modular and a hierarchical architecture is developed which enables the detection and isolation of both single faults as well as multiple concurrent faults in the jet engine.In addition, the effect of the sensors failure and the extensive levels of noise outliers in the sensor measurements are analyzed.Then, a MM-based diagnosis approach based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is proposed in [19].But the approaches developed in [14,19] are an AMM approach; the model set is fixed and each filter operates individually and independently of all the other filters; it impossible to establish all possible fault models in advance.In [20], an improved MM approach is developed which can adaptive generate the model set of next level according to the diagnosis result of the previous level.However, the MM approach for gas path fault diagnosis is a fault detection and isolation (FDI) approach that cannot determine the severity of the fault.
Therefore, in this paper, an approach based on interacting multiple model (IMM) and generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) estimation was developed to gas path diagnosis to address the underdetermine estimation problem and improve the performance of the MM-based approach.In this approach, the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is used to consider the interaction between models to detect and isolate gas path fault.And the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) estimation algorithm is used to estimate the severity of the diagnosed fault.Then a new model set will be adaptively generated according to the FDI and severity estimation results and replaces the old model set to diagnose the multiple faults.Finally, several simulation case studies on a marine gas turbine were conducted, and the performance of the framework for abrupt fault and multiple faults was analyzed.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.In Section 2, an introduction of the IMM-based FDI method is presented.The generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) estimation algorithm for gas path fault severity estimation is developed in Section 3. The marine gas turbine model and the case studies are described in Section 4. Section 5 presents the results and discussions of these case studies, and the conclusions of this paper are shown in Section 6.

The IMM-Based FDI Algorithm
Compared with the AMM-based FDI approach, the filters in IMM-based FDI algorithm interact with each other which lead to improved performance.The IMM-based FDI algorithm is composed of a bank of Kalman filters operating in parallel; each filter is based on a different model that represents the gas turbine healthy and different faulty condition.The diagram of the IMM algorithm is shown in Figure 1; it contains four major steps: (1) interaction and reinitialization, (2) model conditional filtering, (3) model probability update, and (4) estimation fusion [18].The first step is unique for the IMM compared with the other MM algorithm.
2.1.Hypothetical Model of Gas Turbine.Gas turbine gas path fault will cause the change of the component performance parameters, such mass flow and isentropic efficiency.These performance parameters are used in this paper to represent different gas path fault.Therefore, in the IMM-based FDI approach, a set of hypothetical models that represent the different conditions (including health and different fault conditions) of the gas turbine are established.Assume that the gas turbine linearized dynamic model is as shown in where  is the state vector,  is the measurement vector,  is the control input vector, and   ∼ (0, ) and v  ∼ (0, ) are independent discrete-time process and measurement noises, respectively.To establish the fault hypothetical model, introduce gas path fault indicators and add it to the model [21], as shown in where  is the indicators of gas path fault and  = ∑  =1     , where  represents the number of possible gas path faults in the gas turbine,   represents the fault severity of the th fault, and it is a scalar.  represents the location of the fault.When the gas turbine is under the health condition,  is a 6×1 zero vector, while it is a 6×1 nonzero vector in the event of fault occur.Extending the  as control variable, the hypothetical model can be established by giving different .Assume that there are  (M=q+1) models in this set of hypothetical models and the  denotes a generic model in it.Then the th gas turbine linearized dynamic model can be represented by As shown in (3), by extending the fault indicators to control variables, gas path faults can be detected, isolated, and estimated as actuator faults.

The IMM
where  and  are the values of the reinitialization state estimate and filter covariance, respectively.x and  are the values of the previous state estimate and filter covariance, respectively. is the conditional probability which can be recursively calculated by the Bayesian Law according to the conditional probability value of the previous moment and the Gaussian probability density corresponding to the current filter residual, as shown in where   (  | , −1 ) denotes the conditional probability density of the th filter under the current measurement parameters and  () −1 denotes the conditional probability of the th model at the previous moment.The Gaussian probability density function is shown in where  is the dimension of the measurement parameters,   is the innovation covariance, and   is the innovation of the filter.

Fault Detection and Isolation Scheme.
In the IMM-based FDI approach, the conditional probability of the hypothetical model can be used as an indication of fault due to the fact that it provides a meaningful measure of how likely each fault is at a given time.Therefore, the fault can be detected and isolated through the maximum probability criterion as shown in where the   is a preset detect and isolate threshold.Equation (8) indicates that the conditional probability of the th hypothetical model is maximum and larger than the threshold, meaning that the th fault has occurred.Finally, one cycle of the IMM-based FDI algorithm used in this paper is shown in Table 1, and the detail information of the IMM algorithm can refer to [17].

GLR Estimation Algorithm
One of the important requirements of a gas path fault diagnosis is to determine the fault severity of the occurring fault.However, the IMM-based FDI approach cannot determine the actual fault severity due to it is a probability approach and the direct estimate approach such as Kalman filter based estimation approaches cannot be performed under underdetermine condition.Therefore, a detection-estimation approach (IMM-GLR) was proposed in this paper, the IMMbased FDI algorithm is used to detect and isolate the fault, and then the GLR estimation algorithm is used to estimate the fault severity of the detected fault.Model conditional reinitialization ( = 1, 2 . . .)

𝑘
The GLR method was proposed in [22], then it was improved and modified in [23,24].The GLR method is a detection-estimation method where the time of a fault is an a priori information input to the estimation stage.It makes use of the innovation sequences generated by the filters, and it can estimate the time, location, and severity of the occurring fault with a preset threshold.However, in the IMM-GLR approach, the time and the location of the occurring fault have been determined by the IMM-based FDI algorithm mentioned above.So the detection process of the GLR will be removed and it is mainly used to estimate the fault severity of the detected fault in this paper and no longer needs the preset threshold.
In the GLR, the linearity of the model, Kalman filter, and additive nature of the fault are used to develop recursive relationship between the innovation sequences generated by the filter corresponding to the health model and the model under different fault assumption.In this paper, this recursive relationship will be derived for gas path fault severity estimation.
Each fault, once it occurs, will influence the innovation of the Kalman filter in different ways.In the absence of any fault, the expected value of the innovation is close to zero [23].However, if the th fault of severity   is detected and isolated at time , the expected values of the innovations at any subsequent time can be represented by where the matrix   (, ) is referred to as the signature matrices for the th fault and  denotes the time of the th fault detected.
In the GLR, the maximum log likelihood ratio of the th fault can be computed by =   − b   (, )   (11) where   is the innovation covariance,   is the innovation of the filter corresponding to the healthy model, and b denotes the estimation value of the detected fault severity   .Taking derivative and setting to zero, b can be obtained by where the   and   are given by Kalman filter directly.As shown in ( 12)-( 14), it needs to obtain the   (, ) to determine the value of b .Consider the situation where the th fault of severity   detected and isolated at time , the model for all  ≥  as shown in The GLR estimation algorithm is based on the innovation sequences generated by the filter corresponding to the health model, and the model for gas turbine health condition is So the expected values of the innovation of filter is Substitute ( 17) into (9), then (18) can be obtained: where the   ( − 1, ) denotes the signature matrix for state correction and is defined as where the  x is the difference between the true value and estimation value of the state variables, and it can obtained by where   is the Kalman gain of the filter corresponding to the healthy model.Substitute (20) into (19), then (21) can be obtained.
Therefore, the signature matrices for gas path severity estimation can be computed using the recursive relations as shown in ( 18) and ( 21), and then the severity of the detected fault can be estimated using ( 12)-( 14).

Description of Case Study
In this paper, the proposed IMM-GLR gas path faults detection, isolation, and estimation approach was applied to a marine gas turbine engine as shown in Figure 2. The gas turbine engine mainly contains compressor, combustion chamber, compressor turbine, and the power turbine.The   and   in Figure 2 denote the inlet and outlet temperature and pressure of these components, and   denotes the fuel mas flow.
Gas path faults will change the structure of components, thereby changing the characteristics map, and then the gas turbine performance will degrade, resulting in changes in gas turbine performance parameters, such as the corrected mass flow and the isentropic efficiency.In this paper, mainly consider the following six performance parameters as shown in Table 2, and the fault indicators F mc , F c , F mct , F ct , F mpt , and F pt are used to describe these faults.When a fault has not occurred, the indicator is equal to one; otherwise the indicator is not equal to one.In this paper, the performance of the propose IMM-GLR approach was demonstrated using the design point linearized model of the marine gas turbine engine.The model can be describe by In this model, the state vector  = [ 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  3 ,  4 ] consists of gas generator speed N 1 (rpm/min), power turbine speed N 2 (rpm/min), inlet temperature  3 (K) and pressure  3 (Pa) of compressor turbine, and the inlet pressure P 4 (Pa) of power turbine.The measurement vector y = [N 1 , N 2 , P 2 , T 4 ], the P 2 (Pa) denotes the outlet pressure of the compressor, and the T 4 (K) denotes the outlet temperature of the compressor turbine.In this paper, the hypothetical models are established by extending the fault indicators to control variables, so the control vector  = [  , F mc , F c , F mct , F ct , F mpt , F pt ].Given different indicator, different fault model can be established.In addition, all parameters in this linear model use the percentage change, the sampling period =0.02s, and the independent discretetime process and measurement noises covariance are Q = (0.01) 2 I and R = (0.1) 2 I, respectively.Moreover, the matrices , , ,  are as follows: Based on the linear model mentioned above, several case studies of the proposed IMM-GLR based gas path fault diagnosis approach were conducted.In the IMM-based FDI algorithm, an initial model set which contains a health model and 6 different fault models needs to be established, so a fault detectable analysis was studied to determine the reasonable initial fault severity for the 6 fault models.Then based on the Monte-Carlo simulation, the performance of the IMM-GLR approach for single gas path fault diagnosis was analyzed.Finally, in the scenarios of multiple faults, a comparative analysis of the performance of IMM-GLR approach and IMM approach was conducted.

Simulation Results and Discussion
To evaluate the detection, isolation, and estimation performance of the IMM-GLR approach, the following performance measures are used in this paper: corrected detection and identification (CDI), incorrect fault identification (IFI), and missed detection (MD) [18].The CDI denotes the model that is closest to the actual condition of the gas turbine which has a probability that is largest and exceeds the preset threshold   .The IFI denotes the model with a probability over   which is not the one closest to the actual fault condition of the gas turbine.The MD denotes the health model with the largest probability and over   while the actual condition is faulty condition.Therefore, the larger the CDI, the better the performance of the IMM-GLR approach.
In addition, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the fault indicators is used to evaluate the estimation accuracy and is defined as where  denotes the number of Monte-Carlo simulation, F denotes the actual severity of the simulated fault, and the F denotes the estimation severity of the fault.
To avoid the conditional probability of the model close to zero and change slowly when the fault occurs, a minimum conditional probability 0.001 is set for each model in this paper.And the preset detection and isolation threshold   is set to 0.98.

Minimum Detectable Severity Analysis.
The design of the model set has an important influence on the performance of the IMM-based FDI approach, it is necessary to determine the reasonable initial fault severity of each fault model.Therefore, the minimum detectable fault severity of each gas path fault is analyzed under four different initial fault severities (-0.5%, -1%, -1.5%, and -2%), as shown in Table 3.It can be seen from the table that the minimum detectable severity of each fault increases with the increase of the initial fault severity, so it needs to choose a small initial severity to detect the partial fault.However, when the initial severity is -0.5%, the corresponding detectable severity has slight effect

Model set
Corresponding control vector  ()  = 1, 2, . . .7 on the performance of the gas turbine, which may be similar to the influence of the noise.Therefore, the chosen initial severity of the fault in this paper is -1%, and the initial model set of the IMM-based FDI algorithm is shown in Table 4.
In the Table 4, the initial model set contains 7 hypothetical models, one of which is the health model and the other 6 different fault models represent the 6 gas path faults.For each fault model, the corresponding initial fault severity is -1%, so for the  () of each model, the element corresponding to the fault location has a value of -1, while the other elements are zero.At the initial time, assuming that the gas turbine is in a health condition, so the conditional probability of the health model is one, while the conditional probability of the other hypothetical model is zero.

Single Fault Diagnosis Analysis.
The proposed IMM-GLR approach is a detection-estimation approach, where the IMM-based FDI algorithm is used to detect and isolate fault and the GLR is used to estimate the severity of the detected fault.Figures 3 and 4 show the diagnosis result based on the IMM-GLR approach in the scenarios of compressor mass flow (F mc ) decreases 1.3% at t=5s. Figure 3 shows the detection result which is the conditional probability of each hypothetical model and Figure 4 shows the estimation result which is the fault severity estimation of the detected fault.
As shown in Figure 3, when the F mc decreases 1.3% fault occurs, the conditional probability of health model decreases to zero, while the probability of the model closest to the actual fault (namely, the 2# model) increases and exceeds the preset threshold (0.98), so that the F mc fault is detected and isolated.However, the IMM-based FDI algorithm cannot determine the fault severity and only determine the location and occurrence time of fault.So the GLR is used to estimate the severity and the estimation result is shown in Figure 4.As shown in Figure 4, the severity of the detected fault is accurately estimated by the GLR approach.
To evaluate the performance of the IMM-GLR approach for single fault, Monte-Carlo simulation analysis is performed.In this paper, perform 100 simulations for each fault and the severity of the each simulation is in the interval [-3%, -0.5%] and then analyzes the CDI, IFI, and MD for each fault.The simulation results are shown in Table 5, where the left side is the confusion matrix of the FDI result and the right  side is the value of the performance measures and the RMSE of the estimated severity.
As shown in Table 5, the IMM-GLR approach accurately detects and isolates the F mc , F c , F t , and F pt faults during 100 Monte-Carlo simulations.However, 2 IFI occurs for F mct fault and 7 MD occurs for F mpt .The severity of the 100 simulations and the corresponding diagnosis results of the F mct fault and F mpt fault are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.It can be seen from these figures that the main cause of IFI of the F mct fault and MD of F mpt fault is that the severity of the simulated fault is less than corresponding minimum detectable severity.Therefore, when the severity of the fault is larger than the corresponding minimum detectable severity, both faults can be accurately detected and isolated.
In addition, when the fault is detected and isolated, the GLR is used to estimate the severity of the detected fault and the RMSE is used to evaluate the estimation accuracy.The RMSE of estimated severity corresponding to each fault is shown in Table 5; it can be seen that the GLR approach can accurately estimate the severity of all detected faults.

Multiple Fault Diagnosis Analysis.
In practice, multiple faults exist in which a second fault occurs during first fault.In this scenarios, no model in the model set matches or is close to the actual fault condition.Therefore, to maintain the performance of the IMM-based FDI algorithm, it is necessary to update the model set to diagnose multiple faults after diagnosing the first fault.In this paper, the new model set will be adaptively generated based on the IMM-GLR approach.Here, only two different faults are considered because the proposed approach can be applied to more faults straightforwardly.
The IMM-based FDI approach can determine the location of the occurring fault and the GLR can estimate the severity of the detected fault.Therefore, a new model set will be adaptively generated based on the location and severity of the first fault.The initial model set contains a health model (1#) and 6 different fault models (2#-7#), and the initial severity of each fault is -1%.When the first fault is diagnosed,   To better illustrate the multiple faults diagnosis process, a case study is conducted.Figure 7 shows the multiple faults diagnosis and estimation results based on the IMM-GLR approach in the scenarios of the F mc decreases 1.6% at time t=5s and the F pt decreases 2.3% at time t=15s.As shown in Figure 7, when the F mc decreases 1.6% fault occurs at time t=5s, the model (2# in initial model set) that is closest to the fault is accurately detected and isolated by the IMM-based FDI algorithm as shown in Figure 7(a), then the estimated severity of the F mc fault based on the GLR is -1.595% as shown in Figure 7(b).After the first fault being diagnosed, the model set will update (updated model set 1) and the conditional probability will be reinitialized.When the F pt decreases 2.3% fault occurs at time t=15s, the model (7# in updated model set 1) that is closest to the fault is accurately detected and isolated and the estimated severity of the F pt fault is -2.312%.Then the model set will be updated again (updated model set 2) and the conditional probability will be reinitialized again.
It also can be seen from the diagnosis process shown in Figure 7 that, in the proposed IMM-GLR approach, the new model set is generated based on the estimated severity of the diagnosed fault, which is different to the traditional IMM approach.Figure 8 shows the comparison of the model set change between the traditional IMM approach and the proposed IMM-GLR approach in diagnosing the above two faults.As shown in Figure 8, for the traditional IMM Figure 8: Comparison of the diagnosis process between the IMM approach and the IMM-GLR approach in the scenarios of the F mc decreases 1.6% at t=5s and the F pt decreases 2.3% at t=15s.approach, it can determine the location but cannot determine the severity of the fault.Therefore, in the process of diagnosing multiple faults, the change of fault severity in the new model set is artificially given.In Figure 8(a), the severity of the fault for each update of the model set is -1%, while the updated process is consistent with the IMM-GLR approach.
By comparing these two diagnosis processes, to diagnose the F mc fault and F pt fault, the model set in the traditional IMM approach is updated four times, and there is no model in each update model set exactly which matches the actual fault.While the model set in the proposed IMM-GLR approach only needs to be updated twice, each updated model set has a model which exactly matches the actual fault.Therefore, the IMM-GLR approach can not only estimate the severity of the fault but also establish a more accurate model set to improve the detection and isolation performance of the IMM-based FDI algorithm.
To evaluate the performance of the IMM-GLR approach for multiple faults, the Monte-Carlo simulation analysis is also performed and compared with the traditional IMM approach.In this case, perform 100 simulations for two different faults and the severity of the each fault is in the interval [-3%, -0.7%] and then analyzes the CDI, IFI, and MD for the multiple faults.The first fault occurs at t=5s and the second fault occurs at t=15s.For each simulation, the IMM-GLR approach and the IMM approach are used to diagnose the fault at the same time, and the diagnosis process of multiple faults is referred to as the process shown in Figure 8.
Figure 9 shows the severity of the first fault and second fault in the 100 simulations, respectively.And it also shows the diagnosis results of the first fault and the second based on the IMM-GLR approach and the IMM approach.In Figure 9, the CDI denotes that the fault is correctly detected and identified, the IFI denotes that the fault is incorrectly detected and identified and the MD denotes the fault is miss-detected.As shown in Figure 9, the proposed IMM-GLR approach significantly outperforms the IMM approach for multiple fault diagnosis.
Table 6 shows the comparison of the diagnosis results between the IMM-GRL approach and the IMM approach in the multiple fault scenarios.Due to the fact that IMM approach cannot determine the severity of the fault, it does not evaluate the estimation accuracy performance of the IMM.As shown in Table 6, for the IMM-GLR approach, whether it is the first fault or the second fault, besides one IFI, other faults are accurately diagnosed and the total CDI is 0.99.However, for the IMM approach, due to the fact that the models in the generated model set cannot match the actual fault very well, the CDI of the IMM approach is lower with the increase of the number of faults and total CDI is 0.27.
Therefore, the IMM-GLR approach can improve the matching degree of the model in the model set and the actual fault condition by generating the model set based on the estimated fault severity and further improve the detection and isolation performance of the IMM-based FDI algorithm.In addition, from the value of the RMSE in Table 6, the GLR estimation approach can also accurately estimate the severity of the detected fault in the case of multiple faults.

Conclusion
In this paper, a IMM-GLR approach was proposed to detect, isolate, and estimate gas turbine abrupt gas path fault and Mathematical Problems in Engineering  multiple gas path faults in the underdetermine estimation conditions.In this approach, the IMM-based FDI is used to detect and isolate the gas path fault and the GLR is used to estimate the severity of the detected fault.To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, several case studies were conducted for a linear model of a marine gas turbine, and the results show that the IMM-GLR approach can not only detect and isolate single and multiple fault accurately but also accurately estimate the severity of the detected fault, and the estimated severity helps to establish a more accurate model set and can further improve the performance of the IMM-based FDI algorithm.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Diagram of the IMM-based FDI algorithm.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: The conditional probability of the model set in the scenarios of compressor mass flow decreases 1.3% at t=5s.

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :
Figure 4: Fault severity estimation results based on the GLR for the detected fault in the scenarios of compressor mass flow decreases 1.3% at t=5s.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: The severity of the simulated F mpt and the diagnosis result.

0
Fault severity (%) (b) Severity estimation of the detected faults based on GLR estimation approach

Figure 7 :
Figure7: Multiple faults diagnosis and estimation results based on the IMM-GLR approach in the scenarios of the F mc decreases 1.6% at time t=5s and the F pt decreases 2.3% at time t=15s.

F mc ↓ 1
.595 % (b) Process of IMM-GLR based fault diagnosis in the scenarios of the F mc and the F pt fault

Figure 9 :
Figure9: Comparison of the diagnosis results between the IMM-GRL approach and the IMM approach in the multiple fault scenarios.

Table 2 :
Description of the gas path fault.

Table 3 :
The minimum detectable severity of each fault under different initial fault severity.

Table 4 :
The initial model set of the IMM-based FDI algorithm.

Table 5 :
Single fault diagnosis result based on the IMM-GLR approach after 100 Monte Carlo runs.

Table 6 :
Comparison of the diagnosis results between the IMM-GLR approach and the IMM approach in the multiple fault scenarios.