Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 8129564, 14 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8129564

Research Article

Mixed Convection Magnetohydrodynamics Flow of a Nanofluid with Heat Transfer: A Numerical Study

Abdul Quayam Khan and Amer Rasheed

Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Opposite Sector U, DHA, Lahore Cantt. 54792, Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Amer Rasheed; amer.rasheed@lums.edu.pk

Received 10 August 2018; Revised 6 January 2019; Accepted 15 January 2019; Published 21 January 2019

Academic Editor: Gilberto Espinosa-Paredes

Copyright © 2019 Abdul Quayam Khan and Amer Rasheed. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this paper we have studied the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection Maxwell flow of an incompressible nanofluid with magnetic field and heat transfer over a moving plate aligned horizontally. Thermal radiation has also been applied in order to investigate its effects on velocity and temperature variations in the fluid. The Caputo time derivative has been employed to derive the mathematical model. A numerical solution has been obtained using finite difference discretization along with -algorithm. Fractional and other pertinent physical fluid parameters like magnetic field parameter, thermal radiation, effect on velocity, and temperature distribution are analyzed and demonstrated through graphs.

1. Introduction

Heat transfer and viscoelastic fluid flow gain much attention because it has widespread applications in several fields of science and engineering. Maxwell fluid model, also known as viscoelastic rate type fluid model, was introduced by James Clerk Maxwell [1] in his research article on the dynamical theory of gases. The Maxwell model has advantage of being expressed as a differential model in a basic form. This permits comparison between results of different methods. Much work has been done by many researchers in Maxwell fluids. Hayat et al. [2] studied Maxwell fluid flow of heterogeneous and homogeneous processes in the stagnation region over a stretched surface and analyzed the behavior of a flow with several set of physical parameters. Zhi Cao et al. [3] have investigated the effect of magnetic field on a fractional Maxwell nanofluid over a moving plate and also discussed the temperature variations due to nanoparticles present in the base fluid using scheme along with finite difference approximations. Liu and Guo [4] studied MHD flow of Maxwell liquid with slip conditions pursued by a moving plate. Mashud et al. [5] examined a Maxwell fluid of unsteady flow with boundary layer approximation. Madhu et al. [6] analyzed MHD flow of a Maxwell nanofluid with thermal radiation and stretching surface and also discussed flow behavior of a Maxwell nanofluid using different values of physical parameters. Vieru and Rauf [7] investigated Maxwell flow in a channel with slip conditions and found exact as well as approximate solution of a model and discussed slip coefficient effects on velocity. Hsiao [8] studied the Maxwell fluid model of a thermal extrusion energy conversation problem and solved it by using numerical techniques. Hayat et al. [9] investigated the rotating flow of Maxwell liquid in three-dimensional nanofluid wherein the fluid was moving with the help of an exponentially stretching sheet and solved the problem by Homotopy Analysis Method. Ramesh et al. [10] investigated the Maxwell fluid model of stagnation point flow on a stretching sheet and found an approximate solution of the model by using Runge Kutta Fehlberg Method. Mukopadhyay [11] investigated the Maxwell fluid model of MHD over stretching sheet using temperature on the surface and numerically solved the problem by Shooting Method and also analyzed fluid behavior with different physical parameters.

The enhancement of thermal conductivity with base fluid and heat transfer improvement of fluids is an important research topic due to its tremendous applications in industry and sciences. Heat transfer fluids have a new category known as nanofluids and were first suggested by Choi and Eastman [15] and refer to a liquid which is heated by diverged nanoparticles into a base fluid. Nanofluid is a fluid having nanometer (small diameters of nanoscale) size elements, known as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be metallic, for example, , or nonmetallic, for example, , and could also be carbon nanotubes, for example, . Nanofluids enhance thermal properties compared to the base fluids and this fact makes nanofluids an alternative working fluids. More precisely, nanoparticles enhance thermal conductivity, viscosity, and density but decrease specific heat capacity. Prasannakumara et al. [16] studied radiative heat transfer of nanofluids using magnetic field over a plate. They noticed that the Nusselt number and Sherwood number are increased for nonlinear stretching sheet. Kumar et al. [17] investigated the Marangoni effects on nanofluid in the presence of heat. Sheikholeslami and Shehzad [18] studied heat transfer of nonequilibrium model for nanofluid with magnetic field and porous medium. Turkyilmazoglu and Pop [19] studied heat and mass transfer of free convection flow of nanofluid containing , and as nanoparticles. They conclude that the fluid having particles of kind have low heat transfer and with have maximum heat transfer. Recently various researchers studied heat transfer of nanofluids; see, for example, [20–24].

Radiation for heat transfer is important because of its wide applications in nuclear power generation, reactor cooling, and combustion applications. The best possible comprehension of instrument of solar radiation has real significance in the plan of advance energy conversation system performed at high temperature. Some examples of these are space vehicle reentry, astrophysical flows, fossil fuel, solar power technology, and combustion energy. Such impacts usually happen when there is difference between surface and surrounding temperatures. Thermal radiation effects on micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer over a porous shrinking sheet is studied by Bhattacharyya et al. [25]. Bhattacharyya [26] analyzed MHD flow of Casson fluid in the presence of radiative stretching sheet in the stagnation region. Hayat et al. [27] investigated the Maxwell flow of mixed convection near a stagnation point along with thermal radiation and convective boundary conditions.

It is now established experimentally as well as theoretically that the mathematical models derived with the help of fractional order derivatives simulate certain physical phenomenon more realistically, particularly for the systems wherein the hereditary effects are important as they depend on the past conditions. Recently fractional models have been developed and employed in many fields of science and engineering like fluid dynamics, electromagnetic, biopopulation models, viscoelasticity, optics, electro-chemistry, and signal processing in order to establish behavior of several physical quantities; see, for example, [28–31] and the references therein. For accurate modeling of damping, fractional models are used; the reader is referred to study the articles [32–35]. Physical phenomena of fluid mechanics, electricity, quantum mechanics models, etc. are controlled within their domain of validity by using integer order partial differential equations [36–38]. Many researchers are using fractional calculus in their research work such as Fetecau et al. [39] who investigated the fractional model of nanofluids with Caputo time derivative and discussed the influence of a fractional parameter on velocity and temperature. Shah et al. [40] studied the Caputo fractional derivative model of a blood flow in a circular cylinder with magnetic particles. Numerical simulations are used to study the behavior of a fractional parameter on fluid and particles velocity. Similarly many authors used fractional calculus in their research work [41–45].

The aim of present study is to investigate the convection effects along with the magnetic field and thermal radiations on the boundary layer flow of fractional Maxwell fluid over a moving plate. The fluid motion is initiated by moving the plate impulsively along the . In order to capture memory effects during the motion of fluid, fractional calculus approach has been employed in order to derive the mathematical model which finally gives fractional coupled nonlinear partial differential equations with mixed time-space variables. The numerical simulations of the underlying model have been carried out by employing a newly developed finite difference method along with -algorithm. Various flow and fractional parameters effects on velocity and temperature profile are presented via graphs. Moreover, fractional and other physical parameters effects have also been discussed on average skin friction coefficient and average Nusselt number with the help of tables.

2. Mathematical Formulation of the Problem

The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations along with the energy conservation equation have been utilized in order to model the underlying physical phenomenon of two dimensional boundary layer Maxwell flow of nanofluid with heat transfer over a moving surface aligned with . Uniform magnetic field in the positive direction has been introduced in the model using Lorentz force and radiation has been applied externally while the fluid motion is considered along coordinate. The velocity field is taken as

It is to be noted that the viscous dissipation effects are ignored in the derived model. Moreover, the fluid motion along horizontal direction is investigated; therefore the equation of velocity component is ignored. Using the boundary layer assumptions and Boussinesq approximations, the equations for conservation of mass and momentum for nanofluid in the presence of magnetic field can be written as

where stands for nanofluid, is dynamic viscosity, is density, is thermal expansion coefficient, is thermal conductivity, is electrical conductivity of nanofluid, and is the gravitational acceleration. The fractional order derivation is introduced into the constitutive equations for the Maxwell model as proposed by Friedrich [46]

which leads to

where is the relaxation time, is fractional derivative such that , and is shear stress. The operator is Caputo time derivative of order defined as [47]

with denotes the classical Gamma function given by

In order to eliminate from (3) and (5), applying the operator on both sides of (3) and then using (5), we finally arrive at

The temperature on the plate is presumed to be and on the surface of the fluid the temperature is considered to be the ambient. The change of temperature within the fluid is modeled by using

where is the heat flux, is heat capacity, and is the thermal radiation. Since the heat flux is supposed to be towards vertical direction, therefore the above equation can further be written as

The expression for is given by the fractional form of generalized Fourier’s law introduced by Cattaneo [48]

In order to eliminate , first applying the operator on both sides of (10) and then using (11), we have obtained

where the expression defined by [49]

introduces the radiation contribution in the flow field. Expanding by a Taylor series about and neglecting higher orders of , we can write . Therefore can eventually be defined as

Using (14) and (11), (12) can be written as

Finally, (2), (8), and (15) constitute the model problem which describes the underlying physical phenomenon addressed in this work

where

and is density of nanofluid, is dynamic viscosity of nanofluid, and other parameters for the nanofluid are defined as [50]

In the above equations, denotes the volume fraction of the nanoparticles in nanofluid. , , , and denote density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and specific heat capacities of surfactant respectively. Similarly , , and denote density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacities of base fluid, respectively.

As described earlier, the fluid motion at time is initiated by an impulsive movement of the plate with the time dependent velocity ; the temperature of the plate is also dependent on time ; therefore the initial and boundary conditions which best suit the physical phenomenon can be given by

2.1. Nondimensionalization

In order to understand physics of the proposed problem in an easy way we have nondimensionalized the governing problem. It helps to comprehend the underlying physical phenomenon with nondimensional parameters of interest without giving any weightage to units of involved quantities. Nondimensionalization of model (16) and (19) can be obtained by considering the following nondimensional variables and parameters:

with the use of chain rule

Using above expressions, model (16) and (19) takes the following form (after removing the asterisk () sign):

, , , Grashof number, and Prandtl number, respectively.

Dimensionless form of boundary and initial conditions are

The subsequent section elucidates the numerical scheme employed to solve the nondimensional mathematical model derived in this section.

3. Numerical Method

This section elucidates briefly the numerical scheme employed to solve the developed model (22)-(23). The finite difference approximations have been utilized along with scheme in order to discretize the mixed fractional derivatives which appears in the model. Other numerical schemes can also be utilized in order to solve model (22)-(23); for example, V. E. Lynch et al. [51] have discussed two numerical schemes, namely, and , for solving partial differential equations of fractional order. The authors have investigated explicit and semi-implicit techniques along with two types of discretization schemes. It is found that these techniques depend on the correct choice of discretization methods as well as on the choice of . The scheme demonstrates good convergence results for whereas shows adequate convergence for .

scheme is a newly introduced technique by F. Liu et. al. [52] wherein the authors have devised a method of discretizing the nonlinear convection terms as well as the terms which involve fractional order derivative of nonlinear terms using finite difference approximations. The scheme does not depend on the particular choice of discretization or on the values of fractional order . The technique has been successfully applied on various models and obtained significant results; see, for example, [3, 53] and references therein. The scheme is best suited for the problems of the type considered in this manuscript. The scheme is described briefly in the subsequent section.

3.1. Discretization Method

Define , , time steps with being a time step size and , ; , , where and are space step sizes. Let and be numerical approximations of and at point and time in model (22)-(23).

The Caputo time fractional derivative in (6) is discretized at time as follows:

where , .

The nonfractional derivatives are discretized using backward finite difference approximations as [52, 54]

where and the nonlinear terms have been linearized. Moreover the fractional derivatives of the above terms at time can be defined in the following way (see for details [52]):

Assume that

and in order to simplify notations, we write

By using similar conventions, we can easily obtain the approximations for the fractional derivatives terms involved in the temperature equation given below

where , . In order to simplify the notations, we assume that

Finally, by substituting approximations (25)-(30) in the model equations (22), we can obtain the following discretization scheme:

and the initial and boundary conditions can evidently be defined as

3.2. Solution Procedure

The computational domain is considered as a rectangle with sizes and where corresponds to as the solution approaches to zeros in the vicinity of ; see Figure 5 for validation. The solution has been computed with mesh sizes , , and . The iteration process in the numerical scheme (31)-(33) has been initiated by initial values , , and given by (34). Assuming that the earlier values , , and at time are known for the iteration. The memory terms and are also known as these terms are defined till the time step. Finally, the iteration at each time step can be written in the form of five diagonal linear systems by placing each term of step on the right hand side of the systems. The linear systems are then solved by using a classical direct method. A code has been developed in MATLAB in order to implement scheme (31)-(34).

4. Skin Friction Coefficient

The fluid layer adjacent to the boundary (plate) is characterized by the skin friction coefficient or shear stress coefficient denoted as and defined by [53]

with the stress at the boundary being defined by

whereas the fractional form of the stress can be defined using (5) as

Applying operator on both sides of (35) and using (37), the skin friction coefficient can finally be defined as

Using the nondimensional quantities defined in Section 2.1, the dimensionless form of the skin friction is given by

Using -discretization of Caputo derivative defined in (24), the skin friction coefficient can be written as

where is the Reynolds number. The average skin friction coefficient can further be defined as

The skin friction coefficient has been calculated for different values of physical parameters and the results have been shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Average skin friction coefficient for different parameters.

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-8.2201

0.3
0.2
0.01
0.01
-9.3333

0.6
0.2
0.01
0.01
-10.5056

0.9
0.2
0.01
0.01
-11.1255

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-8.2201

0.1
0.4
0.01
0.01
-8.0712

0.1
0.6
0.01
0.01
-7.9827

0.1
0.8
0.01
0.01
-7.9193

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-8.2201

0.1
0.2
0.05
0.01
-8.2399

0.1
0.2
0.1
0.01
-8.2647

0.1
0.2
0.5
0.01
-8.4069

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-8.2201

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.1
-8.2647

0.1
0.2
0.01
1.1
-8.7495

0.1
0.2
0.01
2.1
-9.2150

5. Local Nusselt Number

A ratio between convective and conductive heat transfer in the fluid is known as local Nusselt number denoted by . The large values of the Nusselt number show the dominated heat transfer by convection in the fluid. The Nusselt number for Maxwell fluid is [53]

with the expression for defined by

and for the fractional Maxwell fluid, we can define (see for details [29])

Applying operator on both sides of (42) and using above relations, the Nusselt number can be written as

The dimensionless form of Nussult number can be defined using relations in Section 2.1 as

Using -discretization of Caputo derivative defined in (24), the Nusselt number can be discretized as

Moreover, the average Nusselt number can be given as

The Nusselt number has been calculated for various values of physical quantities and the outcomes have been shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Average Nusselt number for different parameters.

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-52.0576

0.3
0.2
0.01
0.01
-76.5177

0.6
0.2
0.01
0.01
-1.9658e+02

0.9
0.2
0.01
0.01
-1.1654e+03

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-52.0576

0.1
0.4
0.01
0.01
-51.4028

0.1
0.6
0.01
0.01
-51.0632

0.1
01
0.01
0.01
-50.6861

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-52.0576

0.1
0.2
0.05
0.01
-52.1020

0.1
0.2
0.09
0.01
–52.1483

0.1
0.2
0.1
0.01
–52.1594

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.01
-52.0576

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.05
-52.0518

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.1
-52.0466

0.1
0.2
0.01
0.5
-52.0193

6. Results and Discussion

In this section, the effects of heat transfer flow of fractional Maxwell fluid with magnetic field and radiation over a moving plate are studied. The nonlinear coupled equations are numerically solved by newly developed technique along with the finite difference approximations as described earlier. The parameters involved in the model which are discussed are mainly the fractional parameters , , Maxwell or the relaxation time parameters , , Prandtl number , magnetic field , radiation parameter , and nanofluid parameter . The effects of these parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles along with skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number have been investigated and explained via graphs and tables.

6.1. Effects on Velocity Field

Figure 1(a) indicates that fractional parameter effects on velocity profile with final time and . For grater values of , the velocity of the fluid increases. This implies that increase in the fractional parameter gives rise in the thickness of velocity for the both short and long times. However this dependence is indeed nonmonotonic in behavior and cannot be generalized to all values of the involved parameters as for the cases discussed here. Change in behavior can be noted for some other values of involved parameters. Similar pattern can be seen for boundary layer thickness of the flow domain.

(a) Velocity distribution with α variation

(b) Velocity distribution for

Figure 1

Figure 1(b) shows relaxation time effects on velocity profile. Velocity of the fluid decreases for larger values of . For time , velocity of the fluid decreases quickly when we have larger values of . It is perceived that velocity profile decreases while corresponding boundary layer thickness increases with the increase of . The parameter appeared in nondimensional momentum equation due to dimensional relaxation time. The relaxation time is stronger for larger . Hence velocity profile decreases by the increase of . Influence of magnetic field on fluid velocity is shown in Figure 2(a). The increase of magnetic field parameter tends to decrease velocity profile. The Lorentz force increases with the increase of magnetic number which offers resistance to the motion of fluid. Therefore magnitude of the skin friction coefficient and velocity profile decreases. Effects of nanoparticles volume on nanofluids are shown in Figure 2(b). The increase in the volumic concentration of nanoparticles decreases velocity which is physically adequate as observed in experimental findings.

(a) Velocity distribution for

(b) Velocity distribution for

Figure 2

6.2. Effects on Temperature Field

Dimensionless form of a temperature is considered because of the fact that the natural convection is driven by temperature gradient. Figure 3(a) demonstrates that fractional parameter effect of on temperature is the same like in case on velocity profile. Decreasing values from to quickly decreases temperature. This shows that noninteger order derivatives weaken the effects of heat conduction. Relaxation time parameter effects on temperature field are shown in Figure 3(b). A small change occurs in temperature for small values of . Petit increase in decreases temperature profile slightly. Radiation effects on temperature profile are shown in Figure 4(a). Radiation parameter minor increment makes a larger change in temperature field. Prandtl number is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity by thermal diffusivity. Prandtl number effects on temperature are shown in Figure 4(b). A petit increase in Prandtl number demonstrates decrease in temperature profile. Also note that thermal boundary layer thickness is at lower level for larger values of . With the increase of momentum diffusivity increases. Hence with the increase of thermal diffusivity decreases while viscosity of fluid increases, as a result temperature and velocity profiles decrease. Relative thickness of thermal and momentum boundary layers is controlled by . Heat diffuses gradually and thermal boundary layer is at lower level for larger values of while opposite behavior is observed at smaller values of .

(a) Temperature distributions with variation

(b) Temperature distribution for

Figure 3

(a) Temperature distribution for

(b) Temperature distribution for

Figure 4

(a) Three-dimensional velocity distribution

(b) Three-dimensional temperature distribution

Figure 5

Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show three-dimensional velocity and temperature distribution which demonstrate convergence and good stability in space and time variables. The particular values of and are the Caputo fractional derivatives which vary from 0 to 1. As derivative of order zero makes no sense for the proposed physical problem and the derivative of order 1 will reduce the proposed model to the classical one. The values of and are the relaxation times for momentum and heat equations, respectively. We have to consider the values of these parameters greater than zero as for zero there is no contribution of relaxation times and the classical model is retrieved. The solution of proposed model remained convergent for any values of these parameters greater than or equal to zero. The values of the parameters in these simulations can be diverse; however the particular values have been selected from various sources already published in the literature; see, for example, [12–14, 53, 54].

6.3. Average Skin Friction Coefficient

The average skin friction coefficients for different parameters and for various values are shown in Table 1. Skin friction plays a vital role in predicting the behavior of flow in the vicinity of the boundary. Effects of different parameters on the skin friction coefficient can be used to show the cumulative trend of friction in the flow domain. The average skin friction coefficient decreases with the increase of fractional parameter which shows that the momentum boundary layer thickness reduces along the plate or wall boundary. Similar trends have been observed for the increasing values of nanofluid parameter whereas opposite behavior has been observed while the values of magnetic field and relaxation parameter augment; that is, the momentum boundary layer thickness extends.

6.4. Average Nusselt Number

Table 2 illustrates the influence of physical and fractional parameters on the average Nusselt number. Nusselt number is important for the calculation of thermal field variations along the wall or boundary. Realistic physical simulations can be executed if one takes into account the Nusselt number while calculating the thermal field. The numeric values of Nusselt number will be helpful to show the cumulative trend of temperature gradient in the flow domain. Average Nusselt number is comprehensive function of temperature gradient as shown in (48). For each increased value of , the average Nusselt number monotonically decreases which shows that less heat is transferred to the fluid from the plate. Similar behavior has been observed for the increasing values of the Prandtl number , whereas increasing values of the thermal relaxation parameter and the radiation parameter impose small increase on average Nusselt number which results in the greater heat exchange rate near the plate.

In Table 3, the comparison for different values of Prandtl number has been presented with already published papers for the validation and accuracy of the numerical results. As it is the ratio of molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of heat, it shows the relative thickness of the velocity boundary layer to the thermal boundary layer. The increase in the value of basically describes dominance of momentum diffusivity over the thermal diffusivity. Crepeau and Clarksean [12], Chamkha and khaled [13], and Chen [14] compared the value of rate of change of heat at the surface at for various values of the Prandtl number and other physical parameters. We have also compared the same for the similar values in order to validate our results.

Table 3: Comparison of at , with , , , , and .

Crepeau and clarksean [12]
Chamkha and khaled [13]
Chen [14]
present work

0.01
0.0805
0.0600
0.0806
0.0585

0.1
0.2302
0.2119
0.23014
0.2460

1
0.5671
0.5649
0.5671
0.6631

10
1.1690
1.1720
1.1693
1.1412

100
2.1910
2.1943
2.1913
2.1126

7. Conclusion

In this paper we consider heat transfer in unsteady mixed convection flow of the Maxwell nanofluids on a horizontal moving plate along with vertically applied magnetic field and radiations. The fractional mathematical model is derived by introducing fractional time derivative into Maxwell constitutive equations. The governing equations are numerically solved by employing a newly developed finite difference method (FDM) combined with -algorithm [52]. The effects of fractional parameters and along with other pertinent physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles have been discussed with the help of graphs for various values. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number have also been discussed for different values of physical parameters. In graphical results, the fractional parameter increases the thickness of velocity and increases the thermal boundary layer. The variations of parameters , , , , , and change the course of velocity and temperature profiles significantly as discussed with details in section 6. Fractional parameter has main role on average skin friction coefficient and on average Nusselt number. It is concluded that the fractional parameters play a vital role to capture the memory of the viscoelastic fluid for different values of fractional values instead of only one fixed value of derivative, , Momentum and thermal profiles are at lower level for all fractional values other than , which are quite helpful in predicting the realistic results.

Data Availability

No data is used in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors have read and reviewed the article and have the same contribution.

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