Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 3707359, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3707359

Research Article

Study on the Control Method of Mine-Used Bolter Manipulator Based on Fractional Order Algorithm and Input Shaping Technology

Jun Zhang1,2,3 and Qingxue Huang²

¹School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
²Collaborative Innovation Center of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Equipment, Taiyuan 030024, China
³Taiyuan Institute of China Coal Technology Engineering Group, Taiyuan 03006, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Jun Zhang; zjdan19861230@163.com and Qingxue Huang; tykjdxxjq@163.com

Received 7 July 2018; Revised 15 November 2018; Accepted 28 November 2018; Published 23 December 2018

Academic Editor: Guangming Xie

Copyright © 2018 Jun Zhang and Qingxue Huang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Mine-used bolter is the main equipment to solve the imbalance of excavation and anchor in well mining, and the manipulator is the main working mechanism of mine bolt drilling rig. The manipulator positioning requires high rapidity and stability. For this reason, this paper proposes a composite control method of “input shaping + fractional order control”. According to the mathematical model of the valve-controlled cylinder, the fractional-order controller is developed. At the same time, the input shaping is used to feed forward the accurate positioning and path planning of the manipulator, which not only improves the robustness of the system, but also shortens the stability time of the system and restrains the maximum amplitude of the system vibration. In this paper, the control effects of fractional order controller and integer order controller are compared. The results show that the maximum amplitude of the control system is reduced by 75% and the stabilization time is reduced by 60% after using the fractional order controller, which fully reflects the superiority of the fractional order controller in response speed, adjusting time, and steady-state accuracy. Finally, the control effects of “input shaping + fractional order control” and fractional order controller on the stability of the system are compared. The maximum amplitude of the system was reduced by 50% by using “input shaping + fractional order control”. Numerical simulation confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the composite control method. This composite control method provides theoretical support for the precise positioning of the manipulator, and the high stability and high safety of the manipulator also expand the application scope and depth of the composite control method.

1. Introduction

At present, underground mining areas mainly require excavation and support, but there is a serious imbalance between them. The artificial support time accounts for 2/3 of the mining time. In order to improve the supporting efficiency, a mine-used bolter is developed. A mine-used bolter consists of a chassis, a variable frequency electric traction fixed interval control system, an electric control system, two manipulators which have the function of leveling telescopic, two automatic drilling frames, a driving operation mechanism, fore and aft stabilizers, a roll-cable device, a spread roof mesh device, an auto spraying device, etc. The schematic diagrams of the mine-used bolter are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The manipulator is the main working mechanism of the device, consisting of 6 free joints. The position control performance of each joint is directly related to the support efficiency of the mine-used bolter, so controlling a mine-used bolter’s manipulator has become the hotspot and difficulty of research.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram I of mine-used bolter structure. 1: frequency control of motor speed walking mechanism, 2: electrical control system, 3: telescopic arm, 4: automatic drilling frame, 5: hydraulic system, 6: frame, 7: driving operation and monitor, and 8: directional cruise control and step measurement system.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram II of mine-used bolter structure. 9: fore and aft stabilizer, 10: leveling mechanism, 11: spread roof mesh device, and 12: spraying volume box.

Previously, a traditional PID control was used for the spatial position and attitude of the manipulator. In view of the obvious advantages of the PID controller [1–3], the preview following theory [4, 5] has achieved good results in traditional PID control. However, when the mine-used bolter works underground, the underground environment is harsh and the external load is prone to change, and the load will change with the different needs of the underground operators. Especially under special conditions, the control effect of traditional PID is unsatisfactory if the manipulator needs to achieve the goal of track tracking and spatial positioning quickly. At this time, the parameters of the PID need to be reset. Even after adjusting the parameters, the expected target value of the control effect of the mine-used bolter could not be reached by the integer order PID controller. In order to improve the control effect of integer order PID controller, the authors Ge LI, Wang Y F, and Liu Land so on in [6–16] used different PID algorithms in various control systems, such as integral separation PID control algorithm, fuzzy control PID control algorithm, neural network PID control algorithm, and so on. In essence, none of the above algorithms overcome the shortcomings of the traditional PID algorithm with relatively limited parameter range. According to the above discussion, a fractional order controller with better dynamic and robustness must be developed to provide a greater guarantee for the spatial positioning of the manipulator of the mine anchor drill underground. Podlubny [17] first proposed the model of fractional order proportional-integral-differential controller. The basic knowledge of the definition, properties, Laplace transformation, and application of fractional order calculus is introduced in [18–22]. Compared with the integer , the expression of fractional controller has two parameters , which increases the adjustment range of parameters. It provides the theoretical basis and technical support for the formulation of fractional order proportional-integral-differential controller for the position and attitude of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter. References [23, 24] also put forward optimization methods for two parameters in fractional order expression. The common optimization methods are combined with neural network, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm based on finite difference to find the optimal parameters of , which ensures the optimal control effect of fractional order controller. However, all the above research work was based on the design and optimization of a single fractional order controller and did not combine any kinds of feed-forward control-input shaping devices to form a composite controller to control the stability of the system together. In [25], a composite control method based on proportional-differential feedback and moment feed-forward was proposed to achieve the joint attitude of the mechanism. Similarly, a hybrid control method, which combined variable structure control and input shaping technology, was proposed in document [26] and applied to fast and agile maneuvering control of satellite attitude. The above two references [25, 26] showed that compound control could not only effectively improve the anti-jamming performance of the system, but also improve the speed of trajectory tracking. In view of the advantages of fractional order algorithm and composite control method, a composite control method combining fractional order controller and input shaping technology is developed for the space trajectory tracking and precise positioning of the manipulator of mine-used bolter, which ensures that the manipulator can efficiently, safely, and steadily complete the trajectory tracking and positioning while working underground. The control block diagram is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of control system structure.

2. Mathematical Model of Electrohydraulic Proportional Control System for Manipulator

The rotation angle and displacement of each joint of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter are driven by the corresponding proportional valve and cylinder. In order to realize the trajectory tracking and precise positioning of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter, the electrohydraulic proportional position control system is adopted at each joint. Figure 4 is a block diagram of the transfer function of a position system for the electrohydraulic proportional control of a hydraulic cylinder with a valve controlled single pole. The transfer function of the hydraulic power system can be obtained from Figure 4.

Figure 4: Block diagram of transfer function of location system.

The external load is , which is a reference input, and is the transfer function of the output of the hydraulic cylinder. The process parameters are shown in Table 1. The relevant parameter values are subdivided into the above sections. In the case of neglecting the external load force, the open-loop transfer function of each joint position system of the manipulator can be solved, as shown in (1) formula.

where ( is natural frequency of hydraulic cylinder, unit: rad/s), ( is hydraulic damping ratio), is effective working area of piston hydraulic cylinder (unit: ), and is proportional valve flow gain.

Table 1: Parameters of valve controlled hydraulic cylinder.

Parameters of the symbol
Parameter name
Unit
Oil cylinder

L
trip
mm
1100

D
cylinder bore
mm
80

d
piston rod diameter
mm
45

hydraulic damping ratio
--
0.4

drive equivalent load
kg
2000

oil equivalent elastic modulus
Pa
7.010⁸

proportional valve core area gain
mm
18

proportional valve rated core inlet and outlet differential pressure

1.6

the oil density

860

3. Design of Fractional Order Controller for the Manipulator of Mine-Used Bolter

The transfer function of fractional order is as follows:

When the parameters and are taken different values, the controllers of different fractional stages can be obtained. The range of parameters is wider and the system regulation is more flexible.

The main design methods of controller are dominant pole method [25, 26], optimization methods [27], and so on. In order to track and locate the space trajectory of the manipulator accurately, the fractional order controller is designed by using the method of amplitude, phase margin, and robustness constraints.

3.1. Design of a Fractional Order Controller

Eq. (2) indicates that the transfer function of the fractional order controller is

refers to a proportional constant, refers to a differential constant, and refers to the fractional order of the controller, . The phase-frequency and amplitude characteristics of the valve-controlled oil cylinder for the manipulator are as follows:

Eq. (3) of the fractional order controller can be shown as Laplace transform as follows:

The phase-frequency and amplitude characteristics are

The open-loop transfer function is

The phase characteristics of the open-loop transfer function can be obtained through (4) and (7) as follows:

The fractional order controller is analyzed in frequency domain, which must satisfy three constraints. It can be derived from the basic definition of cut-off frequency, amplitude, and phase margin.

(1) Constraint of the Phase Margin

refers to the phase margin and refers to the cut-off frequency. The phase margin can be regarded as a phase change that can be increased before the system enters a stable state. If the phase margin is large, then the system is stable. However, the time response speed decreases at the same time. Therefore, an appropriate phase margin must be selected based on different controlled objects.

(2) Robustness Constraint

The derivative is obtained for the phase–frequency function of the open-loop system based on (12), and its zero point is fixed at the cut-off frequency. Thus, the phase becomes flat around the cut-off frequency , and the closed-loop system is robust to changes in system gain. Even when the system gain is changed in a certain range, the system overshoot remains unchanged. This constraint condition is the core reason that the manipulator has good robustness.

(3) Constraint of the Amplitude Margin

The parameters of the fractional order controller can be obtained by the constraint of the amplitude margin.

The relationship between and can be obtained using (14) as follows:

It can be obtained by the robustness constraint.

The function can be obtained using (16).

It can be obtained by using the constraint of the amplitude margin.

Three parameters required by the expression of the controller, namely, are obtained with the aid of Matlab-Simulink. The expression of the fractional order controller can then be obtained.

4. Input Shaping Technology

Input shaping [28, 29] refers to the convolution of a pulse series with a periodic expected input, and the resulting instruction is used as the actual control instruction of the system to drive the system. Among them, ZD, ZVD, ZVDD, EI, and EI-two hump shaper are widely used in forming [30]. The calculation parameters of each shaper can be calculated by document [31]. The method is applicable to rigid and elastic vibration of the system. The parameters of the input shaper can be suppressed. The input shaper is a pure lag feedforward unit composed of a different gain and the same time interval. Its mathematical expression is

is the gain, is the time interval, and is the number of gains contained in the molding device. The above equation is described as time domain:

Equation (23) represents the pulse sequence with the amplitude of the first pulse as the time zero and the time interval as . The input instruction is denoted as , and the molding instruction is denoted as ; thus it can be seen that the convolution relation of formula (24) is valid.

can be any kind of incentive signal.

In order to realize the precise positioning and trajectory tracking of the manipulator in the underground space, this paper adopts the three-pulse input shaping tool ZVD as the forward feedback controller. The second-order closed-loop transfer function of the manipulator is as follows:

Structure of three-pulse ZVD input shaping is

where

Time delay is

where ; ,

5. Modeling and Simulation of the Control System

5.1. Modeling of the Control System

Under the environment of Matlab-Simulink, the fractional order controller is used to control the valve-controlled cylinder of the space position and attitude actuator of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter. The unit step signal is used as input signal, and the valve-controlled cylinder at each joint position of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter is used as a control object. The control model is set up as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Manipulator of mine-used bolter “input shaping + fractional order controller” system model.

5.2. Simulation of the Control System

The control effects of fractional order controller and integer order controller on system stability are compared, as shown in Figure 6. Finally, a compound control method, i.e., input shaper + fractional order control, is adopted to apply on the control system. The stability of the system is numerically analyzed and compared with that of a single fractional order controller, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6: Comparison of unit step response between fractional order controller and integer order controller.

Figure 7: Comparison of unit step response between fractional order controller and “input shaping + fractional order ”.

Figure 6 compares the unit step response of a fractional controller and that of an integer order controller. Figure 6 shows that a fractional order controller has a better control effect than an integer order controller in response speed, adjustment time, and steady-state accuracy. The simulation results show that, under the influence of a fractional order controller, the maximum amplitude of the control system is 1.4, and the stability time is 0.055s; under the influence of an integer order controller, the maximum amplitude is 1.1, and the stability time is 0.022s. Through numerical simulation comparison, it can be seen that the maximum amplitude of the control system is reduced by 75% compared with the stability value 1 of the system, and the stability time is reduced by 60%, which fully reflects the superiority of the fractional order controller.

The step response of fractional order controller is compared with that of “input shaping + fractional order control”, as shown in Figure 7. It can be seen that the control system quickly tends to be stable when the compound control “input shaping device + fractional order controller" is adopted. In particular, the maximum amplitude decreases significantly from 1.5 to 1.25. Compared with the stability value 1, the maximum amplitude decreases by 50%, and the control system quickly tends to the stable stage. Underground, the reduction of maximum amplitude is of great significance to the work of the manipulator of a mine-used bolter and provides guaranteed accuracy and safety of roof or side support. The high precision positioning of the manipulator could avoid the interference between the equipment and the coal wall and improves the safety of underground workers and equipment.

In the environment of Matlab-Simulink, the simulation model of the mathematical models of controlled objects and the composite controllers are built in this section, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the method.

6. Conclusions

Taking the manipulator of mine-used bolter as the research object, in order to realize the space trajectory tracking and accurate positioning of the manipulator, the following work has been done.

The mathematical model of the electrohydraulic proportional control system of the manipulator was solved, and the controller was formulated based on a fractional order algorithm. Based on the definition and classification of input shaping technology, a ZVD feedforward controller was designed.

Under the Matlab-Simulink environment, the control system model was built and numerical simulation was carried out. The fractional order controller and the integer order controller were compared with the control effect of the system. Under the influence of a fractional order controller, the maximum amplitude of the control system was reduced by 75%, and the stabilization time was reduced by 60%. It is verified that a fractional order controller has superiority over an integer order controller in response speed, adjusting time and steady-state accuracy.

Finally, the control effects of “input shaping + fractional order controller” and “input shaping + fractional order controller” on system stability were compared. With the “input shaping + fractional order control”, the maximum amplitude of the system was significantly reduced by 50%. In underground operation, the reduction of the maximum amplitude can effectively improve the positioning accuracy of the end of the manipulator, ensure the supporting effect of the roadway, and further improve the safety of equipment and personnel. The method of “input shaping + fractional order control” developed in this paper can restrain the oscillation of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter in the process of trajectory tracking and precise positioning, so that the control system has strong anti-interference ability and good robustness. The composite control method provides a theoretical support for the precise positioning of the manipulator. At the same time, the high stability and high safety of the manipulator of the mine-used bolter also expand the scope and depth of the application of the composite control method.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Project Name: Research on automatic loading technology of mechanical anchorage agent; Project Number: 2018-TD-MS049; Project Name: Two arm anchor cable anchor car; Project Number: 2018-TD-MS047; Project Name: Influence of cooling strength distribution of casting roll on quality of side of magnesium alloy strip; Project Category: Education innovation project for graduate students of key technical materials and basic parts of clean energy and modern transportation equipment; Project Name: Development of self-adaptive synchronous tail without secondary support in driving face of medium broken roof; Project Number: 2018-TD-MS044.

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