Nursing Research and Practice

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 495103, 5 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/495103

Research Article

Nursing Home Resident Symptomatology Triggering Transfer: Avoiding Unnecessary Hospitalizations

Alyce S. Ashcraft¹ and Jane Dimmitt Champion²

¹School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

²School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, 1700 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA

Received 27 July 2012; Revised 4 September 2012; Accepted 4 September 2012

Academic Editor: Sheila Payne

Copyright © 2012 Alyce S. Ashcraft and Jane Dimmitt Champion. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The purpose of this study was to describe nursing home resident symptomatology and medical diagnoses associated with nursing home to hospital transfers. A retrospective chart review of documented transfers was conducted at a 120-bed, nonprofit urban Continuing Care Retirement Center nursing home facility located in the southwestern United States. The transferred residents () had seventy different medical diagnoses prior to hospital transfer with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure most frequently reported. Most frequently reported symptomatology included fatigue, lethargy or weakness, shortness of breath, and change in level of consciousness. Multiple symptomatology was indicative of a wide variety of medical diagnoses. The diagnoses and symptomatology recorded in this paper identify the importance of strategic planning concerning assessment and communication of common nursing home resident symptomatology and the importance of basic nursing and diagnostic procedures for prevention of potentially avoidable hospitalizations.

1. Introduction

Potentially avoidable nursing home hospitalizations have become a focus for the United Stated Medicare and Medicaid System because of burgeoning costs totaling billions of dollars annually. One-third of nursing home residents are hospitalized each year. It is imperative to reduce avoidable hospital transfers to not only decrease cost to the health-care system but to also prevent the physical, psychological, and iatrogenic events that frequently manifest with hospital transfer [1]. Nursing home staff must be knowledgeable about the disease processes associated with advanced age, multiple comorbidities, and functional impairment to effectively and efficiently identify relevant symptomatology and communicate resident changes to avoid unnecessary hospitalizations [2]. Current nursing home staffing standards impact the process for reduction in unnecessary hospitalizations. Nursing home facilities are required to minimally provide licensed charge nurses (Licensed Vocational Nurses/LVN or Registered Nurses/RN) on each work shift [3]. The charge nurse managing the care of multiple patients is frequently an LVN, with activities of daily living provided by a Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA). An LVN has one year of education concerning basic nursing essentials and is responsible for providing safe nursing for individuals with predictable healthcare needs. The CNA has a minimum of 75 clock hours of training and is responsible for providing basic personal care to residents. The CNA reports resident changes to the LVN. Once changes are validated, the LVN reports findings to an RN (if available) or provider (physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant) for management. Limitations in education and experience of these two health care providers impact reduction of unnecessary hospitalization as evidence indicates increases in RN direct care time are strongly associated with better resident outcomes [3, 4].

Licensed Vocational Nurses are responsible for collecting and communicating data about resident status change to providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants) for timely intervention; however these nurses may not accurately associate symptomatology with specific disease processes. The CNA role is to discern resident status change and communicate this to a Licensed Vocational or Registered Nurse. Expedient identification of symptomatology, communication of resident status change, and implementation of recommended treatment provide the opportunity for nursing home versus hospital treatment of resident health conditions. Expedient identification of symptomatology is a first step toward reduction of avoidable hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to describe nursing home resident symptomatology and medical diagnoses associated with nursing home to hospital transfers. This information is intended to augment understanding of the knowledge requirements for nursing home staff and as well as the importance of expedient interventions to reduce avoidable nursing home hospitalizations.

Nursing home hospitalization rates reportedly vary and can be extremely high (9% to 59%) [5–7]. The percentages of hospitalizations that are potentially avoidable are reportedly even higher (55% to 67%) [5–7]. This indicates that nursing home residents are transferred for hospital care rather than treatment in the nursing home setting. Differentiating between residents who require hospital transfer and residents who may be effectively treated in the nursing home is imperative for cost-effective care. Factors associated with avoidable hospitalizations however are complex and include resident health, resident and family preferences, nursing home resources, and nursing home policies [5–7]. Resident health status is a primary factor in determining the need for hospitalization [8]. Hospitalization has been found to occur most frequently among physically disabled [9–12] as well as chronically ill nursing home residents [9, 10, 13–17]. Physical restraints, pressure ulcers, feeding tubes, new medications, and catheter use are also associated with nursing home resident hospitalization [4, 10, 13]. Hospital transfer increases have also been identified in situations including a lack of support to residents and their families about end-of-life care, lack of familiarity with residents by health care providers covering nights and weekends, and perceived inadequate care by overburdened staff [18–20].

Organizational factors that decrease nursing home resident hospitalization include effective communication between nursing staff and physicians regarding resident condition, the employment of nurse practitioners or physician assistants in the nursing home setting, provider access to resident medical history, laboratory results, and electrocardiograms, availability of treatment modalities such as intravenous therapy and respiratory therapy, and CNA training programs within the nursing home facility [12, 20–22]. Resources used to prevent nursing home resident hospitalization not only decrease healthcare costs but also prevent stress and exposure to iatrogenic illness. This study describes nursing home resident symptomatology and medical diagnoses associated with hospital transfer of residents in a nursing home setting. This information has the potential to assist in recognition of resident symptoms and subsequent diagnoses requiring early intervention to reduce adverse outcomes.

2. Methods

A retrospective chart review process was utilized for this descriptive study. After receiving Institutional Review Board approval, all charts of residents transferred from the nursing home to a hospital from September 1, 2007 to September 1, 2008 were requested from the Medical Records Director and reviewed by either the primary investigator or the research assistant. The nursing home setting was a 120-bed combination nursing home and skilled nursing facility (a licensed health care facility that cares for individuals with temporary or permanent complex health problems).

Data were extracted from the chart using a Resident Characteristics Form. Data described resident demographics (date of admission to the nursing home, prior location on admission to the nursing home, payer source, gender, age, marital status, education, number of transfers to the hospital during the timeframe of the study), resident symptoms documented at transfer by the LVN, procedures performed prior to transfer, documented medical diagnoses from the day of nursing home admission, and new medical diagnoses upon return to the nursing home.

Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 14.0 and included means, medians, and ranges. Chi square analyses were completed to assess statistical differences between groups. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of symptomatology and medical diagnoses. Symptomatology as recorded was grouped using commonly accepted medical terminology.

3. Results

The medical chart review identified the following characteristics of 101 residents transferred from the nursing home to hospitals for treatment. Residents transferred to the acute care environment were predominately female (, 71%) and widowed (, 71%) with Medicare as the primary payer source for 78% (). The majority of residents had been admitted to the nursing home within the last two years ( males, 83% of males; females, 83% of females) from hospitals (; 79%), assisted living (; 4%), or other community (; 11%) settings. Nursing home transfers to the hospital occurred throughout the year with the largest number occurring in February, December, and March.

Residents received multiple () different medical diagnoses prior to hospital transfer. Seventy different medical diagnoses were documented prior to hospital transfer. The most frequent diagnoses included hypertension (; 57%), coronary artery disease (, 29%), congestive heart failure (; 29%), diabetes mellitus (; 17%), hypothyroid (; 17%), dementia (; 15%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (; 14%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (; 13%), atrial fibrillation (; 12%), and recovery from open reduction internal fixation of the hip (; 12%) (Table 1). Comparisons of these diagnoses were made by gender. A significant difference for hypertension was found with more males than females receiving this diagnosis upon admission (males 72%, females 50%, ).

Table 1: Medical diagnoses leading to symptoms leading to procedures.

Medical diagnoses prior to transfer
Symptoms prior to transfer
Procedures prior to transfer

Hypertension
Fatigue, lethargy, tiredness, weakness
Vital signs

Coronary artery disease
Shortness of breath
Medication administration

Congestive heart failure
Change in level of consciousness
Oxygen by nasal cannula

Diabetes mellitus
Complaint of muscle or bone pain
X-rays

Hypothyroid
Elevated blood pressure
Electrocardiogram

Dementia
Decreased oxygenation
Oxygen saturation

Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Edema, swollen body part, hematoma
Doppler studies

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chest pain, pressure, or tightness

Atrial fibrillation
Elevated heart rate

Recovery from open reduction internal fixation of the hip
Nausea or vomiting

Decreased blood pressure

Elevated temperature

New medical diagnoses after transfer

Pneumonia

Urinary tract infection

Dehydration

Congestive heart failure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

End-stage renal disease

Atrial fibrillation

Any fracture

Open reduction internal fixation of the hip

Cut, contusion, hematoma

Seventy-two symptom categories were identified. Symptomatology identified 10 or more times included fatigue, lethargy, tiredness, or weakness (, 23%), shortness of breath (, 20%), change in level of consciousness (, 19%), complaint of muscle or bone pain (, 19%), elevated blood pressure (, 17%), decreased oxygenation (, 17%), edema/swollen body part/hematoma (), chest pain, pressure, or tightness (, 16%), elevated heart rate (, 14%), nausea or vomiting (, 14%), decreased blood pressure (, 13%), and elevated temperature (, 13%) (Table 1). Comparisons of symptoms were made by gender. A significant difference was found for complaint of muscle or bone pain by gender (males 31%, females 14%, ).

Prior to transfer, nursing home staff carried out 17 different procedures. The seven most common procedures included vital signs (, 51%), medication administration (po or inhalation; , 32%), oxygen by nasal cannula (, 25%), X-rays (, 22%), ECG (, 6%), oxygen saturation (, 5%), and Doppler studies (arterial or venous) (, 5%) (Table 1).

Of new medical diagnoses (, 68%) documented upon return to the nursing home, pneumonia (, 13%), urinary tract infection (, 13%), dehydration (, 9%), congestive heart failure (, 8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (, 7%), end-stage renal disease (, 6%), atrial fibrillation (, 5%), any fracture (, 5%), open reduction internal fixation hip (, 5%), and cut/contusion/hematoma (, 4%) were most common (Table 1). Comparisons of these new medical diagnoses were made by gender. No differences in new medical diagnoses were found with comparisons by gender.

4. Discussion

This study identified common medical diagnoses before and after hospital transfer as well as common signs and symptoms prior to transfer and common procedures completed prior to transfer. As a result, this study provides information about the knowledge and skills needed by nursing home staff to avoid unnecessary resident hospitalization.

Residents admitted to the nursing home typically have multiple medical diagnoses requiring ongoing management. A key to resident health is nursing staff familiarity with individual resident norms in order to facilitate identification of potential resident problems and necessity for provider notification. The findings from this study are similar to others regarding common diagnoses of nursing home residents and diagnoses requiring their hospitalization [23]. The most common new diagnoses residents received upon return to the nursing home in this study were pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and dehydration. These diagnoses are associated with fatigue, shortness of breath, change in level of consciousness, chest pain, elevated heart rate, and chest pain. These symptoms are associated with a myriad of medical diagnoses (Table 1). The interpretation of these diagnoses is dependent upon nurse and provider understanding of a resident’s complex history. Trending of data presumes multifaceted reasoning skills that are required from RNs and providers; however this skill is beyond the LVN scope of predictable health care needs [4, 24].

Though resident status changes are often difficult to assess, they can be even more difficult to communicate. This is apparent in the symptoms documented prior to hospital transfer (Table 1). Checklist documentation to facilitate communication of multiple symptoms identified in this retrospective chart review may improve accuracy and promptness of diagnosis and interventions by giving a more complete assessment of the resident for the provider, subsequently reducing the number of unnecessary hospital transfers. As electronic medical records are incorporated into long-term care, documentation templates may contain prompts for identification and communication of symptomatology identified in this study.

Consistent assignment of nursing home resident care for direct care staff, in particular CNAs, is not always possible. Prompts to communicate pertinent data to LVNs or RNs concerning resident status are indicated. Continuing education is essential for all nursing home direct care personnel to include an understanding of geriatric syndromes (e.g., delirium, falls, frailty, dizziness, syncope, urinary incontinence) to facilitate data collection and effective communication of resident change. This may be achieved through debriefing following resident transfer, discussion of individual resident case scenarios, and competency training using simulation.

Nursing procedures utilized in the nursing home setting prior to hospital transfer included vital signs, medication administration by multiple routes, oxygen administration, X-rays, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, and Doppler studies. These procedures and diagnostic findings provided information for critical assessment and interpretation concerning whether or not residents could be treated in the nursing home or required transfer. Other procedures that may be done prior to initiating transfer include obtaining blood analyses, beginning intravenous fluids, and inserting urinary catheters. These procedures need to be added to the list of frequently performed procedures as they may also prevent unnecessary transfer to hospital settings. Poor communication as well as suboptimal implementation of procedures and interpretation of data, contributes significantly to unnecessary hospital transfers [20, 25, 26].

5. Conclusions

Although the study findings are from one institution and the sample size is small, the findings support those previously identified with regard to common diagnoses associated with nursing home resident to hospital transfer, and are extended these findings by identifying symptoms commonly triggering transfer. The study findings emphasize the need for nursing home personnel understanding of basic disease processes and chronic disease management. Administrative and clinical strategies are indicated to ensure timely identification of resident problems and accurate communication of resident status among nursing staff. Nursing staff require competence for performance of a variety of procedures within the nursing home setting to facilitate diagnosis and treatment in order to reduce unnecessary hospital transfers.

Acknowledgments

The researchers gratefully acknowledge funding of this study from the Carillon Foundation as well as the support of Mr. Bill Miller, Director of the Carillon Foundation at the time of funding, and Ms. Kelly Horne, Research Assistant.

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