Parkinson’s Disease
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 9475415, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9475415

Research Article

Rehabilitation Therapy Utilization in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease in Korea

Han Gil Seo,¹ Sang Jun Park,2,3 Jiah Seo,² Seong Jun Byun,² and Byung-Mo Oh¹

¹Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
³Big Data Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Han Gil Seo; hgseo80@gmail.com and Sang Jun Park; sangjunpark@snu.ac.kr

Received 15 September 2018; Accepted 28 October 2018; Published 14 November 2018

Academic Editor: Hélio Teive

Copyright © 2018 Han Gil Seo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. Although evidence and guidelines recommend appropriate rehabilitation from the beginning of diagnosis in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), there is a lack of data addressing the utilization of rehabilitation therapies for these patients in practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization over time in patients with PD using a nationwide cohort in Korea. Methods. Patients were identified using the registration code for PD in the program for rare, intractable disease from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, which consists of 979,390 Korean residents. Data were divided into four periods: 2004–2006, 2007–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2015. We assessed the utilization of rehabilitation therapies and the associated patient characteristics. Results. The numbers of patients with PD were 384 in 2004, 855 in 2007, 1,023 in 2010, and 1,222 in 2013. The numbers of physiatrist visits per person were 0.58, 0.96, 1.97, and 2.91, in the respective periods. Among the patients, 35–40% had claims for physical therapy, 16–19% for occupational therapy, and 4–6% for swallowing therapy. There were no remarkable differences between these rates between the study periods. Sex, age, income, disability, and levodopa-equivalent dose were significantly associated with the utilization of rehabilitation therapy. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization did not change remarkably in patients with PD from 2004 to 2015 in Korea although the number of physiatrist visits increased dramatically. The present evidence and guidelines may have not been adequately integrated into clinical practice during the period of study. Additional efforts may be warranted to provide adequate rehabilitation therapies in clinical practice for patients with PD.

1. Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that presents with complex nonmotor symptoms as well as classical motor symptoms. Although medical and surgical treatments alleviate these symptoms, there are no treatments that slow the neurodegenerative process. Eventually, in the late stages of the disease, most patients with PD experience treatment-resistant motor and nonmotor features, such as postural instability, freezing of gait, falling, dysphagia, and cognitive impairment [1]. Therefore, rehabilitation therapies are used as an adjunct treatment to reduce disability and improve the quality of life in patients with PD.

Over the past 20 years, numerous studies investigating the efficacy of rehabilitation therapies in patients with PD have been published [2–8]. These studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of rehabilitation therapies on motor and swallowing function, activities of daily living, and quality of life. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that intensive rehabilitation might be beneficial in the early stages of PD [9, 10]. Based on this evidence, recent guidelines for the management of PD recommend the referral of patients to physical, occupational, and speech therapists in the early stages of the disease as well as disease-specific rehabilitation therapies [11]. Specific guidelines for physical [12], occupational [13], and speech and swallowing therapies [14] have also been published over the last several years.

Despite this evidence and these guidelines, there is a lack of data addressing the utilization of rehabilitation therapies for patients with PD in practice. Surveys of selected patients with PD have reported that 28% and 60% of patients receive physical therapy (PT) in the Czech Republic [15] and the Netherlands [16], respectively. A study using medical claims data in the Netherlands also reported that 58% of patients with PD received PT over the period of 2013–2015 [17]. Conversely, another claim-based analysis of data collected in the United States demonstrated that only approximately 14% of older patients with PD had claims for rehabilitation therapies during the period of a year [18]. Therefore, the use of rehabilitation therapies in patients with PD may vary in practice, even in developed countries. Moreover, it is unclear whether the present evidence and guidelines for PD have altered clinical practice. There has been no report on the changes of rehabilitation therapy utilization in PD over time.

Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate whether the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization has changed over time in patients with PD, using a nationwide cohort that represented the whole population in Korea. The second aim was to analyze whether the patients’ characteristics were associated with rehabilitation therapy utilization in these patients.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Source

We used the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)-National Sample Cohort (NSC) database Version 2.0 for this study [19]. The NHIS is a single, compulsory medical insurance program in South Korea, which was introduced in 1977 and achieved universal coverage by 1989 [19–21]. Therefore, the NHIS contains all of the information regarding health care utilization in Korea. The NHIS-NSC database consisted of 979,390 Korean residents in 2006, equivalent to approximately 2% of the Korean population at that time. The representative nature of this population-based cohort data was ensured through the use of systematic sampling from 2142 strata, based on sex, age group, region of residence, insurance type, and income level. All individuals in the NHIS-NSC database were followed for 14 years (2002–2015) retrospectively and prospectively from 2006. Therefore, the database contains 14 years of all health care utilizations and related information, including diagnoses, procedures, prescription records, demographic information, direct medical costs, and mortality, without any duplications or omissions. Diagnoses were coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition. In addition, the database also includes information regarding the registration program for cancer and rare intractable diseases, which was initiated by the Korean government in 2004 to reduce the burden of patients suffering from cancer and 62 rare intractable diseases (e.g., PD) through the use of an additional copayment reduction within the NHI scheme. The NHIS approved the use of the NHIS-NSC database for the present study and provided the database after removing any possibly identifiable information (NHIS-2017-2-607). The study protocol was examined and determined to be exempt from review by the Institutional Review Board of our hospital (E-1712-033-094).

2.2. Study Population and Study Periods

We identified patients with PD using the registration code for PD (V124) in the program for rare, intractable disease at 3-year intervals (2004, 2007, 2010, and 2013). Therefore, the study period was divided into 4 periods, each with a 3-year duration: 2004–2006, 2007–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2015. For a case to be registered in the program as PD that is eligible for copayment reduction, the physician should confirm the following 3 eligibility criteria in the patient: (1) mild or more severe bradykinesia (a score of at least 2 in the bradykinesia items of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale) with at least one of the following features: muscle rigidity, rest tremor, and postural instability, (2) exclusion of secondary parkinsonism, such as stroke, head injury, encephalitis, hypoxic brain injury, and adverse effects of medication, and (3) three or more of the following: unilateral onset, rest tremor, progressive disorder, persistent asymmetry primarily affecting the side of onset, excellent response (70–100%) to levodopa, severe levodopa-induced chorea, levodopa response for 5 years or more, and a clinical course of ten years or more. Although this eligibility criteria is almost the same as that of the UK brain bank criteria [22], the registration program in the NHIS scheme might not definitely exclude atypical parkinsonian syndromes, such as multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration, which are also rare, intractable diseases. Hence, of these, we excluded individuals with the following diagnoses in each study period: secondary parkinsonism (G21), parkinsonism in diseases that are classified elsewhere (G22), and other degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia (G23). Of these, we also excluded individuals that had no prescription of antiparkinsonian medication within the defined 3-year periods.

2.3. Rehabilitation Therapy Utilization

We assessed the utilization of rehabilitation therapies by identifying claims with procedure codes for physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), and swallowing therapy (ST) in each 3-year study period. We could not assess the utilization of speech therapy, as it is not covered by the NHIS. PT includes complex therapeutic exercise (MM102), isokinetic therapeutic exercise (MM103), rehabilitative development therapy for disorder of the central nervous system (MM105), mattress or mobilization training (MM301), and gait training (MM302). Simple therapeutic exercise (MM101) was excluded from this study because this code represents only 10 minutes of exercise, which is too short for rehabilitation purposes, and is widely used in primary health care service for musculoskeletal problems. OT includes simple occupational therapy (MM111), complex occupational therapy (MM112), special occupational therapy (MM113), and activities of daily living training (MM114). ST includes rehabilitative dysphagia therapy (MX141).

2.4. Demographics and Other Characteristics

We identified the demographic data (i.e., sex, age group, income level, and region of residence) and the comorbidities that might require rehabilitation (i.e., cerebrovascular disorders (G46, I60–I63, and I69), traumatic brain injuries (S06.1–S06.6 and S06.8) spinal cord injuries (S14.1, S24.1, and S34.1), multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disease (G35–G37), central nervous system tumors (C70–C72, D32–33, and D43), and others (G91 and S72)) in each 3-year study period. The number of neurologist and physiatrist visits was also identified from the claims data. The NHIS-NSC database provided the degree of disability (from 1 to 6) for each individual, which was registered in the disability rating system by the Korean government. The disability grade from brain lesion or limb dysfunction was identified from the database. The average number of prescribed daily antiparkinsonian medications and the levodopa-equivalent dose (LED) [23] were calculated based on the claims for drug prescriptions. A list of the antiparkinsonian medications that are mentioned in this study is presented in the Supplementary Table (available here).

2.5. Outcomes and Statistical Analysis

The primary outcomes of this study were the utilization of rehabilitation therapies, including PT, OT, and ST in patients with PD. To investigate the effect of patient characteristics on rehabilitation therapy utilization, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression analysis during the period of 2013–2015. SAS software version 9.3 (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for the analyses.

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of Study Population

In the NHIS-NSC, the number of patients with PD who met the inclusion criteria was as follows: 384 in 2004, 855 in 2007, 1,023 in 2010, and 1,222 in 2013 (Table 1). The majority of patients were over 60 years of age, and approximately 60% of the patients were female patients, in each group. The numbers of neurologist visits were 6003 (15.63 per person) in 2004–2006, 12546 (14.67 per person) in 2007–2009, 16895 (16.52 per person) in 2010–2012, and 21652 (17.72 per person) in 2013–2015. The numbers of physiatrist visits were 221 (0.58 per person) in 2004–2006, 824 (0.96 per person) in 2007–2009, 2013 (1.97 per person) in 2010–2012, and 3550 (2.91 per person) in 2013–2015.

Table 1: Characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease in each 3-year study period.

Characteristics
2004–2006
2007–2009
2010–2012
2013–2015

No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%

Total
384
100
855
100
1023
100
1221
100

Sex

Male
141
37.68
321
37.54
401
39.20
483
39.56

Female
243
62.32
534
62.46
622
60.80
738
60.44

Age (y)

0–59
64
16.67
97
11.35
105
10.26
121
9.91

60–69
159
41.40
232
27.13
249
24.34
276
22.60

70–79
129
33.59
385
45.03
480
46.92
545
44.64

80+
32
8.33
141
16.49
189
18.48
279
22.85

Income

N/A
0
0
95
11.11
77
7.53
74
6.06

Low
92
23.96
171
20.00
193
18.87
253
20.72

Middle
149
38.80
283
33.10
357
34.90
435
35.63

High
143
37.24
306
35.79
396
38.71
459
37.59

Region of residence

Seoul/Incheon
96
25.00
211
24.68
252
24.63
293
24.00

Gyeonggi/Gangwon
84
21.88
187
21.87
240
23.46
314
25.72

Busan/Daegu/Ulsan/Gyeongsang
91
23.70
215
25.15
262
25.61
328
26.86

Daejeon/Sejong/Chungcheong
45
11.72
96
11.23
116
11.34
105
8.60

Gwangju/Jeolla/Jeju
68
17.71
146
17.08
153
14.96
181
14.82

Comorbidities

No
314
81.77
694
81.17
857
83.77
1090
89.27

Yes
70
18.23
161
18.83
166
16.23
131
10.73

Disability grade

None
280
72.92
529
61.87
620
60.61
813
66.58

Mild to moderate (3–6)
59
15.36
189
22.11
249
24.34
323
26.45

Severe (1-2)
45
11.72
137
16.02
154
15.05
85
6.96

Types of antiparkinsonian medications

1-2
219
57.03
531
62.11
632
61.78
764
62.57

3-4
98
25.52
216
25.26
274
26.78
285
23.34

≥5
67
17.45
108
12.63
117
11.44
172
14.09

Levodopa-equivalent dose

<200
69
17.97
165
19.30
195
19.06
234
19.16

≥200, <400
126
32.81
345
40.35
389
38.03
467
38.25

≥400, <600
89
23.18
164
19.18
207
20.23
256
20.97

≥600, <800
46
11.98
70
8.19
105
10.26
118
9.66

≥800
54
14.06
111
12.98
127
12.41
146
11.96

Number of visits

Neurologists
6003
—
12546
—
16895
—
21652
—

Physiatrists
221
—
824
—
2013
—
3550
—

3.2. Rehabilitation Therapy Utilization

Among the patients with PD, 35–40% had claims for PT, 16–19% for OT, and 4–6% for ST. There were no remarkable differences between these rates between the study periods (Figure 1). The number of claims per person for each of the rehabilitation therapies is given in Table 2. While the total number of PT, OT, and ST claims increased gradually throughout the study period, the number of claims per person showed variable results.

Figure 1: Percentages of rehabilitation therapy utilization and number of physiatrist visits in patients with PD.

Table 2: Number of claims for each rehabilitation therapies.

Types of rehabilitation therapies
2004–2006
2007–2009
2010–2012
2013–2015

PT
Complex therapeutic exercise (MM102)
442
747
1226
1380

Isokinetic therapeutic exercise (MM103)
0
10
66
146

Rehabilitative development therapy for disorder of the central nervous system (MM105)
656
1068
2396
3021

Mattress or mobilization training (MM301)
394
724
1298
1502

Gait training (MM302)
705
1075
1795
2639

Total
2197
3624
6781
8688

Per person
14.36
11.69
18.08
20.06

OT
Simple occupational therapy (MM111)
18
60
142
51

Complex occupational therapy (MM112)
1138
1299
2139
2582

Special occupational therapy (MM113)
112
427
756
1462

Activities of daily living training (MM114)
212
362
832
980

Total
1480
2148
3869
5075

Per person
20.85
15.34
20.15
24.28

ST
Rehabilitative dysphagia therapy (MX141)
374
450
766
792

Per person
22
12.16
12.77
14.67

Simple therapeutic exercise (MM101) was excluded in this study because this code serves only 10 minutes of exercise, which is too short for the rehabilitation purpose, and widely used in primary health care service for musculoskeletal problems. PT, physical therapy; OT, occupational therapy; ST, swallowing therapy.

3.3. Rehabilitation Therapy Utilization According to the Patients’ Characteristics

Multivariable logistic regression model analysis of the data from the period of 2013–2015 demonstrated that sex, age, income, disability grade, and LED were significantly associated with rehabilitation therapy utilization in patients with PD (Table 3). Female patients showed higher odds of any rehabilitation therapy (1.668, 95% CI 1.274–2.182) and PT (1.775, 95% CI 1.338–2.301) than the male patients. All of the age groups over 60 years old were more likely to receive any rehabilitation therapy, PT, and OT compared to the age group under 60 years. Patients with PD who were in the age range of 70–79 had the highest odds of receiving rehabilitation therapies (4.053, 95% CI 2.310–7.113 for all types; 4.576, 95% CI 2.557–8.187 for PT; and 3.413, 95% CI 1.635–7.122 for OT) across the age groups. Patients with a high income showed higher odds of receiving any rehabilitation therapy (1.442, 95% CI 1.018–2.045) than those with a low income. Patients who had a disability grade were more likely to receive all types of rehabilitation therapies than patients who did not have a disability grade. Patients with severe disability showed higher odds of receiving therapies than those with mild to moderate disability except OT, for which patients with mild to moderate disability (2.56, 95% CI 1.802–3.635) showed higher odds than those with severe disability (1.8, 95% CI 1.000–3.239). Patients with LED ≥ 800 were more likely to receive all types of rehabilitation therapies than patients with LED < 200.

Table 3: Rehabilitation therapy use according to patients’ characteristics in the period of 2013–2015.

Characteristics
All types
PT
OT
ST

AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI

Sex

Male
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Female
1.668
1.274–2.182
1.755
1.338–2.301
1.214
0.868–1.698
0.894
0.493–1.619

Age (y)

0–59
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

60–69
2.806
1.550–5.077
3.139
1.703–5.785
2.483
1.144–5.391
4.13
0.872–19.550

70–79
4.053
2.310–7.113
4.576
2.557–8.187
3.413
1.635–7.122
3.566
0.782–16.260

80+
3.773
2.068–6.884
4.041
2.172–7.516
3.246
1.475–7.142
2.99
0.585–15.293

Income

Low
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Middle
1.095
0.767–1.565
1.125
0.786–1.610
0.965
0.614–1.516
1.033
0.411–2.598

High
1.442
1.018–2.045
1.412
0.994–2.006
1.219
0.791–1.879
2.066
0.902–4.736

Region of residence

Seoul/Incheon
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Gyeonggi/Gangwon
0.825
0.571–1.192
0.852
0.590–1.237
1.106
0.696–1.757
0.887
0.411–1.913

Busan/Daegu/Ulsan/Gyeongsang
0.921
0.639–1.327
0.954
0.661–1.377
1.27
0.807–1.999
0.465
0.189–1.145

Daejeon/Sejong/Chungcheong
0.879
0.535–1.445
0.904
0.548–1.489
1.034
0.546–1.957
1.117
0.404–3.090

Gwangju/Jeolla/Jeju
0.806
0.525–1.239
0.871
0.566–1.340
0.952
0.546–1.661
0.814
0.315–2.106

Comorbidities

No
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Yes
1.457
0.976–2.175
1.397
0.935–2.087
1.546
0.977–2.446
1.758
0.821–3.767

Disability grade

None
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Mild to moderate (3–6)
2
1.486–2.690
2.079
1.544–2.800
2.56
1.802–3.635
2.453
1.295–4.646

Severe (1-2)
2.939
1.815–4.758
2.738
1.692–4.430
1.8
1.000–3.239
3.078
1.214–7.802

Levodopa-equivalent dose

<200
Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

≥200, <400
1.016
0.703–1.470
1.076
0.741–0.903
0.951
0.581–1.557
2.284
0.638–8.176

≥400, <600
1.338
0.882–2.030
1.376
0.903–2.096
1.234
0.715–2.129
3.103
0.828–11.625

≥600, <800
1.647
0.994–2.730
1.768
1.064–2.940
1.344
0.706–2.560
2.964
0.695–12.642

≥800
4.05
2.484–6.601
3.952
2.423–6.446
3.792
2.174–6.616
9.438
2.601–34.253

PT, physical therapy; OT, occupational therapy; ST, swallowing therapy.

4. Discussion

This is the first study to present the changes in the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization for over a decade in patients with PD. A number of clinical trials [3, 4, 6, 7] and guidelines [12–14] regarding rehabilitation therapies in PD were published during the investigation period. However, there was no remarkable change in the rate of PT, OT, and ST utilization during this period. In addition, the number of claims for rehabilitation therapies per person did not increase among the patients who were eligible for these claims. These findings may suggest that the evidence and recommendations for the use of rehabilitation therapy in patients with PD have not been adequately integrated in to clinical practice in Korea. Because the number of physiatrist visits increased dramatically during the same period, the lack of rehabilitation facilities and experienced therapists might be one of the causes of the lack of change in the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization.

Because the appropriate rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization has not been previously defined, it is not clear whether the utilization rates that were recorded in this study were appropriate or not. The utilization rates of PT and OT in this study were higher than those of a previous claim-based study from the United States. This may be due to the fact that the study period of the two studies was different [18]. In addition, the health care system of Korea is quite different from that of the United States as the NHIS covers almost the entire population. All medical facilities, including private institutions, are obliged to provide medical services to NHI subscribers [24]. Conversely, the utilization rate of PT during the 2013–2015 period in this study was around 60% of the rate that was reported in the Netherlands during the same period [17]. Because the Netherlands has developed a specialized care delivery system for patients with PD, the utilization rates in this study do not appear to be optimal. Our study demonstrated that more than 60% and 80% of patients received no PT and OT, respectively, during the 3-year period. Considering the lack of community-based Parkinson’s programs in Korea, it could be better for patients with PD to encourage the use of rehabilitation therapy.

The medical costs of the rehabilitation therapies that are required for patients with PD is relatively low in Korea, due to the NHIS and the registration program for rare intractable diseases. Nevertheless, the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization was significantly lower in low-income patients than in high-income patients. In addition, the utilization of speech therapy was not investigated in this study because it is not covered by the NIHS in Korea. The utilization rate of ST in this study was 4–6%, which is much lower than the utilization rate of speech therapy that has been reported in the United States [18]. The utilization rate of speech therapy is estimated to be very low because patients are required to pay the total cost for speech therapy and because specialized programs for PD, such as the Lee Silverman voice treatment [25], tend to not be available in the majority of clinics in Korea. Therefore, a specialized care delivery system and welfare program for patients with PD is needed to prevent the restriction of the appropriate use of rehabilitation therapies due to medical expenses. Another factor that should be considered is the higher rates of rehabilitation therapy use that were observed in women than in men. One of the causes for this result may be the gender differences in the utilization of health care services in general [26]. The differences in some motor and nonmotor features between men and women with PD may also contribute to the observed difference in the utilization rates [27–29]. These gender differences need to be considered to provide adequate rehabilitation for patients with PD.

The differences in the utilization rates according to age, disability grade, and LED seem to reflect the disease severity of PD. The odds of rehabilitation therapy utilization according to the age groups reached a peak in the 70–79 age range and then slightly decreased above 80 years of age. This may be a natural reduction due to aging and disease progression. Unlike other therapies, OT appeared to be utilized more in patients with mild to moderate disability than those with severe disability. This seems to be a reasonable result reflecting the nature and necessity of OT in the improvement and maintenance of independent activities of daily living.

Because this study is a retrospective analysis of medical claim data, some information might be inaccurate. Fortunately, we were able to identify the cases based on the registration code for rare intractable diseases including PD in this study. The accuracy of the case identification of this study could be verified because the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service in Korea reviews the medical record of each individual at the first registration and verifies the accuracy and reliability of PD diagnosis. However, the information regarding comorbidities, disability grade, and the doses of antiparkinsonian medication may include some errors, such as coding errors, misdiagnosis, and the absence of some medication codes. An additional limitation of this study is that it is difficult to generalize the study results to other countries because the results reflect the specific health care system and socioeconomic situation of Korea. However, the changes over the past decade and the factors that influence the use of rehabilitation therapies may be useful in providing appropriate rehabilitation for patients with PD. In addition, our data will allow comparisons to be made of the status of each country in the rehabilitation of PD.

5. Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the rate of rehabilitation therapy utilization did not change remarkably in patients with PD from 2004 to 2015 in Korea, based on the analysis of medical claims data, although the number of physiatrist visits increased dramatically. The present evidence and guidelines may have not been adequately integrated into clinical practice during the period of study. Additional efforts, such as the education of medical professionals, specialized care delivery systems, and welfare programs, may be warranted to provide adequate rehabilitation therapies for patients with PD in clinical practice. The gender differences in these patients should also be considered.

Data Availability

The National Health Insurance Sharing Service provides the original data used in this study (https://nhiss.nhis.or.kr/bd/ab/bdaba011eng.do). The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table: list of antiparkinsonian medications mentioned in the present study. Classification, generic name, and generic code are presented. (Supplementary Materials)

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