Organic Chemistry InternationalVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 693763, 7 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/693763

Research Article

Catalytic Synthesis of Pyrano- and Furoquinolines Using Nano Silica Chromic Acid at Room Temperature

Ali Gharib1,2 and Manouchehr Jahangir¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran²Agricultural Researches and Services Center, Mashhad, Iran

Received 29 August 2012; Revised 2 October 2012; Accepted 16 April 2013

Academic Editor: Chao Jun Li

Copyright © 2013 Ali Gharib and Manouchehr Jahangir. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) is found to catalyze efficiently the three component-coupling reactions of aldehydes, amines, and cyclic enol ethers such as 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran and 2,3-dihydrofuran under mild conditions to afford the corresponding pyrano- and furanoquinolines in excellent yields with high endoselectivity. Interestingly, 2,3-dihydrofuran afforded selectively endoproducts under the similar reaction conditions. Heterogeneous reaction conditions, easy procedure, short reaction time, and high yields are some important advantages of this method.

1. Introduction

Aza-Diels-Alder reactions rank among the most powerful methodologies for the construction of nitrogen-containing six-membered ring compounds [1]. The pyranoquinolines and furanoquinolines are a class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles which are synthesized by Aza-Diels-Alder methodology. Whereas pyranoquinolines exhibit biological properties such as psychotropic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities in addition to their use as pharmaceuticals [2, 3], the furanoquinolines function as antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in animals and have been found to be the most potent anti-inflammatory agents in addition to being the most potent anti-inflammatory agents [4]. The hetero-Diels-Alder reaction is becoming a mainstay for heterocycle and natural product synthesis [5, 6]. Pyranoquinoline derivatives are found to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities such as psychotropic, antiallergenic, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activity [7].

Generally these compounds are prepared by Aza-Diels-Alder reactions of imines derived from aldehydes and amines with dihydropyran or dihydrofuran. Transition-metal complexes such as Co₂(CO)₈, Ni(CO)₄ [8, 9], and InCl₃ [8, 9] find their use for this reaction, although BF₃·OEt₂ has been the most commonly used catalyst. Thirteen various methods [10] are reported in the literature which include the use of GdCl₃, ZrCl₄, LiClO₄, LiBF₄, I₂, and montmorillonite clay to promote this reaction. Many Lewis acids cannot be utilized for the single-step coupling of aldehydes, amines, and enol ethers because they will be decomposed or deactivated by the amines and water formed in the intermediate imine-formation step. Most imines are hygroscopic, unstable at high temperature, and difficult to purify; so, a one-pot three-component coupling protocol is highly desirable. Nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) is a solid acid which can be used for different reactions either as reagent or as catalyst under heterogeneous conditions. Collective nano-SCA would be a superior proton source and is comparable with other solid acids such as nafion-H, silica sulfuric acid, and silica chloride [11–17]. In this paper, we wish to present a simple one-pot protocol for synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]quinolines and furano[3,2-c]quinolines using nano-SCA, benzaldehyde, aniline, and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in THF as solvent and room temperature conditions.

2. Experimental

The chemicals used in the synthesis of all dyes were obtained from Merck chemical company and were used without further purification. The melting points were obtained using an Electrothermal IA 9100 Digital Melting Point apparatus. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker 400 ultrashield NMR spectrometer (CDCl₃ and acetone-). FT-IR spectra were recorded on a magna-550 Nicolet. GC-Mass analysis was performed on a GC-Mass model; 5973 network mass selective detector and GC 6890 egilent mass spectra (GC system Hp-5 capillary 30 m × 530 μm × 15 μm nominal) were obtained with a Massens POEKTROMETER CH-7A VARIN MAT BREMEN spectrometer. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) picture of nano-SCA is recorded with 15000X. All the yields were calculated from isolated products, and GC was used to establish their purities. HPLC analysis employed an internal standard method based on the absorbance of a product.

2.1. Preparation of Nano Silica Chromic Acid

A 500 mL suction flask equipped with a constant-pressure dropping funnel and a gas inlet tube for conducting HCl gas over an adsorbing solution (i.e., water) was used. It was charged with nano silica gel (5 g). Then, chromyl chloride (10 g) was added dropwise over a period of 30 min at room temperature. HCl gas evolved from the reaction vessel immediately. After the addition was complete, the mixture was shaken for 30 min. Nano silica chromic acid as a dark brown solid, 12 g, was obtained.

2.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Pyrano- and Furanoquinolines

A mixture of aldehyde (1 mmol), aryl amine (1 mmol), and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran or 2,3-dihydrofuran (2 mmol) in THF (10 mL), nano silica chromic acid (nano SCA) (0.07 g) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for an appropriate time. After completion (followed by TLC), the solvent was removed under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. The crude material was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel eluting with Hexane/EtOAc (2–10%) to afford the pure pyrano- or furoquinolines.

2.3. Selected Spectra

(4aS,5S)-5-Phenyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline (4d)

M.p. 129-130°C,¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 1.25–1.60 (m, 3H), 1.80–1.90 (m, 1H), 2.00–2.10 (m, 1H), 3.75 (dt, 1H, J = 11.5, 2.5 Hz), 4.00–4.10 (m, 2H), 4.40 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40–7.55 (m, 5H). ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 22.3, 24.4, 39.3, 55.0, 69.2, 74.5, 114.2, 117.4, 120.5, 127.7, 127.9, 128.5, 129.4, 130.9, 142.2, 144.5. IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3325, 2941, 2864, 1607, 1482, 1088 cm⁻¹. Calcd. mass fractions of elements, w/%, for C₁₈H₁₉NO: C, 81.48; H, 7.22; N, 5.28. Found: C, 81.51; H, 7.23; N, 5.32. EIMS: m/z: 265 M⁺, 234, 220, 194, 129, 117, 91, 77.

(4aR,5S)-5-Phenyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline (5d)

M.p. 129-130°C, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 1.25 (m, 1H), 1.55–1.70 (m, 3H), 2.10–2.20 (m, 1H), 3.42 (dt, 1H, J = 11.3, 2.4 Hz), 3.56 (dd, 1H, J = 11.3, 2.4 Hz), 3.80 (1H, NH), 4.70 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.45 (m, 6H); ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 18.1, 25.7, 39.0, 59.4, 60.7, 72.8, 114.4, 118.0, 120.4, 126.9, 127.5, 127.7, 128.0, 128.4, 141.2, 145.2. IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3340, 2970, 2850, 1610, 1490, 1090 cm⁻¹. Calcd. mass fractions of elements, w/%, for C₁₈H₁₉NO: C, 81.48; H, 7.20; N, 5.28. Found: C, 81.50; H, 7.24; N, 5.30. EIMS: m/z: 265 M⁺, 234, 220, 194, 129, 117, 91, 77.

(3aR*,4R*,9bR*)-4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydrofuro[3,2-c]quinoline (6b)

M.p. 210–215°C; IR (neat, cm⁻¹): 3416, 1617, 1485, 1353; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 7.53–7.42 (m, 2H), 7.36–7.26 (m, 3H), 7.03 (dt, 1H, J = 1.3, 8.4 Hz), 6.77 (t, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.52 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz), 5.2 (d, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz), 4.65 (d, 1H, J = 2.6 Hz), 3.81–3.51 (m, 1H), 2.75–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.23–2.07 (m, 1H). 1.50 (m, 1H), ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 28.5, 49.4, 58.4, 68.5, 84.6, 84.5, 110.4, 119.3, 120.3, 126.6, 128.5, 131.5, 139.5, 145.7. EIMS m/z (%): 330 (M⁺). Calcd. mass fractions of elements, w/%, for C₁₇H₁₆BrNO: C, 61.82; H, 4.86; N, 4.22. Found: C, 61.61; H, 4.73; N, 4.12.

(3aR*,4S*,9bR*)-4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydrofuro[3,2-c]quinoline (7b)

M.p. 142–147°C; IR (neat, cm⁻¹): 3417, 1617, 1352; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 7.51–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.35–7.30 (m, 3H), 7.08 (dt, 1H, J = 1.5, 9.0 Hz), 6.77 (t, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.57 (d, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz), 4.53 (d, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz), 4.03–3.95 (m, 2H), 3.84–3.71 (m, 2H), 2.42–2.30 (m, 1H), 2.06–1.93 (m, 1H), 1.71–1.60 (m, 1H). EIMS m/z (%): 328 (M⁺-1). 13CNMR (CDCl₃) δ/ppm: 28.7, 49.6, 58.2, 68.7, 84.4, 110.5, 119.7, 120.3, 125.7, 128.4, 128.9, 131.3. EIMS m/z (%): 330 (M⁺). Calcd. mass fractions of elements, w/%, for C₁₇H₁₆BrNO: C, 61.82; H, 4.85; N, 4.22. Found: C, 61.63; H, 4.77; N, 4.16.139.6, 145.7.

3. Results and Discussion

A convenient, rapid, and one-pot method for the Aza-Diels-Alder reactions of aldimines with dihydropyran or dihydrofuran to afford the corresponding pyrano and furo[3,2-c]quinolines in high yields with high diastereoselectivity in a short period of time has been developed. We now report our observations on the synthesis of pyrano- and furoquinolines by a one-pot three-component coupling of anilines (1), benzaldehydes (2), and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran or 2,3-dihydrofuran (3a, b) catalyzed by nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) at room temperature (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1: Synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]quinolines using nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst.

Nano-SCA is formed via the reaction between nano silica gel (mesh 20 nm) and chromyl chloride, CrO₂Cl₂. Then, HCl and SiO₂-CrO₃H are formed in situ by the reaction between nano-SCA and H₂O in wet SiO₂ (Scheme 2).

Scheme 2: Preparation of nano solid acid and HCl.

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) picture of nano-SCA is recorded with 15000X (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of nano-SCA/resolution 15000X.

In a typical procedure, benzaldehyde and aniline were reacted with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in the presence of nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst in THF at room temperature. To our surprise, the reaction yielded the corresponding pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline within 65 min as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers in the ratio of 10 : 90, in an overall yield of 94%. Easy separation of the isomers was achieved by chromatography over silica gel (Scheme 1). We could establish the structures of these isomers based on ¹H NMR data and the IR spectrum is especially strong differentiating isomers of diverse functional groups, being the spectroscopy of choice for instant classification of molecules. And the ratio of the isomers obtained in each reaction was determined from the ¹HNMR spectrum of the crude product, and the structures of the products were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic (IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and GC-MS) data of the pure compounds from column chromatography (Scheme 1, compounds 4a–j and 5a–j). All the reactions involving various aldehydes containing electron donating and electron withdrawing substituents formed imine in situ, and in all cases, the imines generated from aromatic aldehydes and anilines reacted with dihydropyran, and the three-component one-pot reaction proceeded to give the corresponding pyranoquinolines in high yields and with high diastereoselectivity. The results are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Synthesis of pyrano- and furoquinolines using nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst in THF as solvent and at room temperature.

Entry
Product 4
Product 5
Time (min)
aYield (%)
bProduct ratio (trans : cis)4 : 5

1

55
89
85 : 15

2

70
93
80 : 20

3

95
91
90 : 10

4

65
94
90 : 10

5

70
90
85 : 15

6

86
91.5
87 : 13

7

89
86.5
82 : 18

8

100
88
79 : 21

9

120
87.5
78 : 22

Isolated yields. bIsomers were separated by column chromatography. bRatio of the product was determined from the crude ¹H NMR spectra.

The reaction proceeded in a short period of time and afforded the corresponding furo[3,2-c]quinolines a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers (Scheme 3, compounds 6 and 7) which could be separated and purified by column chromatography over silica gel to give a solid that was defined by GC-MS, IR, and ¹H NMR (Scheme 3), and the results are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Synthesis of furoquinolines using nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst in THF as solvent and at room temperature.

Entry
Product 6
Product 7
Time (min)
aYield (%)
bProduct ratio 6 : 7

1

100
87
73 : 27

2

95
92
70 : 30

3

89
91
80 : 20

4

120
88.5
75 : 15

Isolated yields. bIsomers were separated by column chromatography. bRatio of the product was determined from the crude ¹H NMR spectra.

Scheme 3: Synthesis of furo[3,2-c]quinolines using nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst.

Several aldimines (formed in situ from aromatic aldehydes and anilines in THF) reacted smoothly with 2,3-dihydrofuran using nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst to afford the corresponding furano[3,2-c]quinolines as cis/trans mixtures in 87%–92% yield (Scheme 3 and Table 2). Also, the structures of the products were established on the basis of spectroscopic (IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and GC-MS) data of the pure compounds (Scheme 3, compounds 6 and 7).

To further optimize the reaction condition in terms of solvent, we tried the reaction in various solvents and also without solvent. It was noticed that THF as solvent appears to be superior in improving the trans selectivity of the product (Table 1, Entry 5). The results are summarized in Table 3 and the major isomer is 4a (trans-isomer) [16, 17].

Table 3: The effectiveness of varities solvents in the synthesis of pyranoquinolines (Table 1, Entry 4, compounds 4a and 5a) using nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst.

Entry
Solvent
Time (min)
aYield (%)
bProduct ratio 4a : 5a (trans:cis)

1
THF
65
94
90 : 10

2
CCl₄
91
72.5
81 : 19

3
CHCl₃
74
69
80 : 20

4
CH₂Cl₂
69
73
73 : 27

5
DMF
115
68
65 : 35

6
DMSO
125
52
62 : 38

7
CH₃CN
76
58
67 : 33

8
C₆H₅CH₃
87
70
69 : 31

9
Free
95
59
62 : 28

10
Pyridine
110
61.5
66 : 34

Isolated yield. bIsomers were separated by column chromatography.

bRatio of the product was determined from the crude ¹H NMR spectra.

When the experiment was conducted at room temperature, a good and convenient amount of the corresponding product was generated (Table 4, Entry 1, and Tables 1 and 2). Upon heating (reflux conditions), however, the reaction was greatly accelerated (Table 4, Entries 2, 3, 5, and 7–9) and with higher yield (Table 4, Entry 2). The major isomer often depends on the reaction temperature. Higher temperature gave more of the thermodynamically stable trans-isomer products, while lower temperatures resulted in fast formation of the kinetically favored cis-isomer products (94% yield), (Table 4, Entry 1). A moderate yield (97.5%) was obtained accompanied by high trans selectivity of the product 92 : 8 (Table 4, Entry 2).

Table 4: The effectiveness of temperature in the synthesis of pyranoquinolines (Table 1, Entry 4, compounds 4a and 5a) in THF as solvent.

Entry
Catalyst
Temp (°C)
aYield (%)
Time (min)
bProduct ratio4a : 5a (trans : cis)

1
Nano SCA
25
94
65
90 : 10

2
Nano SCA
Reflux
97.5
52
92 : 8

3
ZnO
Reflux
64.5
91
68 : 32

4
ZnO
25
60.5
109
61 : 39

5
H₂SO₄
Reflux
86
88
84 : 26

6
H₂SO₄
25
80
99
79 : 21

7
Bi(OTf)₃
Reflux
79.5
92
71 : 39

8
Yb(OTf)₃
Reflux
84.5
96
66 : 34

9
Free
Reflux
43
116
58 : 42

10
Free
25
36
168
49 : 51

Isolated yield. bIsomers were separated by column chromatography.

bRatio of the product was determined from the crude ¹H NMR spectra.

Initially, we compared the catalytic performance of H₂SO₄, Yb(OTf)₃, Bi(OTf)₃, ZnO, and nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst, in the synthesis of pyrano- and furoquinolines. The results are shown in Table 5. The yield of product decreases in the following order:

Table 5: The effectiveness of varities catalysts in the synthesis of pyranoquinolines (Table 1, Entry 4, compounds 4a and 5a) in THF as solvent.

Entry
Catalyst
aYield (%)
Time (min)
bProduct ratio4a : 5a (trans : cis)

1
Nano SCA
94
65
90 : 10

2
ZnO
61
91
64 : 36

3
H₂SO₄
81.5
88
80 : 20

4
Bi(OTf)₃
77
92
66 : 34

5
Yb(OTf)₃
78
96
61 : 39

6
Free
36.5
145
53 : 47

Isolated yield. bIsomers were separated by column chromatography.

bRatio of the product was determined from the crude ¹H NMR spectra.

As could be seen, nano silica chromic acid catalyst is more effective than the other catalysts, and in the presence of this catalyst the highest yields of products are obtained. The results (Table 4) show that nano silica chromic acid catalyst is better with respect to yield and to reaction. In all cases, the nano silica chromic acid catalyst shows higher activity compared with other catalysts, ZnO, Bi(OTf)₃, Yb(OTf)₃, and H₂SO₄ (Table 5, Entries 2–5). Nano silica chromic acid (nano-SCA) catalyst shows a higher selectivity, and this catalyst is an efficient solid acid catalyst for highly selective synthesis of pyrano- and furoquinolines.

4. Conclusion

Nano-SCA is noncorrosive and safe solid acid with easy separation and recovery from reaction mixture. We have synthesized azo pyrano- and furoquinolines using nano silica chromic acid as a solid acid at room temperature and in good yields, under mild reaction conditions, with high diastereoselectivity. The yields of products were good to excellent, and the reaction times were very suitable. This paper describes a novel and efficient method for the synthesis of pyrano- and furanoquinolines using nano-SCA as promoters.

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