Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 5671361, 13 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5671361

Research Article

Transverse Vibration of a Moving Viscoelastic Hard Membrane Containing Scratches

Mingyue Shao,¹ Jimei Wu,1,2 Yan Wang,³ Hongmei Zhang,² and Qiumin Wu²

¹School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
²Faculty of Printing, Packaging and Digital Media Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
³School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Jimei Wu; wujimei1@163.com

Received 26 September 2018; Accepted 9 January 2019; Published 22 January 2019

Academic Editor: Andrés Sáez

Copyright © 2019 Mingyue Shao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The transverse vibration and stability of a moving viscoelastic hard printing membrane containing scratches are investigated. Based on the viscoelastic differential constitutive relation, thin plate theory, and d’Alembert principle, the differential equation of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane with a straight scratch through the surface is derived by using the continuity condition of the scratches. The complex characteristic equation is obtained by using the differential quadrature method. The effects of the scratch depth and scratch position on the critical instability speed of the moving hard membrane were highlighted by solving the differential equation and numerical calculation, and the coupling effects of speed and scratch depth on vibration characteristics of the hard membrane are also analyzed. Numerical calculation results show that the hard membrane experiences divergence instability when the actual printing speed is v=23.2 m/s, and the membrane is stable when v<23.2 m/s. The theoretical guidance and method for scratches detection of the precision coated hard membrane are provided.

1. Introduction

Hard scratches are often caused by fine particles and sharp iron filings on the surface of a precision coated hard membrane. The hard membrane has a certain hardness and can take bending rigidity [1], the thin plate theory is used to analyze the hard membrane. This part of the membrane material with scratches is a waste product, which must be diagnosed and eliminated in time to ensure the quality and productivity of the printing product. The damage effect can cause changes in the dynamic characteristics of the vibration mode and frequency of the structure. Therefore, changes in dynamic characteristics can be used to identify scratch damage of the membrane structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the vibration characteristics of a viscoelastic hard membrane containing scratches.

In the past decade, many scholars have studied the dynamic characteristics of moving viscoelastic plates. Marynowski [2] investigated moving velocity, and relaxation times affected the dynamic behavior of a moving plate based on the viscoelastic theory. Li [3] studied multimodal coupling characteristics of a moving viscoelastic sandwich rectangular plate by using the Galerkin method and the thin plate theory. Tang and Chen [4] analyzed steady-state responses of axially moving viscoelastic plates with variable speed, and the Kelvin-Voigt model was used in plate material. Pan et al. [5] analyzed the effect of thermal parameters on the transverse vibration of a viscoelastic thin plate. The conclusion is that critical divergence and restabilization speed of the first-order mode decrease with the increase of thermal parameters. Tang et al. [6] examined the vibration and dynamic stability of axially viscoelastic plates with variable tension by using the method of multiple scales and the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Robinson and Adali [7] investigated the influence of the thickness ratio and the cross-section on the vibration of in-plane moving viscoelastic plates. The effects of aspect ratio and viscosity of plates on the vibration frequencies are presented by applying the differential quadrature method in [8]. Zheng and Deng [9] studied nonlinear free vibration of a viscoelastic moderately thick laminated plate with damage by using the iterative methods, Newton-Cotes and Simpson integration. Marynowski [1, 10] then studied nonlinear behavior of a paper web; the viscoelastic beam theory was applied to establish the paper web model and the viscous damping was considered. He also discussed the significant influence of the tension fluctuation amplitude on the nonlinear bifurcation of the system, and the chaos and regular motion appeared alternately when the tension fluctuation amplitude increased. Zhou and Wang [11] investigated the dynamic characteristics and stability of axially moving viscoelastic thin plates by the differential quadrature method.

In recent years, scholars have conducted a lot of research on damage identification and vibration of structures with cracks. Bose and Mohanty [13] applied the Kirchhoff plate theory to analyze the vibration of a rectangular thin isotropic plate with part-through surface cracks under different boundary conditions. Diba et al. [14] analyzed the influence of parameters such as the position of excitation force, the angle of crack, and the length of crack on vibration of an isotropic rectangular plate containing an inclined crack. Wang et al. [15] employed the DQM (differential quadrature method) to analyze vibration and stability of a viscoelastic cracked plate containing changing thickness. Joshi and Jain [16] applied the classical plate theory to study the parameter vibration and thermal buckling behavior of a thin plate with internal crack. It was noted that the temperature affected natural frequencies. Joshi et al. [17] investigated the effects of boundary conditions, thickness, crack location, crack length, and varying elasticity ratio on the fundamental frequencies of a plate containing an internal crack by using Galerkin method and multiple scales perturbation method. Ramtekkar et al. [18] studied vibration and stability of plates with two perpendicular cracks, and the effects of boundary conditions and length ratios of a crack on the natural frequencies of cracked plates were analyzed.

Many studies have developed viscoelastic cracked plates with no axial moving speed, while the vibration characteristics of an axially moving viscoelastic hard membrane with cracks in the printing field have received little attention. In this paper, the dynamic properties of a viscoelastic hard membrane with scratches are studied. The theory of fracture mechanics is used to study the scratched membrane, and the complex characteristic equation of the hard membrane containing scratches is established. The influence of the scratch position and depth on the vibration and stability is analyzed. The study provides methods for scratch detection and troubleshooting identification.

2. The Differential Equation of Motion is Established

A schematic diagram of a precision coated hard membrane with a scratch is shown in Figure 1. There is a scratch at the , scratch depth is , and the moving hard membrane is divided into two parts by the scratch. The density of the hard membrane is ρ, the thickness is h, and the speed is .

Figure 1: Hard printing membrane with a scratch.

According to Kirchhoff’s hypothesis that the strain and stress of an infinitesimal element of the hard membrane are , , , , , , the stress-strain relationship of a viscoelastic hard membrane is written as follows [19].

, , , denote three-dimensional constitutive relationship.

Take Laplace transform on , , , , where “–” stands for the Laplace transform.

where is Laplacian variable.

Supposing that

(1) can be expressed as follows.

Then

According to the thin plate theory, moment and torque of the hard membrane are defined as follows.

Laplace transform is performed on (7) and (8), and then they are multiplied by .

Substituting (5) and (6) into (9) yields the following.

The speed of the moving hard membrane in the z direction is as follows.

Acceleration in the z direction is written as follows.

The partial differential equation of the hard membrane is obtained according to the d’Alembert principle.

Performing a Lagrangian transformation on (13), then multiplying it by , the following equation is obtained.

Equation (14) is changed into the following.

Substituting (10) into (15), the differential equation of a hard printing membrane in the Lagrangian domain is obtained.

Assuming that the shape distortion of the hard printing membrane satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model, then we obtain the following.

Substituting (17) into (16) and then performing inverse Lagrangian transformation, the differential equation of the moving hard membrane in the time domain that satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model is obtained:

where , , , , , , , denotes the Poisson’s ratio of the hard membrane, .

The discontinuity of the hard membrane is caused by the scratches. is additional angle caused by scratches. The continuous conditions of the scratch [20–22] are (19a)-(19d).

The deflection is as follows.

The bending moment is as follows.

The equivalent shear is as follows.

The angle is

where .

Performing a Lagrangian transformation on (18), then multiplying it by , , the following equations are obtained:

where

Performing a Lagrangian transformation on and multiplying it by , we get the following.

The scratch characteristic coefficient is denoted as

where , and scratch depth function is defined as follows.

The viscoelastic membrane body changes to an elastic one, and the shape distortion satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model; then we obtain

where .

The dimensionless quantities are expressed as follows.

The dimensionless governing equations of the moving hard membrane can be obtained as follows:

where H represents dimensionless delay time, c represents the dimensionless speed, τ is dimensionless time, .

The dimensionless continuous conditions of the scratch are

where , ,  .

Supposing the solution of (27) is , the vibration differential equation of the moving hard membrane that satisfies the Kelvin-Voigt model is expressed as

where , , , is the frequency of a hard membrane.

Substituting into (28) yields

where , ,  .

The boundary conditions of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane are as follows.

3. Solving Equation

Equation (28) is discretized by differential quadrature method [23].

Scratch continuous conditions are discretized by differential quadrature method

The numbers of discrete points in the and directions are equal. The discrete forms of the node are as follows.

Then the discrete forms of boundary conditions in equation (31) are as follows.

Combine (36) with (32), (33), (34a), (34b) and (34c):

with , , , including scratch position , scratch depth , hard membrane thickness ratio , aspect ratio , delay time , and moving speed .

The characteristic equation of the hard membrane with a scratch is expressed as follows.

4. Numerical Results

When delay time H=10⁻⁵, moving speed , scratch depth , the problem degenerates into a vibration problem of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane without scratches. The vibration natural frequency of the nonscratched moving viscoelastic hard membrane is solved and then compared with [12] as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Comparison between the natural frequencies of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane and [12](c=2, H=10⁻⁵).

aspect ratio
This paper
Reference [12]

ω₁
ω₂
ω₃
ω₁
ω₂
ω₃

λ=1
27.490
53.580
68.090
27.487
53.576
68.091

λ=0.8
24.820
40.520
65.270
24.818
40.519
65.267

As a result, the natural frequency of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane without scratches is consistent with the literature solution.

4.1. The Effects of Scratch Depth on Stability

Figure 3 shows the relationship between the complex frequency of a hard membrane and the speed with the different scratch depths; aspect ratio , delay time , scratch position is 0.5, and the scratch depth is 0.1, 0.4, 0.5, separately. When scratch depth , , the imaginary parts of the first three modes are zero, and the real parts are decreased. When the speed c=7.8, the first-order frequency , the imaginary part has both positive and negative values, and the membrane is divergent and unstable. When , the membrane becomes stable again. When c=11, the first and third modes are coupled chatter. Comparing the three curves when ,0.4, 0.5, it can be seen that the variation laws of the real part and the imaginary part of the frequencies containing different scratch depths are almost the same. When the scratch depth is deeper, the critical divergence velocity and the critical velocity of coupled chatter are smaller.

4.2. The Effects of Scratch Position on Stability

Figure 3 shows the relationship between the complex frequencies and membrane speed with the different scratch position; the aspect ratio , the delay time H is , the scratch depth is 0.4, and the scratch position is 0.07, 0.36, 0.5, respectively. When , the speed , the imaginary parts of the first three modes are zero, and the real parts are decreased with the increase of the speed. When the speed c=8.16, the first-order mode is divergence instability. When the speed c=10.12, the membrane becomes stable again. When c=11.08, the first and third modes are coupled chatter. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the scratch depth is kept constant; the closer the scratch position is to the middle portion, the lower the critical speed is when hard membrane shows the divergence instability and coupled chatter instability.

4.3. The Effects of Scratch Depth and Scratch Position on Stability

Figures 4, 5, and 6 show the relationship between the complex frequencies of the hard membrane and the scratch depth when the scratch depth is gradually increased, and the parameters are ,  ,  . It is noted that when the scratch depth gradually increases, the real part of complex frequency decreases, the imaginary part increases, and change laws of the first-order, second-order, and third-order modes are the same. As a result, the occurrence of scratches can lead to the decrease of the membrane stiffness, and the stiffness is reduced with the increase of the scratch depth.

Figure 7 shows the relationship between the complex frequency of the hard membrane and the scratch position, when , , , . It can be noted that when the scratch position changes from left to right, the real part of the complex frequency firstly decreases and then increases, and the imaginary part firstly decreases, then increases, and lastly decreases. The real part and imaginary part of the complex frequency are equal when the scratch positions are and . The real part of complex frequency is the smallest when the scratch position is in the middle.

4.4. Coupling Effect of Speed and Scratch Depth on Membrane Vibration

Tables 2 and 3 show the frequency ratio () caused by the scratch depth under different speeds, and the frequency ratio () caused by the speed under different scratch depths. It can be seen from Table 2 that the frequency is decreasing with the increase in the scratch depth, and the frequency reduction caused by scratches becomes faster as the speed increases. It can be seen from Table 3 that the frequency is decreasing along with the speed increasing, and the frequency reduction caused by the speed becomes faster as the scratch depth expands. It is noted that the coupling of speed and scratch depth affects the hard membrane frequency.

Table 2: Frequency ratios versus the scratch depth.

Speed v
Initial
Frequency ratio (%)

Scratch depth

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0
39.09
99.86
99.43
98.67
97.38
95.13

2
37.80
99.85
99.42
98.64
97.31
95.00

4
33.98
99.84
99.37
98.52
97.08
94.56

6
27.69
99.81
99.25
98.24
96.52
93.48

8
19.03
99.73
98.92
97.45
94.93
90.39

Table 3: Frequency ratios versus the axial velocity.

Scratch depth
Initial
Frequency ratio (%)

Speed v

2
4
6
8

0.0
39.09
96.71
86.93
70.84
48.68

0.1
39.04
96.71
86.91
70.81
48.62

0.2
38.87
96.70
86.87
70.72
48.43

0.3
38.57
96.68
86.80
70.54
48.08

0.4
38.07
96.65
86.67
70.22
47.46

0.5
37.19
96.59
86.42
69.62
46.26

4.5. Numeral Calculations

As can be seen from Figure 2, the hard membrane undergoes divergence instability when the dimensionless speed c=7.8. The relationship between the dimensionless speed and the actual moving speed [11] is as follows.

Figure 2: The relationship of complex frequencies and velocity under different scratch depths ().

Figure 3: The relationship of complex frequencies and velocity under different scratch position ().

Figure 4: The relationship of first-order complex frequencies and scratch depth ().

Figure 5: The relationship of second-order complex frequencies and scratch depth ().

Figure 6: The relationship of third-order complex frequencies and scratch depth ().

Figure 7: The first-order complex frequencies versus scratch position ().

The basic parameters of a precision coating hard membrane are shown in Table 4. The hard membrane undergoes divergence instability when the actual printing speed is v=23.2 m/s; that is, the membrane is stable when v<23.2 m/s.

Table 4: The basic parameters of the precision coating hard membrane.

parameters
parameters
values

hard membrane width
530mm

hard membrane thickness
1.2mm

density
333kg/m³

Poisson’s ratio
0.3

E
elastic modulus
6.26G/Pa

5. Conclusions

The transverse vibration and stability of a moving viscoelastic hard membrane containing scratches are investigated. The conclusions are below:

The critical speeds of the flutter instability and divergence instability are decreasing with the increase of the scratch depth.

Changes in the scratch position will affect the unstable form of the hard membrane. When the moving speed is increasing, the closer the scratch position is to the middle, the more easily the hard membrane experiences flutter instability and divergence instability.

The coupling of speed and scratch depth affects the hard membrane frequency. The frequency reduction caused by scratches becomes faster as the speed increases, and the frequency reduction caused by the speed becomes faster as the scratch depth expands.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11272253), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2018JM5023, No. 2018JM1028, and No. 2018JM5119), and the Ph.D. Innovation Fund Projects of Xi’an University of Technology (Fund No. 310-252071702).

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