Primary Zonal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer: Results of a Prospective Phase IIa Feasibility Study

Aims. In this study we report our results with storage of cryopreserved semen intended for preservation and subsequent infertility treatment in men with testicular cancer during the last 18 years. Methods. Cryopreserved semen of 523 men with testicular cancer was collected between October 1995 and the end of December 2012. Semen of 34 men (6.5%) was used for fertilization of their partners. They underwent 57 treatment cycles with cryopreserved, fresh, and/or donor sperm. Results. A total of 557 men have decided to freeze their semen before cancer treatment. Seminoma was diagnosed in 283 men (54.1%) and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in 240 men (45.9%). 34 patients who returned for infertility treatment underwent 46 treatment cycles with cryopreserved sperm. Totally 16 pregnancies were achieved, that is, 34.8% pregnancy rate. Conclusion. The testicular cancer survivors have a good chance of fathering a child by using sperm cryopreserved prior to the oncology treatment, even when it contains only limited number of spermatozoa.


Introduction
During the last decade, proactive screening for prostate cancer (PCa) in the United States (US) and opportunistic detection in Europe led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of PCa reaching nearly 200.000 new cases per year in the US [1]. Conventional treatment options for organ confined PCa range from active surveillance to whole-gland radical therapy. Active surveillance has the distinct advantage of avoiding overtreatment and treatment related morbidity but carries the risk of silent progression of PCa in up to 35% of cases [2]. It may also induce no treatment related significant anxiety and uncertainty [3]. Radical therapy has the advantage of improving the overall and cancer specific survival in appropriately selected patients [4,5] but bears significant risk of treatment related functional complications that detrimentally affect the quality of life [5,6]. Therefore, counseling patients for appropriate, individual treatment strategy remains challenging even for experienced physicians.
Consequently, focal therapy has emerged as an alternative option to standard therapies. The goal of this tissuepreserving strategy as defined by the International Task Force on Prostate Cancer and the Focal Lesion Paradigm would be to "selectively ablate(s) known disease and preserve(s) existing functions, with the overall objective of minimizing lifetime morbidity without compromising life expectancy" [7]. A number of focal therapy energies and modalities have commonly been used [8]. Among these therapies, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) emerged as a valid mini-invasive therapy for localised prostate cancer, using focused ultrasound to generate areas of intense heat to induce tissue necrosis. This energy delivery system originally used to treat the whole prostate is used nowadays to treat a part of the gland. The ability of HIFU to achieve thermoablation of targeted prostatic lesion was proven histologically on operative specimen [9], on MRI imaging [10], and on posttreatment biopsies [11,12].
In this paper, we aimed to target on the basis of a combined localisation strategy with multiparametric MRI and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided systematic biopsy unilateral localised PCa with hemiablation HIFU. The goal of our study was to assess feasibility, safety, and short to medium term oncological and functional outcomes.

Patients and Methods
After obtaining institutional review board approval, a cohort of 31 consecutive patients with unilateral organ confined PCa primarily treated by hemiablation HIFU (from February 2007 to June 2011) were recruited into a single centre prospective phase IIa feasibility study. All patients underwent TRUS guided systematic biopsy according to the modified Gore protocol by a single experienced surgeon [13]. Patients with histologically proven unilateral PCa of any burden, PSA < 15 ng/mL, any Gleason score, no extraprostatic extension, and a clinical stage T1c-T2bN0M0 underwent, at least two months after biopsy, a multiparametric contrast enhanced 3 T MRI. Patients were selected if the positive biopsy pattern was in complete concordance with the PCa lesions identified by MRI with precise loci matching on multimodal approach. Exclusion criteria included clinically bilateral cancer, biopsy-proven extraprostatic extension of cancer, evidence of metastatic or nodal disease on bone scan or crosssectional imaging, prior significant rectal surgery preventing insertion of transrectal HIFU probe, any contraindication for pelvic MRI or anaesthesia, presence of prostatic calcification and cysts whose location will interfere with effective delivery of HIFU therapy, biopsy/MRI discordance, and latex allergies as the HIFU probe is covered with a latex condom sheath.
Any short term pretreatment androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and/or 5 -reductase inhibitors (5-ARI) that had been given by referring physicians at the outside institution was discontinued at study entry. All patients gave preoperative consent after detailed discussion of limitations and benefits of hemiablation HIFU for the known clinically unilateral PCa and the need for long term followup with the intention to treat recurrent or progression lesion or de novo contralateral cancer.
Hemiablation HIFU was defined as ablation of one lobe of the prostate and not just the index lesion because of device technical limitations. It is, therefore, a region targeted therapy with emphasis on preserving controlateral neurovascular bundle, bladder neck, and external sphincter regardless of individual lesion grade, volume, or location and proximity to an ipsilateral neurovascular bundle.
All patients underwent hemiablation using HIFU delivered by the Ablatherm system (EDAP-TMS, Vaulx-en-Velin, France), performed by a single surgeon with a high level of experience in whole-gland HIFU. The procedure was done predominantly under spinal anaesthesia with a small proportion undergoing general anaesthesia. An 18 Fr Foley catheter was inserted prior to the procedure to drain the bladder and the catheter was clamped during the procedure. The boundaries of the prostate lobe to be treated were identified and accurately defined in the sagittal and transverse planes using integrated ultrasound imaging. A safety margin of 6 mm was maintained between the anatomical apex and the lowest section of the treated lobe; a safety margin of 4 mm was used when biopsies were positive at the apex. On the medial side the last zone to be ablated was mostly placed at the urethra identified by visualisation of the Foley catheter on the ultrasound image. On the lateral aspect the margin was set at the capsule of the prostate. The treatment progressed in multiple blocks depending upon the volume of the treated lobe. At the end of the procedure, a limited transurethral resection of the treated lobe was performed to prevent early acute urinary retention as well as sloughing of necrotic material requiring prolonged need for indwelling catheter. The Foley catheter was removed on the second postoperative day and the patient was discharged after establishing satisfactory voiding pattern.
Complications were prospectively recorded and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo score [14,15]. Postoperatively, patients were followed with serial serum PSA determinations and digital rectal examinations at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and then every 6 months. Given the presence of an untreated half prostate, an individual PSA nadir was identified in each patient. Followup also included whole-gland biopsies performed in the event of a PSA rising >2.0 ng/mL above nadir value (Phoenix criteria) [16]. Treatment failure was defined as positive biopsy of the treated area or if salvage or hormonal therapy was needed during followup. Urinary functional outcomes were reported using physician reported rates Overall QOL and costs were not reported in this study.
Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to determine biochemical survival with failure defined according to Phoenix criteria. Local control and morbidity data are presented with descriptive statistics.

Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population are summarized in Table 1. Overall, a total of 31 patients (average age 71 years) were enrolled in this study with a mean followup of 36.3 months and a median followup of 38 months (range 12-61 months). The mean value of presenting PSA was 5, 67 ng/mL (range 0.3-11 ng/mL). Seven patients had a clinical stage T1c and the rest had cT2a or cT2b. Gleason score ranges from 5 to 9. With respect to the loci of cancerous lesion, 12 patients had apical disease, 17 had basal lesion, and 2 patients had exclusive transition zone lesions. Patients were stratified to risk groups according to D' Amico classification [17]. The median pre-and posttreatment prostate volume was 28.8 cc and 16.4 cc, respectively. The median length of hospital stay was 4 days due to local reimbursement practice and preoperative evaluation. The perioperative data are summarized in Table 2. The incidences of the most frequent complications; namely, acute urinary retention, urinary tract infection, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and     overall and cancer specific survival of 100% at median follow up of 38 months (Table 4 and Figure 2).

Discussion
Many case series have reported encouraging short term functional and oncological results of men with PCa treated primarily in a focal manner [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. To our knowledge, our study is the first midterm report (median follow up of 38 months) of the focal therapy on a cohort of patients primarily treated by hemiablation HIFU for a clinically unilateral PCa. Hemiablation HIFU of an entire lobe delivered with the intention to treat is feasible and functional and disease control outcomes are encouraging at 3 years of follow up. The principle rationale of tissue preservation is harm reduction. Early self-resolving LUTS were the most common complications. In addition, no rectal toxicities were reported and the strategy was well tolerated in the genitourinary functional domains. The procedure could possibly be delivered in an ambulatory care setting; the long stay of 4 days in our series is related to local reimbursement practice, preoperative anaesthetic evaluation, and transurethral partial resection of the prostate. Tissue preservation leads to functional preservation: all patients were pad-free continent despite a high number of apical lesions ( = 12) and only 25% of men in our cohort of relatively elderly patients (average age 71 years) who were potent preoperatively reported having ED after hemiablation. This treatment strategy is associated with a good medium term cancer control in well-selected patients (unilateral low to intermediate risk PCa). In the presented trial, assessment of oncologic efficacy was performed by serial PSA testing and random systematic TRUS guided biopsies were offered only for a cause (Phoenix criteria) in order to minimise burden on the patient. Furthermore, performance of systematic biopsies in treated and untreated lobes in all patients may increase Prostate Cancer 5 the cancer detection rates during follow up but the clinical implication of such a protocol is unknown because it may simply reveal small foci of low grade low volume PCa. In the literature, there is no consensus on whether cancer control in focal therapy should be considered the absence of any cancer or the absence of clinically significant cancer and whether this should be limited to the treated or untreated area. In addition there is no standard follow-up protocol for the assessment of clinical failure. In our opinion, histologic confirmation of complete ablation within the treated area appears to be essential in focal therapy. That is why any positive biopsy in the treated lobe independently of the percentage of core involvement was considered a clinical failure. Controlateral positive biopsy was not considered as a clinical failure but as a technical limitation and was treated by a secondary controlateral hemiablation according to our protocol. A shift to systemic or salvage procedure was considered as a treatment failure. Phoenix criteria were not considered as response criteria, in our series, to define failure but as a threshold to offer biopsy. In our opinion, the only valid endpoint with a follow-up >1 year is the PSA nadir and the biopsy should be offered for a defined reason (BCR or a suspicious lesion on multiparametric MRI). As a surrogate, although PSA testing is accepted as a valid outcome in standard therapies, the clinical utility of PSA kinetics in tissue preservation is yet to be determined because many factors influence posttreatment values (the proportion of initial PSA that was due to tumor, amount of residual prostate tissue, progression of BPH, and TURP. . .). In our series, there was a 74% decrease in PSA levels from baseline which indicates successful ablation of the index lesion based on prior data that the index cancer accounts for 80% of entire cancer volume in a given patient [29]. The time to achieve PSA nadir was between 3 and 6 months. Biochemical recurrence-(BCR-) free survival was 100%, 89%, and 82.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, which is comparable to standard therapies. In low to intermediate risk PCa, we noted no progression to metastatic or lymph node disease with overall and cancer specific survival of 100% at median follow up of 38 months. No residual tumour was noted in the treated area when biopsy was performed which gives us a recurrence rate of 0%. Three patients had positive contralateral biopsies treated by a secondary contralateral hemiablation with complete clinical response, a new PSA nadir, and without complications. Secondary treatment to the other lobe is an advantage of the technique and should not be considered as a failure because, at that point in time, any whole-gland therapy would be considered as a failure. Two patients needed systemic therapy and were considered as failures but these patients were at high risk of progression (Gleason 9) at initial setting. Accordingly, hemiablation HIFU should be indicated only for patients with localised PCa at low and intermediate risk of progression [30]. There are several limitations to our study. First, the safety and functional and oncologic outcomes are the results of a single centre with a long experience with whole-gland HIFU and cannot be generalized. The outcomes could be variable in less experienced hands because HIFU is a dynamic therapy with real time feedback which is difficult to master while assessing quality control. Even for whole-gland HIFU, results were significantly different between experienced and nonexperienced centres [31]. Second, the application of a limited TURP may have contributed to the toxicity seen above and beyond that of hemiablation HIFU. Third, the number of participants included in the study was small but as a prospective feasibility study we designed our trial to primarily assess feasibility. Fourth, our study was slow to recruit and heterogeneous with two Gleason 9 patients. Fifth, the use of disease specific and overall survival would require large scale randomized controlled trials with longer follow up to obtain sufficient evidence to prove noninferiority over radical whole-gland therapies or superiority over active surveillance. Sixth, the cohort was small with a short follow up and no control group to assess collateral damage and functional and oncologic outcomes. Apart from feasibility, this study provides level 4 evidence from which limited conclusions should be drawn.

Conclusions
The role of focal therapy in primary treatment of prostate cancer is best described as experimental and promising as progressively more and more studies are reporting good results. Our study suggests that hemiablation HIFU is a valid focal therapy strategy, feasible in day-to-day practice with good promising results. Well-designed, multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled studies are required to definitely establish the role of hemiablation and focal therapies as the standard of care in prostate cancer. The eventual success of these therapies, however, will depend not only on the form of focal therapy but also mainly on technological advances in imaging and diagnostic techniques improving diagnostic and tumour localization accuracy.