Shock and Vibration
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 2431813, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2431813

Research Article

Experimental Study on the Behavior of X-Section Pile Subjected to Cyclic Axial Load in Sand

Yiwei Lu,1,2,3 Hanlong Liu,1,2,4 Changjie Zheng,⁴ and Xuanming Ding⁴

¹School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
²Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
³School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
⁴School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yiwei Lu; luyiweicn@163.com

Received 13 August 2017; Revised 19 November 2017; Accepted 4 December 2017; Published 19 December 2017

Academic Editor: Lutz Auersch

Copyright © 2017 Yiwei Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

X-section cast-in-place concrete pile is a new type of foundation reinforcement technique featured by the X-shaped cross-section. Compared with a traditional circular pile, an X-section pile with the same cross-sectional area has larger side resistance due to its larger cross-sectional perimeter. The behavior of static loaded X-section pile has been extensively reported, while little attention has been paid to the dynamic characteristics of X-section pile. This paper introduced a large-scale model test for an X-section pile and a circular pile with the same cross-sectional area subjected to cyclic axial load in sand. The experimental results demonstrated that cyclic axial load contributed to the degradation of shaft friction and pile head stiffness. The dynamic responses of X-section pile were determined by loading frequency and loading amplitude. Furthermore, comparative analysis between the X-section pile and the circular pile revealed that the X-section pile can improve the shaft friction and reduce the cumulative settlement under cyclic loading. Static load test was carried out prior to the vibration tests to investigate the ultimate bearing capacity of test piles. This study was expected to provide a reasonable reference for further studies on the dynamic responses of X-section piles in practical engineering.

1. Introduction

Pile foundations have been widely used in soft soil reinforcement, which are often exposed to dynamics loads such as traffic loads, machine-induced vibrations, and ocean waves, in addition to static loads. In recent years, X-section cast-in-place concrete pile, a new type of shaped pile, has been implemented in several projects in China, such as a sewage treatment plant in the north of Nanjing [1] and a linkage section between the highway and the Fourth Bridge over the Yangtze River [2]. The utilizations of X-section pile in those projects have contributed to cost reduction by more than 20%. Figure 1 shows the cross-section of a constructed X-section pile. The three cross-sectional parameters, namely, , , and , are denoted as the open arc spacing, the cross-sectional radius, and the open arc, respectively.

Figure 1: Cross-section of a constructed X-section pile.

Many scholars have investigated the dynamic responses of piles subjected to cyclic axial load, for example, [3]. Shaft friction was observed to decrease remarkably under cyclic axial loading [4, 5], which has commonly been referred to as friction fatigue [6]. Randolph [7] attributed the friction fatigue to the compression of the surrounding soil under cyclic shearing action. A series of centrifuge tests on instrumented displacement piles showed that cyclic loading resulted in a progressive reduction in the stationary horizontal effective stress acting on the pile shaft [8, 9]. D’Aguiar et al. [10] illustrated the underlying mechanisms of shaft friction degradation using numerical method. In addition, a gradual decrease in cyclic stiffness of the pile could be observed with increasing numbers of cycles and increasing cyclic load level [11]. The accumulation of permanent displacement of the pile under cyclic axial loading has been studied in model tests, whose results demonstrated that accumulated settlement depended on the load level more than the number of cycles [12]. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between nondimensional accumulated settlement of the pile on soft rock and the number of cycles when they were plotted in log-log coordinates [13]. Field tests were reported to study the bearing characteristics of pile foundations under long-term cyclic loading, and formulas of accumulative displacement relying on the rate of loading and the number of cycles were proposed [14, 15]. Manna and Baidya [16, 17] conducted several full-scale pile tests to investigate the frequency-amplitude responses and the peak displacement amplitude of single pile and pile foundations, and comparison with Novak’s solution showed that Novak’s model overestimated both the natural frequency and resonant amplitude of the full-scale pile responses due to complex field condition [18]. Li et al. [19] used centrifuge modelling of single piles and pile groups to compare the dynamic responses of piles with different installation methods. Nevertheless, in most cases traditional circular piles were used, and the dynamic characteristics of shaped pile are still not well understood due to insufficient test data.

The X-section pile, as a special cross-sectional pile, can enhance the bearing capacity by enlarging the pile perimeter and altering the load transfer mechanism. Comparative studies between an X-section pile and a circular pile with the same cross-sectional area under static load indicated the advantages of X-section pile in side resistance [20, 21]. Kong et al. [22] proposed the dependence of the bearing capacity of X-section pile groups on the stiffness of pile end soil, pile modulus, and friction coefficient of pile-soil interface. Furthermore, experimental and numerical solutions have been conducted to demonstrate the load transfer mechanism of X-section pile foundation [23–25].

Previous studies on X-section pile primarily focused on the bearing characteristics such as the loading-settlement relationship, the axial force, and the load transfer mechanism under static load. However, the dynamic characteristics of X-section pile are still not well understood. This paper introduced a large-scale model test for an X-section pile and a circular pile with the same cross-sectional area subjected to cyclic axial load in sand. Dynamic responses of X-section pile under cyclic axial loading were presented. Moreover, comparative analysis between the X-section pile and the circular pile was conducted as well.

2. Large-Scale Model Test

2.1. Test Apparatus

The large-scale dynamic model test was conducted in a concrete chamber, which was 4 m × 5 m in the plane view and 7 m in depth. At the top of the chamber, the reaction beams were fabricated and mounted. A dynamic servo actuator was fixed to the reaction beams to apply load.

2.2. Model Piles

An X-section pile and a circular pile with the same cross-sectional area were used in the model tests. The test piles were constructed using typical C25 concrete. All the dimensions of the test piles are detailed in Table 1.

Table 1: Dimensions of test piles.

X-section pile
Circular pile

Embedded length (m)
3
3

Cross-sectional area (m²)
0.1425
0.1425

Cross-sectional perimeter (m)
1.76
1.34

(m)
0.53
-

(m)
0.11
-

(°)
90
-

Diameter (m)
-
0.426

The test piles were instrumented with load cells to record axial forces at pile head and base separately. Additionally, strain gauges were placed on the side surface of the pile shaft to measure axial shaft force. The vertical displacement and velocity of the pile head were recorded with displacement sensor and velocity pickup mounted on the carrier plate of the servo actuator, respectively. In order to reduce the impact of side effect, lubricated latex membrane was labeled to the inner surface of the chamber. The test plans including the position of test piles and the assembled package for the model tests are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the model test. (1) Reaction beams; (2) dynamic servo actuator; (3) test pile; (4) carrier plate; (5) lubricated latex membrane; (6) load cell; (7) strain gauge; (8) velocity pickup; (9) displacement sensor.

2.3. Sand

Silica sand from Jianye District, Nanjing, China, was used in the tests, herein referred to as Nanjing Sand. Before applying load at the pile head, undisturbed sand samples were collected from the chamber for laboratory tests. In addition, static cone penetration test (CPT) was carried out, and the corresponding results are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Result of CPT test.

Detailed laboratory test results are summarized in Table 2. Cohesion of sand was determined by both unconfined compression tests and triaxial tests. Friction angle of sand was determined by direct shear tests. In addition, grain size analyses (combined sieve and hydrometer analysis) were performed on the selected sand samples to get the particle size distribution. Coefficients of uniformity and curvature were identified to be 2.31 and 1.07, respectively, indicating well-graded sand. The curve of sand gravel test is shown in Figure 4.

Table 2: Material parameters of the sand.

Natural density (g/cm³)
Natural moisture content (%)
Minimal dry density (g/cm³)
Maximal dry density (g/cm³)
Specific gravity

1.31
8.3
1.15
1.73
2.65

Figure 4: Curve of sand gravel test.

Sand was pluviated into the concrete chamber by layers, followed by compaction with hand-held vibrating compactor. To achieve the intended dry density, compaction scheme was determined in advance through compaction tests. Then physical and mechanical tests were carried out at the site to check the filling quality. Finally, the range of dry density produced by this procedure was found to be 1.53~1.57 g/cm³, which met the intended dry density, and the relative density was about 0.76~0.80. This range of density corresponded to “dense” sand. Other physical and mechanical parameters of the sand are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Physical and mechanical parameters of sand with regulated dry density.

Regulated dry density (g/cm³)
Cohesive force (kPa)
Internal friction angle (°)

1.56
1.42
30.6

2.4. Test Program

The load was applied by means of computerized controlled servo actuator taking reaction against a carrier plate. Vibration tests were conducted after static pile load test. Load-controlled cyclic load was applied at the pile head in the vibration tests. The value of the cyclic load was given by

where is the cyclic load applied at the pile head, is the static load, is the amplitude of the cyclic load, is the loading frequency, and is the cyclic period. Uniform test program was carried out on the X-section pile and the circular pile. All values used in the vibration tests are listed in Table 4.

Table 4: Vibration tests information.

Test number
/kN
/kN
/kN
f/Hz

35
10
30~40
1

35
10
30~40
2

35
10
30~40
3

35
10
30~40
4

35
10
30~40
5

55
10
50~60
2

55
20
45~65
2

55
30
40~70
2

3. Static Pile Load Test

Static pile load test was carried out to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of test piles prior to vibration tests. According to Chinese Technical Code for Testing of Building Foundation (JGJ106-2014) [26], stability criterion of settlement and termination condition under multistage loading were confirmed in the static pile load test. When static load was within 100 kN, load increment was 10 kN in each stage. Comparably, the load increment became 5 kN once static load exceeded 100 kN. Assuming that and denote the static load and the accumulative settlement of pile head, respectively, ultimate bearing capacity could be determined by the curve of and the curve of . The load-settlement relationships of the X-section pile and the circular pile are presented in Figures 5 and 6. Each stage of load was maintained till the rate of settlement became negligibly small. It could be seen that the slope of the load-settlement curve for circular pile turned steep when the static load reached 105 kN, which was regarded as the ultimate bearing capacity of the circular pile. However, there seemed to be no apparent bending point on the curve of the X-section pile, and hence its ultimate bearing capacity should be comprehensively identified by the curve of and the curve of : According to the curve of , the value of the load corresponding to the second bending point, where the slope of curve sharply increased, was regarded as the ultimate bearing capacity; the value of the applied load corresponding to the settlement of 10% pile diameter was generally considered as the ultimate bearing capacity. However, given the pile length, the value of the load corresponding to the settlement of 0.04 m was regarded as the ultimate bearing capacity here. Finally, it was noted that the ultimate bearing capacity of the X-section pile in sand () was 140 kN, while the corresponding ultimate accumulative settlement () was 39.18 mm. Therefore, it could be inferred that the X-section pile had better bearing capacity than circular pile under static load, as verified in preliminary research [20, 21].

Figure 5: Load-settlement curves (curves of ).

Figure 6: Curves of .

4. Vibration Test Results

Cyclic axial loading at pile head resulted in particle redistribution and plastic deformation in the surrounding soil [5, 27]. The observed settlement at pile head reflected this process on the macro level. Figure 7 presents the cumulative settlement of X-section pile with the load amplitude of 10 kN for variable loading frequencies. Larger cumulative settlement could be seen in the tests with larger loading frequency. There were few settlements measured with the loading frequency of 1 Hz over 5000 cycles. When the loading frequency reached 5 Hz, severe settlement was observed, which indicated that the applied load was beyond the bearing capacity of the test pile.

Figure 7: Cumulative settlement of X-section pile with variable loading frequencies.

Cumulative settlement of X-section pile under variable loading amplitudes is presented in Figure 8. It could be observed that settling rate increased with the increasing of cyclic load amplitude. Over 5000 cycles, the cumulative settlements at pile head were 1.31 mm, 3.02 mm, and 10.81 mm with the loading amplitudes of 10 kN, 20 kN, and 30 kN, respectively. The behavior of piles subjected to cyclic axial load was suggested to be categorized into three types according to the pile responses [27, 28]:

(i)A Stable Zone, where axial displacements stabilize or accumulate very slowly over hundreds of cycles under cyclic loading. It was noted that such cycles can improve shaft capacity.(ii)An Unstable Zone, where displacements accumulate rapidly under cyclic loading. Shaft capacity falls markedly.(iii)An intermediate Meta-Stable Zone, where displacements accumulate at moderate rates over tens of cycles without stabilizing. Cyclic failure develops subsequently.

Figure 8: Cumulative settlement of X-section pile with variable loading amplitudes.

It could be seen that the cumulative settlement stabilized over 3000 cycles with the loading amplitude of 10 kN, which was referred to as stable way. With the loading amplitude of 20 kN, the settlement accumulated at a moderate rate over 5000 cycles without stabilization, and cyclic failure developed subsequently. Therefore, this style of cyclic response was called meta-stable way. When the loading amplitude reached 30 kN, the settlement accumulated rapidly, and shaft capacity fell markedly, suggested to be the unstable way.

The cumulative settlements of the X-section pile and the circular pile under uniform cyclic loading with different loading frequency are presented in Figure 9. It could be seen that the curves of cumulative settlement versus the number of cycles for the X-section pile and the circular pile shared similar trend. As the number of cycles increased, differential settlement between the X-section pile and the circular pile appeared in over 500 cycles with the loading frequency of 2 Hz. However, with the loading frequency of 4 Hz, obviously differential settlement could be seen in the initial cycle. Finally, all the settlement curves became even over 5000 cycles, and the cumulative settlement of the X-section pile was about 18% smaller than that of the circular pile, indicating better foundation reinforcement performance of the X-section pile than that of the circular pile.

Figure 9: Comparison of cumulative settlements of the X-section pile and the circular pile.

In order to investigate the distribution of axial force and shaft friction under cyclic axial loading, the test piles were divided into six segments along the pile shaft averagely. The peak axial forces of each pile segment are presented in Figure 10. Obviously, continuous cyclic loading led to gradual increase of axial force. The axial force at the pile tip increased by 13% over 5000 cycles. Under the depth of 1 m, both X-section pile and circular pile had a sharp reduction in shaft force. It could also be seen that the axial force of X-section pile was smaller than that of circular pile at the same depth under uniform cyclic loading due to its larger side area.

Figure 10: Distributions of axial force.

The redistribution of the axial force was induced by the variations of shaft friction [5]. Figure 11(a) presents the distribution of total shaft friction. It could be observed that the shaft friction of the X-section pile increased at the shallow part and then became smaller below a certain level along the pile shaft, which was similar to that of the circular pile. The peak values of shaft friction for both test piles were located at the depth of 2.25 m. Moreover, the total shaft friction of each X-section pile segment was larger than that of the circular pile at the same depth over 5000 cycles. The total shaft friction depended on two factors: the magnitude of the unit shaft friction and the pile perimeter. The distribution of unit shaft friction is shown in Figure 11(b). It could be found that the unit shaft friction of X-section pile was smaller than that of the circular pile. The contrary of unit and total shaft friction should be caused by the cross-sectional geometry. Over 5000 cycles, about 82% and 18% of applied load for the X-section pile were carried by shaft friction and end resistance, respectively, and those for the circular pile were 75% and 25%, respectively. Therefore, the X-section pile could improve the shaft friction by about 10% compared with the circular pile. Considering the fact that the perimeter of X-section pile was 30% larger than that of circular pile, the mean unit shaft friction acting on the X-section pile shaft was indeed smaller than that of the circular pile, which coincided with the previous research [25]. Thus, it could be obtained that X-section pile was more efficient in terms of the mobilization of shaft friction due to its larger cross-sectional perimeter under cyclic axial loading.

(a) Distributions of total shaft friction

(b) Distributions of unit shaft friction

Figure 11: Distribution curves of shaft friction.

The secant stiffness of the pile represents the external force needed to generate unit displacement at the pile head, which is defined as

where is the secant stiffness of the pile head, is the amplitude of cyclic load, is the amplitude of displacement at pile head in each cycle, is the secant stiffness in the initial cycle, and is the secant stiffness in the cycle of . Variations of the secant stiffness versus the number of cycles are presented in Figures 12 and 13 for variable loading amplitudes and loading frequencies, respectively. In the early phase of cyclic loading, the amplitude of pile head displacement increased continuously, which contributed to the remarkable degradation of the secant stiffness of X-section pile. This period was described as the transitional phase. After 3000 cycles, the amplitude of pile head displacement stabilized due to the mutual coordination between pile and soil under cyclic loading, and the secant stiffness became constant. The degradation of shaft friction mainly took place during such a transitional phase as well.

Figure 12: Variations of the secant stiffness at X-section pile head with variable loading frequencies.

Figure 13: Variations of the secant stiffness at X-section pile head with variable loading amplitudes.

It could be observed from Figure 12 that there was almost 20% degradation of the pile head secant stiffness with the loading frequency of 1 Hz. However, degradation was not so obvious with the loading frequency of 4 Hz. When the loading frequency reached 5 Hz, secant stiffness of the pile head changed little, indicating rapidly stabilized amplitude of the pile head displacement. Figure 13 reveals that larger loading amplitude could result in more remarkable degradation although the influence of loading amplitude was less significant than that of loading frequency.

Figures 14(a) and 14(b) present the relationship between the amplitudes of velocity and loading frequencies, which suggested the negligible effect of the number of cycles on the amplitude of velocity. The amplitude of velocity sharply increased from 1.17 mm/s to 20.36 mm/s when the loading frequency increased from 1 Hz to 5 Hz with the constant loading amplitude of 10 kN, which indicated stronger pile-soil reaction with larger loading frequency. Similar trend could be observed in Figures 15(a) and 15(b) with variable loading amplitudes. The amplitude of velocity increased from 1.26 mm/s to 4.64 mm/s as the loading amplitude increased from 10 kN to 30 kN with the constant loading frequency of 2 Hz. Moreover, the amplitude of velocity was found to change approximately linearly with the loading amplitude.

(a) Curves of the amplitudes of velocity versus numbers of cycles

(b) Curve of the amplitudes of velocity versus loading frequencies

Figure 14: Variations of the amplitudes of velocity with variable loading frequencies.

(a) Curves of the amplitudes of velocity versus numbers of cycles

(b) Curve of the amplitudes of velocity versus loading amplitudes

Figure 15: Variations of the amplitudes of velocity with variable loading amplitudes.

5. Conclusions

The dynamic responses of X-section pile subjected to cyclic axial load were investigated in a large-scale model test. The following conclusions were drawn:

(1)X-section pile has better bearing capacity under cyclic axial loading due to its larger side area compared with the circular pile. Comparative analysis between the X-section pile and the circular pile revealed that the X-section pile could improve the shaft friction and reduce the cumulative settlement.(2)X-section pile was demonstrated to be more efficient in mobilization of shaft friction under cyclic axial loading. Although the cross-sectional perimeter of X-section pile was 30% larger than that of circular pile, X-section pile could improve the total shaft friction by 10%, indicating the smaller mean unit shaft friction acting on the X-section pile shaft than that on the circular pile under uniform cyclic loading.(3)Secant stiffness degradation at the pile head of X-section pile under cyclic axial loading was analyzed. There existed a transitional phase in the initial cycle, during which the secant stiffness degradation was especially obvious. Then the slope of the curves became gentle due to mutual coordination between pile and the surrounding soil. The degradation of shaft friction mainly took place in this transitional phase as well.(4)Larger loading frequency and larger loading amplitude contributed to larger amplitude of the velocity at the X-section pile head. Moreover, the amplitude of velocity varied almost linearly with the loading amplitude.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51420105013, 51622803, and 51708064), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant no. 2016B42614), and the China Scholarship Council (CSC).

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