Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 3067461, 18 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3067461

Research Article

Knowledge Framework and Evolution of Fuzzy Portfolio Research: A Bibliometric Analysis

Wei Zhou, Qinen Gu, and Dongping Yu

School of Finance, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Dongping Yu; yudongping@ynufe.edu.cn

Received 1 February 2020; Revised 18 June 2020; Accepted 24 July 2020; Published 28 August 2020

Academic Editor: Caroline Mota

Copyright © 2020 Wei Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Recently, wide applications of fuzzy set theory have attracted the attention of both researchers and practitioners. Fuzzy portfolio develops as a new area in the research field of investment portfolio. This paper investigates the major research hotspots, development trend, and evolution of fuzzy portfolio, which provides a systematic review of the current fuzzy portfolio literature. CiteSpace, the most commonly used bibliometrics software, is used in this article. According to the 602 articles with 15132 references, several conclusions can be summarized as follows: (1) Fuzzy portfolio becomes increasingly interdisciplinary with the connections among “Computer Science” and so on. (2) Most contributive authors are Markowitz and Zadeh. (3) South China University of Technology makes excellent performance in this research area and China is the most influential country. (4) European Journal of Operations Research is the cradle of plenty of crucial fuzzy portfolio investigations. (5) We find some research hotspots helpful to make scientific predictions of future trends by analyzing the keywords. By utilizing the effective bibliometric methods, we provide a comprehensive analysis and deep insights into the fuzzy portfolio research, enabling the individuals, especially the new beginners who are interested in this area to learn fuzzy portfolio, which will be of great help for their future explorations.

1. Introduction

In the financial market, investment portfolios are attracting investors’ attention as an effective risk-distributing tool. Its core concept is to effectively allocate assets in an uncertain environment. Fuzzy portfolio refers to the application of fuzzy logic to the selection of portfolio and the construction of the model to achieve the goal of optimizing the investment portfolio. The relevant research has grown since the introduction of the fuzzy portfolio, and such articles that apply fuzzy logic variables, fuzzy logic functions, and likelihood reasoning to portfolio optimization and selection have laid a theoretical foundation for finding breakthroughs in solving ambiguities in investment. Due to the rapid growth and great practical significance of fuzzy portfolio research, it is crucial to analyze the research development of this area.

Previous theories show that the uncertainty of portfolio selection problems consists of random uncertainty and fuzzy uncertainty. Compared with random uncertainty, fuzzy uncertainty that describes state uncertainty of the event itself is a more profound uncertainty. That is the reason that there are a growing number of researchers focusing on applying fuzzy decision theory on portfolio research. In real life, an investment decision-making activity is affected by many human factors such as social, psychological, subjective will, and work experience. How to effectively consider the influence of human factors on investment decisions in the investment decision-making process has always been considered by the majority of scholars. Zadeh [1] proposed possibility theory which makes an outstanding contribution to the solution of the uncertainty of subject decision-making field in the portfolio. Östermark [2] used fuzzy decision theory to study the dynamic portfolio problem with a risk-free asset and multiple risk assets, and a fuzzy control model was proposed. Tanaka and Guo [3] identified two kinds of possibility distributions to reflect experts’ knowledge in portfolio selection problems. These are some basic theories to select the optimal investment ratios.

Moreover, many scholars further have used fuzzy theory to cope with the problem of portfolio decision. León et al. [4] used fuzzy decision methods to study the infeasible problems that may arise in the portfolio selection model. Carlsson et al. [5] regarded investment income as a trapezoidal fuzzy number and proposed a fuzzy probability portfolio model with maximum utility without allowing short selling. Fang et al. [6] used the fuzzy decision theory to study the portfolio rebalance model with transaction cost. Tiryaki and Ahlatcioglu [7] used AHP to sort a set of stocks in a fuzzy investment environment in order to demonstrate the practicality of fuzzy decision-making methods in financial decision-making problems. Zhang and Xiao [8] defined the weighted lower and upper possibilistic variances and covariances of fuzzy numbers. Subsequently, many scholars studied the fuzzy portfolio selection problems based on the numerical feature theory of fuzzy numbers. In the current field of fuzzy portfolio research, most scholars explored the choice of portfolios in practice by constructing mathematical models. Silva et al. [9] developed a new fuzzy-DEA-Game (FOG) model to support the establishment of production strategies by combing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the concept of Fuzzy Set Theory and Nash Bargaining Game. Yue and Wang [10] proposed a new entropy function based on Minkowski and designed a new multiobjective evolutionary algorithm to overcome the low diversity of the obtained solution set. Chen et al. [11] proposed a possibilistic mean semiabsolute deviation portfolio model with V-shape transaction costs to deal with portfolio adjusting problem. Liu et al. [12] and Liu and Zhang [13] discussed a multiperiod portfolio selection with discounted transaction costs in a fuzzy uncertain investment environment. Alali and Tolga [14] adapted TODIM to the portfolio allocation process and verified portfolio based on outperforming TODIM configurations yields significantly better results than equally weighted portfolio (1/N) and insignificantly inferior result than minimum variance portfolio in terms of the sharp ratio.

With the development of fuzzy portfolio research, it is necessary to know its emerging trend. Bibliometrics can help researchers sort through the development track of knowledge. Bibliometrics refers to the quantitative analysis of the cross-science of all knowledge carriers using mathematical and statistical methods. It is a comprehensive knowledge system including mathematics, statistics, and philology. Nowadays, many scholars are committed to applying bibliometrics to the study of finance. Based on Java language, CiteSpace was proposed by Chen [15], which is a widely used tool in bibliometrics. Rang and Zeng [16] made a visual analysis of the Chinese finance studies in recent ten years using CiteSpace. Costa et al. [17] conducted a bibliometric analysis on the association between the themes “behavioral finance” and “financial and managerial decision making,” and the cognitive biases “overconfidence,” “anchoring effect,” and “confirmation bias.” Xu et al. [18] investigated the development trend of research on supply chain finance adopting a systematic literature review methodology combined with bibliometric. These papers make a great contribution to the development of the finance field.

Despite a wide range of publications related to fuzzy portfolio, few investigations focus on the vital trend and potential relationships of papers. By using CiteSpace, this paper analyzes the important node articles in the field of fuzzy portfolio research in the past 20 years. The analyses such as the current status of the fuzzy portfolio research, the distribution of countries and institutions, the distribution of authors, the co-occurrence of keywords, the cocitation of the references, and the cocitation of journals are provided. The research hotspots and research frontiers of the fuzzy portfolio are revealed to develop new ideas for improving the research system in this field. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces how to use CiteSpace and how to collect the data. Section 3 conducts the analysis of cocitation, co-occurrence, and cooperation network. Conclusions and future expectations are illustrated in Section 4.

2. Methodology and Data Collection

For an article, the collection of data and the choice of research approaches are crucial. In this section, we first introduce the effective bibliometric tool CiteSpace and introduce the selection of the database and the collection of data, including the setting of various parameters, which can ensure the accuracy of the research.

2.1. Research Method

Database plays an important role in the field of science research. In order to improve the accuracy and convenience of information acquisition, many scholars and organizations have developed bibliometric software to explore the intrinsic links among literature. As a broadly used bibliometric software, CiteSpace was developed by Professor Chen [15] which is a commonly used software for bibliometric based on Java to present knowledge structure and research dynamics. Compared with other bibliometric software, CiteSpace is more suitable for dynamic analysis in research areas. The characteristic of CiteSpace is visualizing results by “Cluster,” “Timeline,” and “Time zone.” The reason CiteSpace can become the most commonly used bibliometric software is to combine traditional bibliometrics and popular information visualization to explore the intrinsic or extrinsic relationship among different topics. Hidden potential relationships can be intuitively observed from the scientific distribution map of articles, which can lay a good foundation for scientific research.

Figure 1 shows the architecture diagram of the process about the data collection and the use of CiteSpace, which presents the selection of specific parameters during the use of CiteSpace. In the process of collecting data, the topic is “fuzzy portfolio” and the time span is “all years.” The database is from Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). There are 2 steps when we use CiteSpace to get the statistic results. First of all, we build a program. It mainly includes three subdivision steps of importing data, setting project, and naming program. Next, we set the parameter. Based on the 602 document data, the node types of the CiteSpace interface are set as “author,” “cited author,” “Country,” “Institution,” “Keyword,” “Reference,” and “Cited Journal.” Knowledge maps of the research on fuzzy portfolio are represented intuitively. In the time zone split setting, this paper chose a time span of 1996–2020, meaning that the landscape view is generated based on publications between 1996 and 2020. Time slice defines the time interval and range length of the selected literature, in this part. The time slice is 1 year apart, and the data selection criteria are the top 100 most cited articles in each time period. It means the top 100 most cited publications in each year are used to construct a network of references cited in that year [15]. Threshold is the criteria for selecting items during modeling and visualization and threshold selection is the default. Pruning exists in order to reduce the waiting time, and the concurrent version of the algorithm is used to process multiple networks at the same time. Keyword analysis gives information about research hotspots and research frontiers. Cocitation analysis of the literature can report the relevance of each document among the keywords. Journal cocitation analysis can find the core journals of research results. Besides, influential authors can be known based on cited author analysis.

Figure 1: Architecture diagram of the use of CiteSpace.

2.2. Data Collection

To ensure the research significance of the article, it is crucial to select high-quality journal articles as reliable sources of knowledge. In terms of the field of fuzzy portfolio research, the articles related to fuzzy portfolio research are searched from Web of Science (WoS). WoS established by Institution of Science Information is the largest and the most comprehensive academic resource in the world, which covers more than 8,700 core academic journals in the most influential fields of natural sciences, engineering, and biomedical sciences, and so on. As a credible and comprehensive bibliographic database, WoS is the most commonly used database in the research of bibliographic. Choosing WoS as the source of knowledge can widely acquire high-quality journal articles. In this paper, data are retrieved based on WoS core journals. Data were searched on May 29, 2020. The time span is all years. The topic word is “fuzzy portfolio,” and the search has a total of 696 articles. In order to ensure the high correlation between the selected data and the topic “fuzzy portfolio” and improve the accuracy of the result, we have refined the data manually by removing 94 unrelated data. Finally, there are 602 valid references being analyzed in the revised manuscript. By updating the version, the results of this paper could be more representative and coherent.

3. Current Status of the Fuzzy Portfolio Research

The number of publications and citations in recent years fully explains the increasing concerns of fuzzy portfolio research. A full set of records for 602 publications were retrieved and downloaded on May 29, 2020. The number of publications and citations per year in the fuzzy portfolio research for each year is indicated in Figure 2. Columns represent the number of publications per year and the line describes the trend of the citation. This figure witnesses a remarkable increase over almost 20 years. The number of publications has reached a plateau at approximately 50 publications per year in recent years. The number of citations per year is on the rise until 2020. It can be seen that the research on fuzzy portfolio has made great progress in the recent 20 years. According to the growth curve of fuzzy portfolio research, three stages can be identified as follows:

(1)Start-up phase (2000–2004): at this stage, the number of documents published each year is less than 10 and the growth is slow. The research on fuzzy portfolio starts to attract a few attentions of scholars. There are also influential authors during this period such as Inuiguchi, Tanaka, and Parra. Inuiguchi and Ramı́k [19] described the fuzzy linear programming and techniques. Tanaka et al. [20] proposed two kinds of portfolio selection models based on fuzzy probabilities and possibility, which are entirely different from probability distribution in Markowitz’s model. Parra et al. [21] used a fuzzy genetic algorithm to solve multiobjective programming problems of income, risk, and liquidity in investment. The authors’ researches laid a solid foundation for the research of fuzzy portfolio and made outstanding contributions to the development of research.(2)Initial development phase (2005–2012): at this stage, research on this aspect is gradually increasing and growing rapidly. The annual number of published papers increased from 16 in 2005 to 47 in 2011. The number has increased dramatically since 2008, which means the occurrence of the subprime mortgage crisis may increase the attention of scholars in the research of fuzzy portfolio. During this period, Wang, Amiri, and Li are the most influential authors. Wang and Hwang [22] developed a fuzzy R&D portfolio selection model to hedge against R&D uncertainty. Amiri [23] used six criteria for comparing investment alternatives as criteria in an AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS techniques to analyze the structure of the project selection problem. Li et al. [24] proposed a mean-variance-skewness model and considered the corresponding variations.(3)Rapid development phase (2013–2020): at this stage, the number of published papers has arrived at a platform about 50 per year and continues to grow. The subprime mortgage crisis that broke out in 2008 has increased the awareness of financial risk management among investors, regulatory authorities, and scholars. Fuzzy portfolios can effectively hedge risk through reasonable asset ratios. Zhang and Gupta are the most contributive authors from 2012 to 2019. Zhang et al. [25] solved a multiperiod portfolio selection problem with fuzzy returns. Gupta et al. [26] proposed a multiobjective credibility model with fuzzy chance constraints of the portfolio selection problem.

Figure 2: Number of publications and citations per year in the fuzzy portfolio research.

All the documents of fuzzy portfolio research are composed of 4 different file types, such as article, proceeding paper, review, and correction. Figure 3 reveals the details of each type.

Figure 3: The document types in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Each of the journals and books included in the WoS core collection belongs to at least one subject category. Therefore, each record in the core collection of WoS has a “WoS category” field that contains the subject category to which its source publication belongs. According to categories distribution, it can be clearly concluded that fuzzy portfolio research has become multidisciplinary. Summary of the top 10 categories in the fuzzy portfolio research area is listed in Table 1. Obviously, “Computer Science Artificial Intelligence” is the most popular category with 248 publications, accounting for 35.378% of the total publications, which means that the idea of fuzzy portfolios is widely used in the field of computer science and artificial intelligence. “Operations Research Management Science” is the second most popular category after “Computer Science Artificial Intelligence,” with 162 publications, accounting for 23.11% of the total publications. Fuzzy logic is a concept of the operational research that is the main reason for this phenomenon. The remaining eight subject categories are as follows: “Engineering Electrical Electronic” (91), “Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications” (89), “Management” (88), “Mathematics Applied” (67), “Computer Science Information Systems” (57), “Computer Science Theory Methods” (50), “Economics” (49), and “Mathematics Interdisciplinary Applications” (42). By analyzing categories, we find that fuzzy portfolio is widely used in various research fields.

Table 1: The top 10 subject categories of WoS in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Subject categories of WoS
Number
The percentage of total
Histogram

Computer Science Artificial Intelligence
248
35.378

Operations Research Management Science
162
23.110

Engineering Electrical Electronic
91
12.981

Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications
89
12.696

Management
88
12.553

Mathematics Applied
67
9.558

Computer Science Information Systems
57
8.131

Computer Science Theory Methods
50
7.133

Economics
49
6.990

Mathematics Interdisciplinary Applications
42
6.491

The top 10 research directions in the fuzzy portfolio research are listed in Table 2. According to this table, “Computer Science” is the foremost research direction at present, accounting for 51.159%. “Engineering” is the second important research direction after “Computer Science,” with 174 publications, accounting for 26.893%, followed by “Operations Research Management Science,” with 155 publications, accounting for 23.957%. In addition, other research directions with the percentage of total more than 10% are “Business Economics” and “Mathematics,” while research directions such as “Automation Control Systems,” “Science Technology Other Topics,” “Energy Fuels,” and “Environmental Sciences Ecology” have smaller proportions.

Table 2: The top 10 research directions of WoS in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Research directions of WoS
Number
The percentage of total
Histogram

Computer Science
331
51.159

Engineering
174
26.893

Operations Research Management Science
155
23.957

Business Economics
130
20.093

Mathematics
114
17.620

Automation Control Systems
30
4.637

Science Technology Other Topics
30
4.637

Energy Fuels
20
3.091

Environmental Sciences Ecology
15
2.318

Physics
10
1.546

The article can more intuitively reflect the research direction of fuzzy portfolio research. Table 3 sets out the top 20 most used documents of WoS in fuzzy portfolio research. These articles have been published between 1994 and 2012, and articles are from different kinds of journals. Among them, 7 articles are from European Journal of Operational Research. The publications mentioned in Table 3 relate to subjects including operational research, management science, and economic, which is the same as the phenomenon indicated in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 3: The top 20 most used articles of WoS in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Title
Authors
Number
Source
Year

Possibilistic linear programming: a brief review of fuzzy mathematical programming and a comparison with stochastic programming in portfolio selection problem [19]
Inuiguchi and Ramı́k
432
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2000

Perspective-3rd-generation new product processes [27]
Cooper
358
Journal of Product Innovation Management
1994

Integrating the fuzzy front end of new product development [28]
Khurana and Rosenthal
242
Sloan Management Review
1997

Portfolio selection based on fuzzy probabilities and possibility distributions [20]
Tanaka et al.
203
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2000

A fuzzy goal programming approach to portfolio selection [21]
Parra et al.
177
European Journal of Operational Research
2001

A fuzzy set approach for R&D portfolio selection using a real options valuation model [22]
Wang and Hwang
162
Omega-International Journal of Management Science
2007

Portfolio selection based on upper and lower exponential possibility distributions [3]
Tanaka and Guo
150
European Journal of Operational Research
1999

A novel two-phase group decision making approach for construction project selection in a fuzzy environment [29]
Ebrahimnejad et al.
149
Applied Mathematical Modelling
2012

Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns [24]
Li et al.
148
European Journal of Operational Research
2010

A comparative survey of artificial intelligence applications in finance: artificial neural networks, expert system and hybrid intelligent systems [30]
Bahrammirzaee
140
Neural Computing & Applications
2010

A fuzzy approach to R&D project portfolio selection [31]
Carlsson et al.
131
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
2007

Mean-semivariance models for fuzzy portfolio selection [32]
Huang
121
Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics
2008

Fuzzy portfolio optimization under downside risk measures [33]
Vercher et al.
118
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2007

Genetic algorithms for portfolio selection problems with minimum transaction lots [34]
Lin and Liu
117
European Journal of Operational Research
2008

Asset portfolio optimization using fuzzy mathematical programming [26]
Gupta et al.
104
Information Sciences
2008

Product portfolio identification based on association rule mining [35]
Jiao and Zhang
103
Computer-Aided Design
2005

Portfolio rebalancing model with transaction costs based on fuzzy decision theory [6]
Fang et al.
100
European Journal of Operational Research
2006

Fuzzy chance-constrained portfolio selection [36]
Huang
93
Applied Mathematics & computation
2006

The valuation of European options in uncertain environment [37]
Yoshida
88
European Journal of Operational Research
2003

Viability of infeasible portfolio selection problems: a fuzzy approach [4]
Leon et al.
88
European Journal of Operational Research
2002

4. Mapping and Analysis on Authors, Institutions, and Countries

4.1. Author and Cited Author Analysis

In this part, we make the analysis on authors and cited author. In the research of authors, we focus on the number of publications of each author and the close cooperation between authors, which can help us find the author who has the most articles. On the research of cited author, CiteSpace shows us authors with high citation, which can help us to find the most important authors in the research field of fuzzy portfolio. The analysis on author and cited author can help us not only find the most influential authors but also identify the development track.

Figure 4 shows a visualization of the author collaboration network. There are 491 nodes and 403 links in this figure. Each node represents the number of articles published by one author, and the links represent cooperation between authors. The overall density of the network is only 0.0034, which indicates that this network diagram is not compact enough. It can be concluded from Figure 4 that, in the field of fuzzy portfolio research, the research directions of the authors are relatively scattered for the reason that graphs presented are relatively discrete. Although there are overlaps, there are few connections and cooperation among them. Zhang has the largest number of publications and closely related to him, Liu is from South China University of Technology. Huang is from University of Science and Technology Beijing. Combining with the analysis on institution, we can draw a conclusion that authors with close cooperation belong to one institution.

Figure 4: A visualization of the author collaboration network.

Table 4 makes a list of the top 10 most productive authors. The author who has the most articles is Zhang, who mainly focuses on the research of fuzzy portfolio selection and optimization. Zhang et al. [38] regarded the return on assets as a fuzzy number under the theory of the numerical characteristics of fuzzy numbers. And this is followed by Mehlawat who is dedicated to the research of asset allocation. Huang [39] gave a new definition of portfolio risk in a fuzzy environment and proposed a mean-risk curve model based on this definition. It should be noted that even though they are significant contributors in fuzzy portfolio research field, the productive authors are not the ones who have been cited most frequently.

Table 4: top 10 most productive authors.

Author
Number of publications
Year

Zhang
24
2007

Mehlawat
14
2008

Watada
11
2011

Gupta
11
2008

Liu
11
2012

Wang
10
2011

Huang
7
2009

Bilbao-Terol
10
2009

Mohagheghi
7
2019

Li
7
2009

The analysis of citied authors can help us not only find the most influential researchers but also identify the development track of core authors in different periods. The top 10 most cited authors are listed in Table 5. The map of the cited author network is also depicted in Figure 5. These authors are leading the development of fuzzy portfolio research. It can be summarized from Table 5 and Figure 5 that Zadeh and Markowitz are the two authors identified as the most significant founders in this field. Zadeh [40] proposed fuzzy logic and hold the point that there are no precise boundaries between object classes in reality. The introduction of fuzzy logic has made an outstanding contribution to the development of operations research. Markowitz [41] proposed a mean-variance theory, which opened the curtain of modern finance research. The basic idea of the MV model is to measure the “return” by the expected return of the asset, the variance of the return on the asset as the risk measure, and the pursuit of the maximization of the expected return of the portfolio in the case of a certain risk or the situation in which the expected return of the portfolio is certain. The model quantitatively analyzes the risks and opens up new ideas for the study of risk management theory. Since then, finance has really entered the era of quantitative analysis. This is seen in the theoretical world as the first financial revolution that took place on Wall Street in the 20th century. Following the MV model, research on portfolio issues has attracted widespread attention from many scholars and has yielded rich research results. Since the securities market is a highly complex system, the securities return and risks are uncertain, leading investors make investment decisions in an uncertain environment.

Table 5: The top 10 most cited authors.

Author
Frequency
Centrality

Markowitz
370
0.03

Zadeh
314
0.02

Huang
226
0.03

Carlsson
159
0.11

Dubois
142
0.08

Zhang
133
0.06

Tanaka
128
0.08

Li
118
0.10

Liu
109
0.04

Liu
102
0.04

Figure 5: A visualization of the cited author collaboration network.

Figure 6 shows the time zone view of the cited author. The time zone view of the cited author reflects the time when cited authors published an article and authors’ influence distribution on the time axis. The position of the center of the circle corresponds to the horizontal axis representing the time when the author published the article. The size of the node represents the frequency their articles have been cited and the link represents reference between authors. As can be summarized from the time zone view of the cited author, the most influential author published papers for the period 1999–2008. The active authors at this stage are Zadeh, Markowitz, and Carlsson. Zadeh [40] is the creator of the fuzzy mathematics concept. Markowitz [41] is the initiator of the concept of the mean-variance model. By comparing the distribution map of cited authors with the publication map of authors, we find that the author with more articles may not be cited frequently. Only Huang and Zhang appear in the list of the top 10 cited authors in the number of published articles. It is an evidence that in the past decade, the academic achievements of Huang and Zhang have been widely recognized.

Figure 6: Time zone view of the cited author.

4.2. Institution and Country Analysis

The distribution characteristics of countries and institutions can reveal the contribution of the various regions of the world in the fuzzy portfolio, the influence, and the mutual cooperation between them. We can analyze the reasons for their outstanding achievements in the research field of fuzzy portfolio from the most influential countries and institutions.

The number of articles published by institutions is shown in Figure 7. This figure contains 79 nodes and 39 links, and the overall density is 0.013. Each node represents an institution, and links indicate the cooperation between research institutions. In addition, colors are used to measure time. The closer to purple, the farther it is from now. The closer to yellow, the closer it is from now. We can find node color is mainly yellow, which illustrates most of the documents produced by these institutions were come out in recent years. The links between the various institutions are not complex, and the color is mainly yellow, indicating that there are fewer relationships but carried out in recent years. By observing Figure 7, it is easy to find the most influential research groups of fuzzy portfolio world widely through institution analysis. It is obvious that China is the leading country in the research of fuzzy portfolio. There are 9 Chinese institutions in the 20 most productive institutions, which corresponds with the conclusion that China is the most productive country. Among the 20 mentioned institutions in Table 6, nine are from China. Iran has four. Spain and Japan have two, respectively. India, America, and France each have one. South China University of Technology ranks first, with 38 publications. South China University of Technology and other institutions have extensive cooperation, including Xi’an Jiaotong University and Sun Yat-sen University. Occupying the second position is the Islamic Azad University, with 23 publications. Other institutions with publications over 10 include Shahed University (17), University of Delhi (16), University of Science and Technology Beijing (14), Hebei University (14), Capital University of Economics and Business (12), Waseda University (12), Chinese Academy of Sciences (12), University of Oviedo (12), Beijing University of Chemical and Technology (12), Sichuan University (11), University of Tehran (11), and Osaka University (11). Zhang is a professor of South China University of Technology, whose team makes outstanding contributions to the research field of fuzzy portfolio.

Figure 7: A visualization of the institution collaboration network.

Table 6: Top 20 most productive institutions.

Institution
Country
Frequency
Centrality

South China University of Technology
China
38
0.01

Islamic Azad University
Iran
23
0.01

Shahed University
Iran
17
0.00

University of Delhi
India
16
0.01

University of Science and Technology Beijing
China
14
0.00

Hebei University
China
14
0.00

Capital University of Economics and Business
China
12
0.02

Waseda University
Japan
12
0.00

Chinese Academy of Sciences
China
12
0.04

University of Oviedo
Spain
12
0.00

Beijing University of Chemical Technology
China
12
0.01

Sichuan University
China
11
0.02

University of Tehran
Iran
11
0.00

Osaka University
Japan
11
0.01

Beihang University
China
10
0.01

Amirkabir University of Technology
America
10
0.00

University of Valencia
Spain
9
0.00

La Salle University
France
8
0.00

Iran University of Science & Technology
Iran
8
0.00

City University of Hong Kong
China
7
0.02

Centrality is an important indicator of the importance of a node in the network. In general, if a centrality of a node is greater than 0.01, it can be considered as a certain influence of the node in the field. Combined with Table 6, the centrality of nodes representing Capital University of Economics and Business and Sichuan University is 0.02. Other institutions include South China University of Technology (0.01), University of Delhi (0.01), and Islamic Azad University (0.01), which means that these institutions have great influence and are worthy of attention.

By building a knowledge map network of countries, the collaboration relationships of countries are identified. Figure 8 contains 29 nodes and 47 connections. Each node represents a country, and the larger the radius of the circle, the greater the number of related articles published in the country. The connection between nodes indicates the cooperation between countries. It can be seen from Figure 8 that the cooperation between countries in the world of fuzzy portfolio research is relatively concentrated, and the cooperation between countries is relatively close. Only a few countries have relatively independent research in this field, such as Russia. Meanwhile, this result is in accordance with the analysis of institutions which highlight the impact of China in the fuzzy portfolio field. In addition, the outermost purple circle of the node indicates the central position of each country. It represents the ratio of the shortest path through the node in the shortest path between all other vertices in the network. If the ratio is large, the purple circle is thicker, indicating that the node has a higher centrality, and the country has a higher status in the field of research. It can be intuitively observed from Figure 8 that the node representing Spain has the thickest purple circle and the centrality of Spain is 0.43. Other countries with a purple aperture include China (0.32), the United States (0.31), Iran (0.26), and Canada (0.22), which means that these countries have a strong influence on the network structure, and the mediating role in this field is most significant.

Figure 8: A visualization of the country collaboration network.

The top 20 productive countries captured by CiteSpace are listed in Table 7. In terms of the number of articles published, China has the highest contribution rate of literature, followed by Iran (79), Spain (53), Taiwan (46), India (43), and the United States (42). Among the total 677 papers, 199 publications are from China which is nearly a third of sample size. Both the number of publications from China and the centrality of China are high. Tremendous achievement of China in the research of fuzzy portfolio benefits from the rapid development of China’s financial industry. The increase in national wealth has led to an increase in portfolio investment demand.

Table 7: Top 20 most productive countries.

Country
Frequency
Centrality
Year

The People’s Republic of China
199
0.32
2002

Iran
79
0.26
2008

Spain
53
0.43
2001

Taiwan
46
0.08
2004

India
43
0.05
2008

United States
42
0.31
1996

Japan
36
0.06
1998

Turkey
22
0.01
2005

Australia
19
0.04
2005

Canada
17
0.22
2000

Romania
16
0.02
1999

England
15
0.12
2002

Germany
15
0.02
1999

Brazil
14
0.00
2012

France
12
0.10
2009

Italy
11
0.11
2006

Mexico
11
0.00
2002

Lithuania
10
0.01
2012

Poland
9
0.01
2012

Finland
8
0.01
2009

5. Mapping and Analysis on Keywords, References, and Journals

5.1. Keyword Analysis

As the key to revealing the content of the article, keywords are an essential part of article analysis. Long-term keyword analysis in academic research can reveal the content characteristics, development context, and development status of research results. In order to know the hot spot of fuzzy portfolio research, we make a keyword analysis.

Table 8 gives information about the keywords with the appearance frequency in the top 20. The result is counted by CiteSpace. As can be seen from Table 8, “model” is the most frequently occurring keyword and “portfolio selection” is the second. This result is consistent with the results we envisioned in the keyword “fuzzy portfolio.” Applying fuzzy logic to the ratio of portfolios is a good way to achieve investment portfolio construction. Through a comprehensive analysis of keywords, we can find it is the focus of scholars to study the relationship between portfolio selection and optimization through a mathematical model. On the other hand, appearing frequency of “possibility distribution” is 57. When assessing investment portfolio risks, it is very common to apply two analytical methods for describing parameter uncertainty: probability distribution and possibility distribution.

Table 8: Top 20 keywords of fuzzy portfolio research.

Keyword
Frequency
Year

Model
165
2001

Portfolio selection
155
1998

Optimization
126
2000

Risk
75
2003

Selection
75
2009

Variance
73
2006

Algorithm
64
2004

Management
58
2009

System
45
1996

Decision making
41
2008

Genetic algorithm
39
2000

Uncertainty
37
2000

Fuzzy number
36
2001

Performance
36
2009

Return
35
2011

Fuzzy set
35
1999

Fuzzy
31
2001

Number
29
2000

Portfolio optimization
29
1996

Portfolio
49
0.01

Citation bursts, which refer to articles that have sharply increased in citations, can reflect the dynamics of a field. The top 10 keywords with the strongest citation bursts are reflected in Table 9. The last column of the line means the entire year of the study (1996–2020), and the red line represents the duration of the keyword outbreak. According to Table 9, “possibility distribution” with bursts of 7.2369 ranks first, followed by “portfolio selection” with bursts of 5.1301, occupying the third position is “variable” (4.4277), followed by “project selection” (3.9506), “fuzzy set” (3.8966), “neural network” (3.8459), “fuzzy random variable” (3.6141), and “finance” (3.604). Their burst strength is all above 3.5.

Table 9: Top 10 keywords based on burst strength in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Keywords
Strength
Begin
End
1996–2020

Possibility distribution
7.2369
2005
2009

Portfolio selection
5.1301
2006
2009

Variable
4.4277
2007
2012

Project selection
3.9506
2012
2016

Fuzzy set
3.8966
1999
2007

Neural network
3.8459
2009
2011

Fuzzy random variable
3.6141
2008
2012

Finance
3.604
2002
2007

Fuzzy programming
3.4467
2001
2008

Transaction cost
3.4109
2007
2011

The earliest citation burst started in 1999, which is consistent with the start-up phase of fuzzy portfolio research. In the 90s of the last century, “fuzzy set” is the mainstream trend of the fuzzy portfolio research area. However, “project selection,” “variable,” and “fuzzy random variable” have become the research frontier in recent years. From 1996 to 2020, researchers focused on developing a group decision-making approach to help managers to select optimal portfolio [42] and using semivariance as a risk measure integrated with investor’s judgment on assets’ future performance [43].

5.2. Reference Analysis

CiteSpace can transform traditional descriptive expressions into visualizations. Cocitation refers to the relationship between two articles when they are simultaneously cited by the third article published later, which reflects the correlation between cited documents in research topics. In the process of its evolution, this correlation gradually changed from research frontier to research foundation in the research field of fuzzy portfolio.

Figure 9 describes the cocitation analysis of fuzzy portfolio research. Each node represents an article that is cited in the top. The larger the node radius, the more times it is cited. Node connections represent the relationship between articles. The complexity of the connection indicates that the references between the articles are closely related in Figure 9. The frequency of article by Huang in the above picture is high. In the research of fuzzy portfolio, Huang is worthy of scholars’ attention, which is consistent with the result of the cited author analysis. Huang [32] proposed two mean-semivariance models to solve the problem of portfolio selection in fuzzy environment. Huang [36] provided two types of credibility-based portfolio selection model according to two types of chance criteria. Li et al. [24] presented a mean-variance-skewness model and designed a genetic algorithm integrating fuzzy simulation to measure the asymmetry of fuzzy portfolio return. Carlsson et al. [5] presented a fuzzy mixed integer programming model for the R&D optimal portfolio selection. Parra et al. [21] applied a fuzzy GP approach to deal with the relationship between income, risk, and liquidity.

Figure 9: Papers with important academic value in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Using multivariate statistical analysis methods (such as cluster analysis), the complex cocitation network relationships between the analyzed objects are divided into a few of groups visually presented through CiteSpace. The results obtained after the document clustering are displayed in the form of a timeline and are shown in Figure 10. The color of the ring from cooling to warmth reflects the advancement of knowledge in the field. The yellow citation tree ring is the current research hotspot. The entire network is divided into 13 clusters, and these labeled clusters are summarized with “#” on the right side of Figure 10. This cluster uses heading terms and log likelihood ratio (LLR) weighting algorithms to mark clusters. LLR is an algorithm for calculating and determining each type of tag, which presents the core concepts of each cluster in professional vocabulary [44]. These major clusters extracted with “#” reflect the forefront of the development of the research of fuzzy portfolio. Therefore, “multiperiod portfolio selection,” “bounds of variance,” “fuzzy variable,” “portfolio adjusting,” “hybrid intelligence,” “fuzzy logic,” “multicriteria decision analysis,” “fuzzy integer linear programming,” “Sharpe’s single-index model,” and “capital asset pricing model” are the main research area in the knowledge field of fuzzy portfolio. In detail, the top 10 clusters are summarized in Table 10. Size refers to the number of articles included in one cluster. Silhouette is a number used to measure the degree of cluster homogeneity, and the higher the silhouette, the higher the degree of homogenization. When the silhouette score is greater than or equal to 0.7, the clustering result is considered to be excellent. The silhouette score of the top 10 clusters listed in Table 10 is almost above 0.7, implying that these clusters are reliable and convincing. The largest cluster (#0) has 90 members and a silhouette value of 0.657. It is labeled as risk control by LLR and its subclusters include “multiperiod portfolio selection (86.46),” “uncertain portfolio selection (46.27),” and “fuzzy-ANP approach (42.81)”. The most active citer to cluster (#0) is the article named “Fuzzy multi-period portfolio selection optimization models using multiple criteria” written by Liu et al. [45]. The second-largest cluster (#1) has 73 members and a silhouette value of 0.964. It is labeled as single-index model by LLR and its subclusters include “project portfolio selection problem (92.14), decades review (49.5),” “sustainability perspective (45.66),” and “type-2 fuzzy environment (45.66)”. The most active citer to cluster (#1) is the article named “Selecting the optimum portfolio using fuzzy compromise programming and Sharpe’s single-index model” written by Bilbao-Terol et al. [46]. The third-largest cluster (#2) has 68 members and a silhouette value of 0.738. It is labeled as using semantics by LLR and its subclusters include “fuzzy chance constraint (51.32),” “multiobjective credibilistic portfolio selection model (51.32),” and “uncertain portfolio parameter (45.27)”. The most active citer to cluster (#2) is the article named “Sinvlio: using semantics and fuzzy logic to provide individual investment portfolio recommendations” by García-Crespo et al. [47].

Figure 10: A timeline map of the references in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Table 10: Top 10 clusters based on size in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Cluster ID
Size
Silhouette score
Label (LLR)
Mean (cite year)

0
90
0.657
Multiperiod portfolio selection
2012

1
73
0.964
Bounds of variance
2015

2
68
0.738
Fuzzy variable
2010

3
67
0.809
Portfolio adjusting
2001

4
49
0.909
Hybrid intelligence
2004

5
42
0.834
Fuzzy logic
2012

6
40
0.885
Multicriteria decision analysis
2007

7
34
0.995
Fuzzy integer linear programming
1999

8
30
0.945
Sharpe’s single-index model
2002

9
24
0.964
Capital asset pricing model
2015

Table 11 shows that the top 20 cited references. It is worth noting that these listed documents are the most cited articles from the 602 publications used in this paper and not from the most cited references in WoS. Among the 20 references listed, the paper entitled “Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns” in cluster (#0) that published by Li et al. [24] on European Journal of Operational Research is the most cited paper with 57 citations, followed by the article entitled “Mean-semivariance models for fuzzy portfolio selection” in cluster (#0) that published by Huang [32] on Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics which is the second most cited paper with 39 citations. The document entitled “A hybrid approach to asset allocation with simultaneous consideration of suitability and optimality” published by Gupta et al. [48] on Information Sciences is the second most cited reference with 39 citations, too. And the article titled “Fuzzy R&D portfolio selection of interdependent projects” published by Bhattacharyya et al. [49] on Computers & Mathematics with Applications is the third most cited reference with 32 citations. In addition, nearly half of the articles in the top 20 most cited articles belong to cluster (#0), which means that risk control is the focus of research of the fuzzy portfolio.

Table 11: Top 20 references based on frequency in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Title
Authors
Frequency
Source
Year

Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns [24]
Li et al.
57
European Journal of Operational Research
2010

A hybrid approach to asset allocation with simultaneous consideration of suitability and optimality [48]
Gupta et al.
39
Information Sciences
2010

Mean-semivariance models for fuzzy portfolio selection [32]
Huang
39
Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics
2008

Fuzzy R&D portfolio selection of interdependent projects [49]
Bhattacharyya et al.
32
Computers & Mathematics with Applications
2011

A possibilistic mean-semivariance-entropy model for multi-period portfolio selection with transaction costs [25]
Zhang et al.
31
European Journal of Operational Research
2012

Portfolio selection based on fuzzy cross-entropy [50]
Qin et al.
30
Journal of Computational & Applied Mathematics
2009

Selecting the optimum portfolio using fuzzy compromise programming and Sharpe's single-index model [46]
Bilbao-Terol et al.
29
Applied Mathematics and Computation
2006

A review of uncertain portfolio selection [51]
Huang et al.
27
Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems
2017

Possibilistic mean-variance models and efficient frontiers for portfolio selection problem [38]
Zhang et al.
27
Information Sciences
2007

Portfolio selection problems with random fuzzy variable returns [52]
Hasuike et al.
27
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2009

A fuzzy goal programming approach to portfolio selection [21]
Parra et al.
26
European Journal of Operational Research
2001

Portfolio rebalancing model with transaction costs based on fuzzy decision theory [6]
Fang et al.
25
European Journal of Operational Research
2006

Portfolio selection based on fuzzy probabilities and possibility distributions [20]
Tanaka et al.
23
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2000

A fuzzy set approach for R&D portfolio selection using a real options valuation model [22]
Wang and Hwang
23
Omega-international Journal of Management Science
2007

Special issue: Soft decision analysis-preface [53]
Carlsson and Fuller
23
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2002

On admissible efficient portfolio selection problem [54]
Zhang and Nie
22
Applied Mathematics and Computation
2004

A multi-objective genetic algorithm for cardinality constrained fuzzy portfolio selection [55]
Bermudez et al.
21
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2012

Multiobjective credibilistic portfolio selection model with fuzzy chance-constraints [56]
Gupta et al.
21
Information Sciences
2013

Mean-entropy models for fuzzy portfolio selection [39]
Huang
21
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
2008

Portfolio selection based on upper and lower exponential possibility distributions [3]
Tanaka and Guo
21
European Journal of Operational Research
1999

From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the highly cited articles in the research field of fuzzy portfolio mainly focus on building a new model or algorithm to solve the problem of portfolio selection in actual situations. In addition, these articles have been published in the previous year, indicating that early published articles have far-reaching implications for current research. Based on the above conclusions, the author infers that scholars are studying new research methods in this field.

5.3. Journal Analysis

When two journals are simultaneously cited by other journals, there is a journal-cited relationship between the two journals. Cocitation analysis of journals helps to identify core journals at the forefront of research in specific research areas. The focus of core journals represents the most advanced research direction, which can provide useful information for follow-up scholars. The mapping and analysis of journals are as follows.

Figure 11 consists of 210 nodes and 1085 links, which represent there are 210 journals in the map and 1085 cited times between these journals. The larger the radius of the circle, the more times the journal is cited.

Figure 11: Map of journal cocitation.

As can be seen from Table 12, European Journal of Operations Research has the highest frequency of citations up to 446 times. The centrality of European Journal of Operations Research is 0.03. The impact factor of this journal is 3.806, which indicates that the journal holds a very important position in the research of fuzzy portfolio. European Journal of Operations Research is the cradle of a large number of crucial fuzzy portfolio research results. The most cited articles published by European Journal of Operations Research include “A fuzzy goal programming approach to portfolio selection,” “Portfolio selection based on upper and lower exponential possibility distributions,” and “Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns.” In addition, the citation frequency of the Fuzzy Sets and Systems is as high as 414. The impact factor is 2.675. Fuzzy Sets and Systems also has outstanding performance in the research of fuzzy portfolio. “Possibilistic linear programming: a brief review of fuzzy mathematical programming and a comparison with stochastic programming in portfolio selection problem,” “Portfolio selection based on fuzzy probabilities and possibility distributions,” and “Fuzzy portfolio optimization under downside risk measures” are the most cited documents published by Fuzzy Sets and Systems. Moreover, The Journal of Finance (5.397) and IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems (8.415) also have a very high impact factor and can be considered a core journal in the research field of fuzzy portfolio. The article titled “Mean-entropy models for fuzzy portfolio selection” written by Huang [39] is most cited document published by IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. Besides, though the impact factor is low, Information and Control has a high frequency of reference (192) and centrality (0.06), which indicates that this journal also plays a crucial role in the research field of fuzzy portfolio. The document titled “fuzzy sets” published by Zadeh [40] on Information and Control makes a great contribution on high frequency of reference of the journal. In terms of time distribution, the cited time of all high-frequency cited journals is distributed in 1996–2005, which illustrates that articles published in these journals between 1996 and 2005 have far-reaching implications for current research. Studying documents related to the fuzzy portfolio published in these core journals will help to accurately grasp the trends and frontiers of the research, thus indicating further research directions for relevant scholars.

Table 12: Top 10 most cited journals based on frequency in the fuzzy portfolio research.

Count
Centrality
year
Cited journal
Impact factor

446
0.03
1996
European Journal of Operational Research
3.806

414
0.06
1999
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
2.675

316
0.05
2003
Information Sciences
4.305

300
0.06
2002
The Journal of Finance
5.397

289
0.04
2005
Expert Systems with Applications
3.768

246
0.04
1996
Manage Science
3.544

237
0.03
2006
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
8.415

192
0.06
1999
Information and Control
0.913

187
0.05
2005
Computer and Operations Research
2.962

179
0.05
2005
Applied Mathematics and Computation
2.3

6. Conclusions

This analysis, basing on CiteSpace of bibliometrics record from the field of fuzzy portfolio, has provided a unique and interest snapshot of fuzzy portfolio knowledge domain. Through a visual analysis of country and institution distribution, keyword co-occurrence, literature cocitation, and journal cocitation, this paper has provided important reference for future research in this field. According to systematic review of visual knowledge maps and research results in the field of fuzzy portfolios, a number of conclusions have been drawn from the results as follows. First of all, the document on the fuzzy portfolio research area has increased significantly and research on fuzzy portfolio has been more and more scattered. In addition, Zhang has become the author with the largest number of articles published, and Zadeh has been the author with the most citations. The authors with most articles may have not been cited most frequently. Besides, China has been the most productive country and South China University Technology has become the most productive institution. Furthermore, European Journal of Operations Research has been the cradle of a large number of crucial fuzzy portfolio investigations. At last, we have found the keyword with the highest frequency of occurrence has been “model” and scholars have trended to build a model to achieve investment portfolio optimization. Apart from this, “project selection,” “variable,” and “fuzzy random variable” has become the research hotspots in recent years. In short, this paper has identified the potential relationships between documents through bibliometric analysis and has clarified the knowledge evolution of fuzzy portfolios. Helping scholars in the field of fuzzy portfolios to conduct large-scale knowledge combing and providing reading directions for novices with strong interest have been the purpose of this research. There are several problems in this paper. For instance, the selection of the threshold is the default value, and the debugging of the network structure needs further exploration. Therefore, in future research of bibliometrics, we should improve the extensiveness of data sources, fully combine the data of major databases, select appropriate thresholds, compare the research of countries, and comb the development trend of the research. Moreover, whether the author is a visitor researcher or fellow is excluded in our consideration. Therefore, we will strive to improve the result accuracy in further investigations.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the supplementary information files.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 71561026, 71840001, and 71764033) and Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (no. 2017FB101).

Supplementary Materials

This section includes references of data used in this study. (Supplementary Materials)

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