Physics Research InternationalVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 762798, 9 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/762798

Research Article

Microscopic Theory of Multipole Ordering in -Electron Systems

Takashi Hotta1,2

¹Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan²Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan

Received 31 August 2011; Accepted 2 February 2012

Academic Editor: Vladimir Shavrov

Copyright © 2012 Takashi Hotta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A microscopic framework to determine multipole ordering in -electron systems is provided on the basis of the standard quantum field theory. For the construction of the framework, a seven-orbital Hubbard Hamiltonian with strong spin-orbit coupling is adopted as a prototype model. A type of multipole and ordering vector is determined from the divergence of multipole susceptibility, which is evaluated in a random phase approximation. As an example of the application of the present framework, a multipole phase diagram on a three-dimensional simple cubic lattice is discussed for the case of , where n denotes the average -electron number per site. Finally, future problems concerning multipole ordering and fluctuations are briefly discussed.

1. Introduction

Recently, complex magnetism in rare-earth and actinide compounds has attracted much attention in the research field of condensed matter physics [1–3]. Since in general, spin-orbit coupling between electrons in and orbitals is strong, spin and orbital degrees of freedom are tightly coupled in -electron materials. Thus, when we attempt to discuss magnetic ordering in -electron systems, it is necessary to consider the ordering of spin-orbital complex degrees of freedom, that is, multipole. In fact, ordering of higher-rank multipole has been actively investigated both from experimental and theoretical sides in the research field of strongly correlated -electron systems [2, 3]. Moreover, due to recent remarkable developments in experimental techniques and measurements, nowadays it has been possible to detect directly and/or indirectly the multipole ordering. Note, however, that only spin degree of freedom often remains, when orbital degeneracy is lifted, for instance, due to the effect of crystal structure with low symmetry. In order to promote the research of multipole phenomena, -electron compounds crystallizing in the cubic structure with high symmetry are quite important. For instance, octupole ordering has been discussed in the phase IV of [4] and NpO₂ [3, 5–8] with cubic structure. As for NpO₂, recently, a possibility of dotriacontapole ordering has been also pointed out [9, 10].

Here we emphasize that the study of multipole phenomena has been activated due to the focusing research of filled skutterudite compounds with lanthanide Ln, transition metal atom T, and pnictogen X [11]. Since these compounds crystallize in the cubic structure of point group, they have provided us an ideal stage for the research of multipole physics. Furthermore, many isostructural materials with different kinds of rare-earth and actinide ions have been successfully synthesized, leading to the development of systematic research on multipole ordering. In fact, recent experiments in close cooperation with phenomenological theory have revealed that multipole ordering frequently appears in filled skutterudites. For instance, a rich phase diagram of with field-induced quadrupole order has been unveiled experimentally and theoretically [12–14]. Furthermore, antiferro--type higher multipole order [2] has been discussed for [15, 16] and [17–19].

Now we turn our attention to theoretical research on multipole order. Thus far, theory of multipole ordering has been developed mainly from a phenomenological viewpoint on the basis of an LS coupling scheme for multi--electron state. It is true that several experimental results have been explained by those theoretical studies, but we believe that it is also important to promote microscopic approach for understanding of multipole phenomena in parallel with phenomenological research. Based on this belief, the present author has developed a microscopic theory for multipole-related phenomena with the use of a - coupling scheme [1, 20–22]. In particular, octupole ordering in NpO₂ has been clarified by the evaluation of multipole interaction with the use of the standard perturbation method in terms of electron hopping [6–8, 23]. We have also discussed possible multipole states of filled skutterudites by analyzing multipole susceptibility of a multiorbital Anderson model based on the - coupling scheme [24–29].

On the other hand, it is still difficult to understand intuitively the physical meaning of multipole degree of freedom due to the mathematically complicated form of multipole operator defined by using total angular momentum. As mentioned above, multipole is considered to be spin-orbital complex degree of freedom. In this sense, it seems to be natural to regard multipole as anisotropic spin-charge density. This point has been emphasized in the visualization of multipole order [6–8, 23]. Then, we have defined multipole as spin-charge density in the form of one-body operator from the viewpoint of multipole expansion of electromagnetic potential from charge distribution in electromagnetism [30, 31]. Due to the definition of multipole in the form of one-electron spin-charge density operator, it has been possible to discuss unambiguously multipole state by evaluating multipole susceptibility even for heavy rare-earth compounds with large total angular momentum [30].

As for the determination of the multipole state, we have proposed to use the optimization of multipole susceptibility on the basis of the standard linear response theory. We have analyzed an impurity Anderson model including seven orbitals with the use of the numerical renormalization group technique and checked the effectiveness of the microscopic model on the basis of the - coupling scheme for the description of multipoles. We have also shown the result for multipole susceptibility of several kinds of filled skutterudite compounds. With the use of the seven-orbital Anderson model, we have discussed field-induced multipole phenomena in Sm-based filled skutterudites, [32] multipole Kondo effect, [33] and multipole state of Yb- and Tm-based filled skutterudites [34]. We have also discussed possible multipole state in transuranium systems such as AmO₂ [35] and magnetic behavior of CmO₂ [36].

From our previous investigations on the basis of the multiorbital Anderson model, it has been clarified that the multipole can be treated as spin-orbital complex degree of freedom in the one-electron operator form. However, in order to discuss the ordering of multipole, it is necessary to consider a periodic system including seven orbitals per atomic site with strong spin-orbit coupling. The validity of the model on the basis of the - coupling scheme can be also checked by such consideration. Namely, for the steady promotion of multipole physics, it is highly expected to treat the multipole ordering in a seven-orbital periodic model by overcoming a heavy task to solve the model including 14 states per atomic site.

In this paper, we define a seven-orbital Hubbard model with strong spin-orbit coupling and explain a procedure to define the multipole ordering by the divergence of multipole susceptibility from a microscopic viewpoint. For the evaluation of multipole susceptibility, we introduce a random phase approximation. In principle, we can treat all the cases for on the same footing, but here we focus on the case of corresponding to Pr and U compounds. As a typical example of the present procedure, we show a phase diagram including quadrupole ordering in a three-dimensional simple cubic lattice. Finally, we also discuss some future problems such as superconductivity induced by multipole fluctuations near the multipole phase.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we explain each part of the seven-orbital Hubbard model with strong spin-orbit coupling. For the reference of readers, we show the list of hopping integrals among -orbitals along , , and -axes through , , , and bonds. In Section 3, we define the multipole operator as the complex spin-charge degree of freedom in the one-electron form. Then, we explain a scheme to determine the multipole ordering from the multipole susceptibility. Here we use a random phase approximation for the evaluation of the multipole susceptibility. In Section 4, we show the results for the case of in a three-dimensional simple cubic lattice. We discuss the phase diagram of the multipole ordering. In Section 5, we discuss some future problems and summarize this paper. Throughout this paper, we use such units as .

2. Model Hamiltonian

The model Hamiltonian is split into two parts as where denotes a kinetic term and is a local part for potential and interaction. The latter term is further given by where is a spin-orbit coupling term, indicates crystalline electric field (CEF) potential term, and denotes Coulomb interaction term. We explain each term in the following.

2.1. Local -Electron Term

Among the three terms of , the spin-orbit coupling part is given by where is an annihilation operator of -electron at site , (−1) for up (down) spin, is the -component of angular momentum , is the spin-orbit interaction, and the matrix elements are expressed by and zero for other cases.

Next we consider the CEF term, which is expressed as where is the CEF potential for electrons from the ligand ions, which is determined from the table of Hutchings for angular momentum [37]. For the cubic structure with symmetry, is expressed by using three CEF parameters, and , as Note the relation of . Following the traditional notation [38], we define where determines an energy scale for the CEF potential, specifies the CEF scheme for point group, and and for .

Finally, the Coulomb interaction term is given by where the Coulomb integral is expressed by Here is the Slater-Condon parameter and is the Gaunt coefficient which is tabulated in the standard textbooks of quantum mechanics [39]. Note that the sum is limited by the Wigner-Eckart theorem to , 2, 4, and 6. The Slater-Condon parameters should be determined for the material from the experimental results, but in this paper, for a purely theoretical purpose, we set the ratio among the Slater-Condon parameters as physically reasonable values, given by Note that is considered to indicate the scale of Hund’s rule interaction among orbitals.

2.2. Kinetic Term

Next we consider the kinetic term of electrons. When we discuss magnetic properties of -electron materials as well as the formation of heavy quasiparticles, it is necessary to include simultaneously both conduction electrons with wide bandwidth and electrons with narrow bandwidth, since the hybridization is essentially important for the formation of heavy quasiparticles. In this sense, it is more realistic to construct orbital-degenerate periodic Anderson model for the theory of multipole ordering in heavy-electron systems.

However, if we set the starting point of the discussion in the periodic Anderson model, the calculations for multipole susceptibility will be very complicated. Thus, we determine our mind to split the problem into two steps: namely, first we treat the formation of heavy quasiparticles and then, we discuss the effective model for such heavy quasiparticles. If we correctly include the symmetry of -electron orbital, we believe that it is possible to grasp qualitatively correct points concerning the multipole ordering by using an effective kinetic term for electrons.

Based on the above belief, we consider the effective kinetic term in a tight-binding approximation for electrons. Then, is expressed as where indicates the -electron hopping between - and -orbitals of adjacent atoms along the direction. The hopping amplitudes are obtained from the table of Slater-Koster integrals, [40–42] but, for convenience, here we show explicitly on the three-dimensional cubic lattice.

The hopping integrals along the -axis are given in quite simple forms as and zeros for other cases. Here denotes the Slater-Koster integral through bond between nearest neighbor sites. Note that the above equations are closely related to the definitions of , ), , and .

On the other hand, hopping integrals along the - and -axes are given by the linear combination of , ), , and . We express as where the coefficient indicates the two-center integral along direction between and orbitals and runs among , , , and . In Table 1, we show the values of . Other components are zeros unless they are obtained with the use of relation of .

Table 1: Coefficients along the x- and y-axes between f orbitals of nearest neighbor sites. Note that in double signs, the upper and lower signs correspond to the value along the x- and y-axes, respectively.

−3
−3

−3
−1

−3
1

−3
3

−2
−2
0

−2
0
0

0

−2
2
0

−1
−1

−1
1

0
0
0

0

By using the experimental results concerning the Fermi-surface sheets for actual materials, it is possible to determine the Slater-Koster parameters, , ), , and , so as to reproduce the experimental results. Namely, the hopping integrals should be effective ones for quasiparticles, as mentioned above. Here it is important to include correctly the symmetry of local orbitals in the evaluation of hopping amplitudes, although the whole energy scale will be adjusted by experimental results and band-structure calculations.

3. Multipole Ordering

In order to discuss the multipole ordered phase from the itinerant side, we evaluate the multipole susceptibility by following the standard quantum field theory. The multipole susceptibility is defined by where denotes the multipole operator with momentum , is the boson Matsubara frequency with an integer , is a temperature, , and indicates the thermal average by using . In the following, we introduce the multipole operator and explain a method to evaluate the susceptibility.

3.1. Multipole Operator

In any case, first it is necessary to define multipole. As for the definition of multipole, readers should consult with [30, 31], but here we briefly explain the definition in order to make this paper self-contained. We define in the one-electron density-operator form as where denotes the rank of multipole, indicates the irreducible representation for cubic point group, and indicates the cubic tensor operator, expressed in the second-quantized form as Here the matrix elements of the coefficient are calculated from the Wigner-Eckert theorem as [43] where , , , runs between and , runs between and , is the transformation matrix between spherical and cubic harmonics, denotes the Clebsch-Gordan coefficient, and is the reduced matrix element for spherical tensor operator, given by Note that and the highest rank is . When we define multipoles as tensor operators in the space of total angular momentum on the basis of the LS coupling scheme, there appear multipoles with for the cases of , that is, for and , where is local -electron number. If we need such higher-rank multipoles with , it is necessary to consider many-body operators beyond the present one-body definition.

Note that when we express the multipole moment as (16) and (17), we normalize each multipole operator so as to satisfy the orthonormal condition [44] where denotes the Kronecker’s delta.

3.2. Multipole Susceptibility

Now we move to the evaluation of multipole susceptibility. In order to determine the coefficient in (15), it is necessary to calculate the multipole susceptibility in the linear response theory. The multipole susceptibility is expressed as where the susceptibility matrix is given by Then, and are determined by the maximum eigenvalue and the corresponding normalized eigenstate of the susceptibility matrix equation (21).

In order to calculate actually the multipole susceptibility, it is necessary to introduce an appropriate approximation. In this paper, we use a random phase approximation (RPA) for the evaluation of multipole susceptibility. For the purpose, we redivide the Hamiltonian into two parts as where indicates the one-electron part given by and is the interaction part, which is just equal to in the present case. Then, we consider the perturbation expansion in terms of the Coulomb interaction.

The susceptibility diagrams are shown in Figure 1 and they are expressed in a compact matrix form as where and are, respectively, given by and the dynamical susceptibility is given by Here is the one-electron Green’s function defined by the noninteracting part .

Figure 1: Feynman diagrams for multipole susceptibility in the RPA. The solid curve and broken line denote the noninteracting Green’s function and Coulomb interaction, respectively.

In order to determine the multipole ordering, it is necessary to detect the divergence of at . We cannot evaluate the susceptibility just at a diverging point, but we find such a critical point by the extrapolation of as a function of , where indicates the energy scale of the Slater-Condon parameters and denotes the maximum eigenvalue of susceptibility matrix equation (21) for . When we increase the magnitude of , is gradually decreased from the value in the weak-coupling limit. In actual calculations, we terminate the calculation when arrives at a value in the order of unity. By using the calculated values of , we make an extrapolation of as a function of . Then, we find a critical value of at which becomes zero. As for the type of multipole and ordering vector in the ordered phase, we extract such information from the eignevectors of the susceptibility matrix corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue. By performing the above calculations, it is possible to find the multipole ordered phase from a microscopic viewpoint in principle.

4. Results

In the previous sections, we have explained the model Hamiltonian and the procedure to determine the type of multipole ordering. We believe that the present procedure can be applied to actual materials, but there are so many kinds of materials and multipole phenomena. Here we show the calculated results for the case of concerning non-Kramers quadrupole ordering, in order to see how the present procedure works. The results for actual materials will be discussed elsewhere.

4.1. CEF States

First we discuss the local CEF states in order to determine the CEF parameter. We consider the case of corresponding to and ions. Since we discuss the local electron state, the energy unit is taken as . As for the spin-orbit coupling, here we take . Concerning the value of , it should be smaller than and we set as .

In Figure 2, we show the CEF energies as functions of . As easily understood from the discussion in the coupling scheme, the ground state multiplet for is characterized by , where is total angular momentum given by with angular momentum and spin momentum . For , we find and from the Hund’s rules and, thus, we obtain . Due to the effect of cubic CEF, the nonet of is split into four groups as singlet, non-Kramers doublet, triplet, and triplet. In the present diagonalization of , we find such CEF states, as shown in Figure 2. When we compare this CEF energy diagram with that of the LS coupling scheme [38], we find that the shape of curves and the magnitude of excitation energy are different with each other. However, from the viewpoint of symmetry, the structure of the low-energy states is not changed between the LS and - coupling schemes [1]. Since we are interested in a possibility of quadrupole ordering, we choose the value of as in the following.

Figure 2: CEF energy levels obtained by the diagonalization of for and with , , and .

4.2. Energy Bands

Next we consider the band structure obtained by the diagonalization of . As for the Slater-Koster integrals, it is one way to determine them so as to reproduce the Fermi-surface sheets of actual materials, but here we determine them from a theoretical viewpoint as where indicates the magnitude of hopping amplitude. The size of should be determined by the quasi-particle bandwidth, but here we simply treat it as an energy unit.

In Figure 3, we depict the eigen energies of along the lines connecting some symmetric points in the first Brillouin zone. As for the spin-orbit coupling and CEF parameters, we set and . First we note that there exist seven bands and each band has double degeneracy due to time-reversal symmetry, which is distinguished by pseudospin. Since the magnitude of is not so large, we do not observe a clear splitting between octet and sextet bands. Around at point, we find that sextet is split into two groups, doublet and quartet. Here we note that the energy of quartet is lower than that of . Since the has orbital degeneracy, it becomes an origin of the formation of non-Kramers doublet, when we accommodate a couple of electrons per site.

Figure 3: Energy band structure obtained by the diagonalization of for , , , , , and . Note that we show the eigen energies along the lines of .

Note that the Fermi level is denoted by a horizontal line, which is determined by the condition of , where is the average electron number per site. When we pay our attention to the band near the Fermi level, we find that the orbital degeneracy exists in the bands on the Fermi surface. For instance, we see the degenerate bands on the Fermi surface around the point. Such orbital degeneracy in the momentum space is considered to be a possible source of quadrupole ordering, which will be discussed in the next subsection. Finally, in the present case, we expect the appearance of the large-volume Fermi surface as well as the small-size pocket-like Fermi surface. Such mixture of the Fermi surface sheets with different topology may be an important issue for the appearance of higher-rank multipole ordering.

4.3. Phase Diagram

Now we show the phase diagram of the multipole state. First it is necessary to calculate the susceptibility equation (25) at . As for the momentum , we divide the first Brillouin zone into meshes. Concerning the momentum integration in (25), we exploit the Gauss-Legendre quadrature with due care. At low temperatures such as , it seems to be enough to divide the range between and into 60 segments along each direction axis. As found in (25), has components in the spin-orbital space, but it is not necessary to calculate all the components due to the symmetry argument. We have checked that it is enough to evaluate 1586 components of .

We set the parameters as , , , , , , , and . Note that the ratio among the Slater-Condon parameters is the same as that in Figure 2. We also note that the hopping amplitude is relatively large compared with local potential and interactions, since we consider the multipole ordering from the itinerant side. Here we emphasize that our framework actually works for the microscopic discussion on the multipole ordering. A way to determine more realistic parameters in the model will be discussed elsewhere.

By changing the values of temperature , we depict the phase diagram in the plane of and . Note that corresponds to the typical magnitude of multipole-multipole interaction between nearest neighbor sites. As naively understood, when the temperature is increased, larger value of is needed to obtain the ordered state. Then, the phase diagram is shown in Figure 4. We evaluate the maximum eigenvalue of the multipole susceptibility by increasing . One may think that the magnitude of in Figure 4 is too small to obtain reasonable results in the RPA calculations. Here we note that the total bandwidth of the seven-orbital system is in the order of , as shown in Figure 3. Namely, the critical value of the interaction at low enough temperatures is considered to be in the order of the total bandwidth. In this sense, we consider that the value of in Figure 4 is small for the RPA calculations. Note also that when the temperature is increased, the magnitude of noninteracting susceptibility is totally suppressed, leading to the enhancement of . Thus, is decreased when is increased, as observed in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Phase diagram of the multipole ordering for on the three-dimensional simple cubic lattice.

At low temperatures as , we obtain that the maximum eigen value of susceptibility matrix is characterized by the multipole with symmetry and the ordering vector . The component of the multipole depends on the temperature, but the of the optimized multipole is rank 2 (quadrupole). Others are rank 4 (hexadecapole) and rank 6 (tetrahexacontapole) components, which are about . Note again that the multipoles with the same symmetry are mixed in general, even if the rank of the multipole is different. Namely, quadrupole is the main component, while hexadecapole and tetrahexacontapole are included with significant amounts. Note also that the phase diagram is shown only in the region of , but the boundary curve approaches the line of . Since the case with very large is unrealistic, we do not pay our attention to the phase for , although we can continue the calculation in such higher temperature region.

When we increase the temperature, the magnetic phase is observed for . The main component is dipole and the ordering vector is . Note that the susceptibility for multipole moment does not mean magnetic susceptibility, which is evaluated by the response of magnetic moment , that is, . At , admixture of the multipole is as follows: rank 1 (dipole) , rank 3 (octupole) , rank 5 (dotriacontapole) , and rank 7 (octacosahectapole) . The amounts are changed by the temperature, but the main component is always dipole. We have found the low-temperature antiferroquadrupole state and the high-temperature ferromagnetic phase. Such a combination of nonmagnetic and magnetic phases can be observed in other parameter sets including quadrupole ordering.

5. Discussion and Summary

We have constructed the microscopic framework to discuss the multipole ordering due to the evaluation of multipole susceptibility in -electron systems on the basis of the seven-orbital Hubbard model with strong spin-orbit coupling. For the evaluation of multipole susceptibility, we have used the RPA and found the critical point from . As an example of the present scheme, we have shown the results for the case of concerning quadrupole ordering on the three-dimensional simple cubic lattice. If we specify the lattice structure and determine the hopping parameter from the comparison with the experimental results on the Fermi-surface sheets, in principle, it is possible to determine the type of multipole ordering with the use of appropriate local CEF parameters and Coulomb interactions.

Although the microscopic theory of multipole ordering has been proposed, it is necessary to elaborate the present scheme both from theoretical and experimental viewpoints. In order to enhance the effectiveness of the present procedure, we should increase the applicability of the theory. For instance, we have not considered at all the sublattice structure in this paper, but in actuality, the staggered-type multipole ordering has been observed. In order to reproduce the structure, it is necessary to maximize the multipole susceptibility by taking into account the sublattice structure. It is one of future problems from a theoretical viewpoint.

It is also highly expected that the present scheme should be applied to actual materials in order to explain the origin of multipole ordering. For instance, it is interesting to seek for the origin of peculiar incommensurate quadrupole ordering observed in PrPb₃ [45]. At the first glance, it seems to be quite difficult to explain the origin of the quadrupole ordering with the ordering vector of with . However, if we use the present scheme, it may be possible to find a solution in a systematic way. Another issue is the revisit to octupole and higher-rank multipole ordering in NpO₂. The significant amount of dotriacontapole component may be understood naturally in the present scheme.

Another interesting future problem is the emergence of superconductivity near the multipole ordered phase. It has been widely accepted that anisotropic -wave superconductivity appears in the vicinity of the antiferromagnetic phase, as observed in several kinds of strongly correlated electron materials. In general, near the quantum phase transition, anisotropic superconducting pairs are formed due to the effect of quantum critical fluctuations. Thus, also in the vicinity of multipole ordering, superconductivity is generally expected to occur. Even from purely theoretical interest, it is worthwhile to investigate superconductivity near the antiferroquadrupole phase in Figure 4. When we turn our attention to actual material, in , superconductivity has been observed and quadrupole fluctuations have been considered to play some roles [46]. Within the RPA, it is possible to discuss the appearance of superconductivity in the vicinity of quadrupole ordering in the present scheme. It is another future problem.

In summary, we have proposed the prescription to determine the type of multipole ordering from a microscopic viewpoint on the basis of the seven-orbital Hubbard model. The multipole susceptibility has been obtained in the RPA and the quadrupole ordering has been actually discussed in a way similar to that for the spin ordering in the single-orbital Hubbard model. The application to actual -electron materials will be discussed elsewhere, but we believe that the present scheme is useful to consider the origin of multipole ordering. In addition, a possibility of superconductivity near the multipole ordering is an interesting future problem.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks K. Ueda for discussions on heavy-electron systems. This work has been supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Heavy Electrons’’ (no. 20102008) of The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. The computation in this work has been partly done with the use of the facilities of the Supercomputer Center of Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo.

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