Obstetrics and Gynecology International
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 4374791, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4374791

Research Article

Unintended Pregnancy in Ethiopia: Community Based Cross-Sectional Study

Kidest Getu Melese,¹ Mignote Hailu Gebrie,² Martha Berta Badi,³ and Wubalem Fekadu Mersha⁴

¹Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
²Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
³Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
⁴Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Received 8 May 2016; Accepted 4 August 2016

Academic Editor: Enrique Hernandez

Copyright © 2016 Kidest Getu Melese et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Introduction. Unintended pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy which is a sum of mistimed pregnancy (pregnancy wanted at a later time) and unwanted pregnancy (pregnancy which is not wanted at all). Unintended pregnancy is a global public health problem and its sequels are major causes for maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality with its effect to maternal metal illness as well. Objective. To determine the prevalence and associated factors of unintended pregnancy in Debre Birhan town, northeast of Ethiopia, in 2014. Method. Community based cross-sectional study and questionnaire developed from Ethiopian demographic health survey 2011. Participants were 690 currently pregnant mothers. Association of unintended pregnancy with factors was measured with bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Result. In this study unintended pregnancy is found to be 23.5%. Being formerly married and never married, distance to the nearest health facility 80 minutes, gravidity 5, 1-2 parity, and partner disagreement on desired number of children are the variables significantly associated with unintended pregnancy. Conclusion. Significant proportion of unintended pregnancy is found in the study area. To minimize unintended pregnancy concerned bodies should work on the identified factors, so we can minimize maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and keep the health of the family specifically and country in general.

1. Background

Unintended pregnancy is defined as pregnancy, which admits either mistimed or unwanted pregnancy [1, 2]. It is a major global public health problem with bad complication for a mother, a child, a family, a society, and a country as a whole [1, 3–6]. Unintended pregnancy has direct relation with poor utilization of maternal health care services. Researches relate unintended pregnancy with poor antenatal care utilization, which is a risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcome and maternal morbidity and mortality [7–9]. In addition unintended pregnancy results in unsafe abortion, which is the other main cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Nearly 80,000 mothers die per year because of unsafe abortion and almost 95% of deaths happen in developing countries [10].

Unintended pregnant women will have low physical and mental health, low self-care, poor health, high level of substance addiction, and depression during pregnancy [3, 11, 12]. Besides, fetus will be delivered by unskilled attendant, delivered as low birth weight, increased rate of hospitalization, and poor growth and inadequate immunization adversely leads to maternal and child death [2, 4].

In 2012 worldwide 80 million mothers had unintended pregnancy [13]. Regionally, in more developed regions it is revealed to be 42 per 1000 women. In less developed regions from 1000 pregnancies 57 of them were unintended and the pregnancies end up with unplanned birth, abortion, and miscarriage.

Unintended pregnancy is 36 percent higher in developing country than developed country. In Africa from a total of 49.1 million pregnancies, 39% were unintended pregnancy [14]. In Ethiopia according to Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2011, the percentage of unwanted births decreased (17% in 2000 to 9% in 2011). However the percentage of pregnancy wanted later does not show improvement (19-20%) [15].

Major factors influencing unintended pregnancy are young or old age, low maternal education, unmarried marital status, low income, high parity and gravidity, long estimated time to walk to the nearest health facility, and ever use of family planning (FP) [5, 16–20].

Unintended pregnancy problems and complications are vast. However, evidences and literatures on the problem are limited. Therefore, this paper determines the proportion and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant women in Ethiopia.

2. Methods

Community based cross-sectional study was carried out in northeast, located 130 km northeast of capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Six hundred ninety-seven currently pregnant women in study area were included in the study where stratified cluster sampling technique was used to select the study participants.

Pretested and structured interviewer administered questionnaire, which is adopted from EDHS (Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey), were used to assess pregnancy intention. Participants were considered as having unintended pregnancy if they report their current pregnancy as either mistimed or unwanted at the time of conception.

There were a total of 17 questions which is first prepared in English and then translated to local language Amharic and then translated back to English for consistency that contains three parts which assesses the sociodemographic and economic status including age, residence, marital status, education, occupation, estimated time to walk to the nearest health facility, and income. Reproductive variables include gravidity, parity, ideal number of child, and partner desire for a child. Contraceptive characteristics assess ever use of family planning. To assess pregnancy intention mothers were asked a question for the current pregnancy: when you got pregnant did you want to get pregnant at the time? Pregnancy is taken as intended if the response is yes. If no, to determine mistimed and unwanted pregnancy, did you want to wait until later or did you not want later any more children?

Foremost data completeness was checked manually, coded, entered, and analyzed into SPSS version 20. Tables 1 and 2 and frequency were used to report the descriptive result, since the dependent variable is categorical binary and multiple logistic regressions were equipped to identify associated factors of unintended pregnancy. In binary logistic regression variables with value 0.2 were transferred to multiple logistic regressions to adjust the effect of confounders and to distinguish the associated factors. To determine the significance, odds ratio with confidence interval 95% and value 0.05 was used.

Table 1: Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of participants ().

Characteristics
Frequency
Percentage

Age

    24
112
16.2

    25–34
465
67.4

    35
113
16.4

Residence

    Urban
466
67.5

    Rural
224
32.5

Marital status

    Currently married
523
75.8

    Formerly married
76
11.0

    Never married
91
13.2

Education level

    Tertiary
290
42.0

    Secondary
208
30.1

    Primary
113
16.4

    No education
79
11.4

Monthly income in United States dollar

    68.66
456
66.1

    45.79–68.62
125
18.1

    22.92–45.75
76
11.0

    22.87
33
4.8

Occupation

    Government employee
238
34.5

    Private employee
19
2.8

    Farmer
133
19.3

    Merchant
89
12.9

    Daily labor
85
12.3

    Student
32
4.6

    Housewife
94
13.6

Time to walk to the nearest health facility

    <40 minutes
547
79.3

    40–79 minutes
76
11.0

    >80 minutes
67
9.7

Formerly married: divorced, widowed, and separated.

1 Ethiopian birr = 0.045746 United States dollar.

Table 2: Reproductive and contraceptive utilization characteristics of participants ().

Characteristics
Frequency
Percentage

Gravidity

    1-2
282
40.9

    3-4
318
46.1

    5
90
13.0

Parity

    0
134
19.4

    1-2
394
57.1

    3-4
133
19.3

    5
29
4.2

Ideal number of children

    5–7
119
17.2

    3-4
367
53.2

    0–2
204
29.6

Partner desire for a child

    Agree
229
33.2

    Do not know
171
24.8

    Husband wants fewer
12
1.7

    Husband wants more
111
16.1

Ever use of FP

    Yes
447
64.8

    No
243
35.2

2.1. Ethical Consideration

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of University of Gondar. Permission letter was obtained from local health department. For all study participants information was given about the study before the data collection on its possible risk, benefit, confidentiality, privacy, its voluntary activity, right of withdrawal, and the time the questionnaire will take and then verbal consent was obtained. Privacy and confidentiality were kept; name of the mother was not asked and recorded.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Sociodemographic and Economic Characteristics

A total of 697 participants were interviewed; of them 465 (67.4%) were in the age group of 25–34. Four hundred sixty-six (67.5%) resided in urban area and 523 (75.8%) were currently married. Besides, majority of them are at tertiary education level (290) (42%) and are government and private employees (257) (37.3%). Five hundred forty-seven (79.3%) study participants claim to travel <40 minutes to reach the nearest health facility (Table 1).

3.2. Reproductive and Contraceptive Utilization Characteristics

Three hundred eighteen (46.1%) have 3-4 gravidity and 394 (57.1%) have 1-2 parity, respectively. Besides 367 (53.2%) have 3-4 ideal numbers of children. Moreover 229 (33.2%) married participants partners agree on the number of children. In addition 447 (64.8%) study participants had ever used FP (Table 2).

3.3. Proportion of Unintended Pregnancy

From a total of 690 pregnant mothers 162 (23.5%) (95% CI (20.3, 26.8)) participants insured their current pregnancy as unintended; from those 73 (10.58%) are unwanted pregnancies and (the rest) 89 (12.9%) are mistimed pregnancies.

From the mentioned reasons for failure to avoid unwanted and mistimed pregnancy, contraceptive failure (24.66%) was the major reasons for unwanted pregnancy whereas for mistimed pregnancy not using FP (42%) takes the highest percentage.

3.4. Factors Associated with Unintended Pregnancy

In multivariable logistic regression being formerly married and never married, estimated time to walk to the nearest health facility >80 minutes, gravidity 5, 1-2 parity, and partner disagreement were significantly associated with unintended pregnancy (Table 3).

Table 3: Logistic regression analysis on factors associated with unintended pregnancy ().

Variables
Status of current pregnancy
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
value

Intended
Unintended

Age

    25–34
383 (82.4%)
82 (17.6%)
1

    24
69 (61.6%)
43 (38.4%)
2.91 (1.86, 4.56)
1.15 (0.56, 2.36)
0.71

    35
76 (67.3%)
37 (32.7%)
2.27 (1.44, 3.60)
1.83 (1.00, 3.30)
0.04

Marital status

    Currently married
442 (84.5%)
81 (15.5%)
1

    Formerly married
39 (51.3%)
37 (48.7%)
5.18 (3.12, 8.61)
8.42 (4.07, 17.39)
<0.01

    Never married
47 (51.6%)
44 (48.4%)
5.11 (3.18, 8.21)
9.21 (4.27, 19.86)
<0.01

Education status

    Tertiary
235 (81.0%)
55 (19.0%)
1

    Secondary
161 (77.4%)
47 (22.6%)
1.25 (0.81, 1.93)
1.2 (0.71, 2.02)
0.50

    Primary
80 (70.8%)
33 (29.2%)
1.76 (1.07, 2.91)
1.21 (0.62, 2.35)
0.59

    No education
52 (65.8%)
27 (34.2%)
2.22 (1.28, 3.85)
0.97 (0.42, 2.23)
0.95

Income in United States dollar

    68.66
348 (76.3%)
108 (23.7%)
1

    45.79–68.62
103 (82.4%)
22 (17.6%)
0.69 (0.41, 1.14)
0.75 (0.40, 1.41)
0.37

    22.92–45.75
62 (81.6%)
14 (18.4%)
0.73 (0.39, 1.35)
1.00 (0.47, 2.15)
1.00

    22.87
15 (45.5%)
18 (54.5%)
3.87 (1.89, 7.93)
1.74 (0.70, 4.33)
0.23

Time to walk to the nearest health facility

    <40 minutes
436 (79.7%)
111 (20.3%)
1

    40–79 minutes
59 (77.6%)
17 (22.4%)
1.13 (0.64, 2.02)
1.08 (0.49, 2.35)
0.86

    >80 minutes
33 (49.3%)
34 (50.7%)
4.05 (2.40, 6.82)
3.56 (1.69, 7.53)
<0.01

Gravidity

    1-2
221 (78.4%)
61 (21.6%)
1

    3-4
264 (83.0%)
54 (17.0%)
0.74 (0.49, 1.11)
1.35 (0.66, 2.76)
0.41

    5
43 (47.8%)
47 (52.2%)
3.96 (2.40, 6.54)
3.88 (1.41, 10.69)
0.01

Parity

    0
90 (67.2%)
44 (32.8%)
1

    1-2
346 (87.8%)
48 (12.2%)
0.28 (0.18, 0.45)
0.43 (0.21, 0.87)
0.02

    3-4
82 (61.7%)
51 (38.3%)
1.27 (0.77, 2.10)
1.08 (0.41, 2.82)
0.88

    5
10 (34.5%)
19 (65.5%)
3.89 (1.67, 9.06)
1.80 (0.44, 7.36)
0.41

Partner desire for child

    Agree
211 (92.1%)
18 (7.9%)
1

    Do not know
150 (87.7%)
21 (12.3%)
1.64 (0.85, 3.19)
0.66 (0.30, 1.46)
0.30

    Disagree
81 (65.9%)
42 (34.1%)
6.08 (3.31, 11.17)
4.09 (2.07, 8.08)
<0.01

Ever use of FP

    Yes
363 (81.2%)
84 (18.8%)
1

    No
165 (67.9%)
78 (32.1%)
2.04 (1.43, 2.93)
1.53 (0.97, 2.41)
0.07

4. Discussion

Proportion of unintended pregnancy is 23.5% (95% CI (20.3, 26.8)), which is in line with the national study conducted in Ethiopia (24%) [5]. However it is slightly lower than the result reported in the national figure EDHS 2011 which is 29% [4] and also lower than the studies in different parts of Ethiopia, in Kersa Woreda, eastern Ethiopia, Harar, Hosanna, and Ganji Woreda, West Welega, Oromia which is 27%, 34%, and 36.5%, respectively [16, 17, 21] and study in Tanzania (50.7%) [7]. The result might be lower due to the fact that once pregnancy happened there is tendency to be confirmed as intended [22]. In addition the variance might be on account of the difference in sociodemographic and cultural status of the study areas.

The odds of having unintended pregnancy among formerly and never married women are 8.42 and 9.21 times more likely than currently married women. This finding is consistent with the study in Nairobi, Kenya [23]. Women who travel >80 minutes to health facility are 3.56 times more likely to report their pregnancy as unintended; this may be due to less supply of family planning service [24]. The finding is in line with study in Kersa Woreda Eastern Ethiopia [16].

Women whose gravidity 5 are 3.88 times more likely to have unintended pregnancy than those whose gravidity 1-2, which is supported by other studies [17]. Women having 1-2 live births were less likely to have unintended pregnancy as compared to their counterparts. This finding is in line with the study in Kersa Woreda eastern Ethiopia and Senegal, which states association of high parity (7+) and (2+) with unintended pregnancy [16, 18]. Partner desire for child shows significant association with unintended pregnancy. This is consistent with the study conducted in Hosanna town and report in Ganji Woreda, West Welega, Oromia. The possible reason mentioned in those towns and in this area is the difference in men and women interest in number of children and men want more child than women; socioculturally child is seen as wealth in the community [17, 21].

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

Proportion of unintended pregnancy in the study area was high. Formerly and never married respondents, distance to the nearest health facility >80 minutes, 5 gravidity, 1-2 parity, and partner disagreement on desired number of children were significantly associated with the outcome variable. Therefore, high effort needed to be exerted on this target group by counseling, health education, and providing contraceptive service and clinician must consider these factors in maternal care settings.

Additional Points

Limitations of the Study. The result of the study may be underestimated because once pregnancies happen there is a tendency to be confirmed as intended.

Competing Interests

The authors declared that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

Kidest Getu Melese conceived the original idea, is involved in proposal writing, designed the study, and participated in all implementation stages of the project. She analyzed the data and drafted and finalized the writing of the paper. Mignote Hailu Gebrie is involved in proposal writing and participated in all stages of the project implementation and writing of the paper. Martha Berta Badi is involved in proposal writing and participated in all stages of the project implementation and writing of the paper. Wubalem Fekadu Mersha is involved in proposal writing and participated in all stages of the project implementation and writing of the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors’ heartfelt acknowledgment goes to University of Gondar for its financial support and study participants for their time.

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