Types of nettles (
Nettle (
Nettle has dark green leaves, root, stem, serration, and stinging nettle. The nettle flowers are small and green. It could give flowers from May to September. The fruits of nettle are arid and single germ. It has two species. Both of them have 2–4 cm long, oval, and core shape leaves. Fresh nettle could cause blushing and burning of skin when it is touched [
Plants could be used as a cure for different types of diseases for centuries. In recent years, usage of plant is increased. In Turkey, plants could be used as household and herbal remedy. Phenolic compounds could be defined as biologically active and herbal and have positive effects on health. The scientific researches are increased about the positive effect of phenolic compounds into coronary heart disease and high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, inflammative, viral and parasitic disease, psychotic disorders [
Scientific name: Traditional name: Nettle. Genus: Urticaceae. Used parts: root, stalk, and leaves. Usage as a food: tea (root, stalk, and leaves), vegetable dish (stalk and leaves), salad (stalk and leaves), and so forth.
A research about nettle indicates that it has wide field of usage as household remedy in Italy from gastrointestinal diseases to rheumatism pains [
Nettle has agglutinin, acetophenone, alkaloids, acetylcholine, chlorogenic acid, butyric acid, chlorophylll, caffeic acid, carbonic acid, choline, histamine, coumaric acid, formic acid, pantothenic acid, kaempferol, coproporphyrin, lectin, lecithin, lignan, linoleic and linolenic acids, palmitic acid, xanthophyll, quercetin, quinic acid, serotonin, stigmasterol, terpenes, violaxanthin, and succinic acid in its chemical content. Nettle also contains 2,5% fatty substance, 14–17% albumins, and 18% protein in dry matter. Seeds of nettle contain 8–10% fixed oil. 1 kg fresh plant contains 130 mg vitamin C, 730 mg carotene, and oxalate. Stinging hair of nettle contains formic acid, histamine, and acetylcholine. Leaves of nettle contain provitamin A, vitamin B1, K, xanthophylls, and sistosterin and ashes of nettle contain 6,3% ferric oxide, potassium, calcium, and silicium [
Analysis of methanolic extracts of nettle was made by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method; vanillic acid, homovanillic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and ferulic acid were found [
In a research about nettle root, analysis was done by using extract which were prepared in different pH of organic solvent and by using GC-MS method. The results indicate that roots have 18 different phenolic components and 8 different lignan components. But the chemical composition of these components was not identified in this study [
Methanolic extracts of nettle leaves and stalks were studied about anthocyanin glycosides, and 3 different components (pelargonidin xylobioside, pelargonidin monoxyloside, and another component which give pelargonidin, D-glucose, and L-rhamnose after acid hydrolysis) were isolated [
By using Supercritical Fluids Extraction (SFE) method in which liquid CO2, different pressure, and temperature profiles were used, chlorophylll a, chlorophylll b,
Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, gadoleic acid, and erucic acid were found in nettle roots analysis by using GC about fatty acids composition [
A plant mix “Antidiabetis” is used which could decrease blood glucose level and contains root and other parts of nettle in Croatia [
The aim of this study was to analyze phenolic component and antioxidant activity of nettle, which is grown in coastal part of Turkey (Mediterranean, Aegean, Black sea, and Marmara). In this paper the nettle was taken apart (root, stalk, and leaves), and these parts were analyzed separately. These analyses were done to indicate differences of nettles between regions and parts. The samples were coded as Mediterranean (01-Adana, 07-Antalya, 07F-Fethiye, 32-Isparta), Aegean (09Y-wild sample from Aydın, 09-Aydın, 20-Denizli, 35-Izmir, 45A-Alasehir, 45S-Salihli, 45T-Turgutlu, 48-Mugla), Black Sea (52-Ordu, 53-Rize, 55-Samsun, 61-Trabzon, 74-Bartın) and Marmara (16-Bursa, 41-Kocaeli) which are name of cities. On the other hand, the moisture content of nettles was also analyzed. Firstly nettles were extracted. Then, analysis was done by using extract of nettles. Phenolic profiles of nettle were determined by using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) method.
Samples were collected from Aegean, Black Sea, Marmara, and Mediterranean region. These samples were rapidly washed and dried. Then, they were separated into root, stalk and leaves. After this process, part of samples was kept in a zip lock bag at −20°C for inhibition of air contact before analysis.
Required amount of the samples were taken and then whittle into small particles to increase extraction yield.
After trials of different types of extraction method [
Moisture analysis of samples was done by using “Fruit and Vegetables Moisture Analysis” method [
According to method we have the following: 3 gr of nettle from each part (root, stalk, and leaves) was weighed (0,001 of accuracy). Firstly weighing bottles were kept in drying oven for 1 h at 103 ± 2°C and then samples were put in weighing bottles and kept in drying oven for 4 h at 103 ± 2°C. Then samples were taken out from drying oven and then kept in desiccators for 30 min to reach the room temperature. After being weighed, samples were put again in drying oven for 1 h to dry. These drying periods (1 h) were done until reaching the constant weighing (7 h). The moisture contents of samples were measured by using the following formula:
Total phenolic content analysis of nettle extracts was done by using Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) method [ FC Reactive, 7% Na2CO3 solution, gallic acid standard solution (50–100–150–200–300 ppm) preparing by using 80% methanol.
According to the method, we have the following. 250 This mixture was stayed at room temperature in dark place for 5 min. At the end of this period, 750 This mixture was completed to 5 mL with pure water. Then, mixture was stayed at room temperature in dark place for 120 min for reaction. Samples and standards absorbance was measured at 760 nm. For blank solution instead of 50 Total phenolic content was measured with calibration curve by using gallic acid equivalent standards.
Nettle extracts antioxidant capacity analysis was done by using DPPH radical degradation activity method [
According to the method, we have the following. 6 × 10-5 M (molar) DPPH radical was prepared daily by using pure methanol. 2 This mixture was stayed in dark place for 20 min. At the end of this time, absorbance was measured at 515 nm. Pure methanol was used as blank solution. For control solution, instead of 100 Sample extract antioxidant capacities were measured by using calibration curve which was prepared by using different concentrations (10–100 ppm) of gallic acid solution.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of caffeic acid, vanillic acid, naringin, syringic acid, and ferulic acid, ellagic acid, myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, fumaric and gallic acid component in nettle samples were done by HPLC. HPLC analysis was done by using graded elution program. The elution program could be summarized as follows, 0–11 min, 100% A, 30–40 min, 35% A, and 65% B, and 42 min 100% A. A and B solvents were used as elution solvent. Solvent A consists of 2% acetic acid, 10% methanol, and 88% pure water, and B consists of 2% acetic acid, 90% methanol, and 8% pure water. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, temperature was 40°C, and the injection volume was 20
HPLC chromatogram of Antalya, Aydın, Bursa and Samsun root, stalk and leaves sample.
HPLC chromatogram of antioxidant standards. *1: fumaric acid; 2: gallic acid; 3: catechins; 4: vanillic acid; 5: caffeic + chlorogenic acid; 6: syringic acid; 7: p-coumaric acid; 8: ferulic; 9: naringin; 10: rutin; 11: ellagic; 12: myricetin; 13: quercetin; 14: kaempferol; 15: isorhamnetin.
In HPLC analysis of nettle samples, the methanolic extracts were used. Samples and standards were filtered from 0,45
Moisture content analysis of root, stalk, leaves, and total of nettle was done. This moisture analysis was given in the table (Tables
Moisture content, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant activity of total and root of fresh nettle.
Moisture % | FC (mg GAE/g DM) | DPPH (mg GAE/g DM) | |
---|---|---|---|
M01 | 84,61 ± 0,05b | 157,27 ± 5,33b | 147,20 ± 2,09a |
M07 | 74,93 ± 0,04c | 307,10 ± 1,12a | 241,63 ± 2,72a |
M07F | 74,03 ± 0,02c | 344,12 ± 9,19a | 247,16 ± 1,14a |
M32 | 89,74 ± 0,02a | 123,62 ± 1,68b | 98,70 ± 1,35b |
A09Y | 89,80 ± 0,11a | 243,68 ± 3,35c | 51,44 ± 2,74b |
A09 | 88,84 ± 0,18a | 113,69 ± 2,87d | 145,83 ± 0,39a |
A20 | 88,88 ± 0,21a | 730,65 ± 5,85d | 52,78 ± 0,48b |
A35 | 84,09 ± 0,06b | 126,95 ± 1,07a | 141,54 ± 1,14a |
A45A | 80,74 ± 0,00c | 277,25 ± 3,65c | 114,04 ± 1,30a |
A45S | 86,96 ± 0,21a,b | 123,88 ± 0,98d | 53,27 ± 0,31b |
A45T | 85,56 ± 0,15b | 383,93 ± 3,96b | 72,73 ± 0,35b |
A48 | 89,08 ± 0,15a | 66,97 ± 0,89d | 114,11 ± 0,47a |
B52 | 76,29 ± 0,11b | 440,49 ± 16,06b | 106,69 ± 0,91a |
B53 | 78,45 ± 0,04a | 233,93 ± 5,16b | 235,38 ± 2,19a |
B55 | 69,66 ± 0,05c | 723,93 ± 37,56a | 152,26 ± 1,05a |
B61 | 78,64 ± 0,03a | 353,92 ± 11,34b | 224,87 ± 1,92a |
B74 | 78,10 ± 0,02a,b | 297,15 ± 2,90b | 234,18 ± 1,16a |
MS16 | 62,55 ± 0,05b | 410,53 ± 3,21b | 260,92 ± 1,01a |
MS41 | 76,43 ± 0,03a | 443,96 ± 6,33a | 249,96 ± 1,91a |
M01 | 87,89 ± 0,02b | 70,47 ± 1,14c | 150,85 ± 0,42a |
M07 | 74,96 ± 0,08a | 370,12 ± 0,93a | 300,60 ± 1,83a |
M07F | 77,92 ± 0,01a | 170,99 ± 4,39b | 250,81 ± 0,95a |
M32 | 89,79 ± 0,04b | 20,44 ± 0,24c | 130,01 ± 2,35a |
A09Y | 93,45 ± 0,05a | 60,03 ± 0,34a | 30,60 ± 1,16b |
A09 | 91,31 ± 0,19a | 20,12 ± 0,31b | 50,60 ± 0,12b |
A20 | 89,96 ± 0,10a,b | 100,89 ± 0,18b | 40,22 ± 0,20b |
A35 | 86,36 ± 0,07b,c | 90,86 ± 1,56b | 170,42 ± 1,96a |
A45A | 84,35 ± 0,00c | 40,49 ± 0,45b | 90,74 ± 0,01a |
A45S | 89,46 ± 0,53a,b | 90,94 ± 2,24b | 40,31 ± 0,19b |
A45T | 86,39 ± 0,08b,c | 90,35 ± 2,53b | 60,97 ± 0,55b |
A48 | 70,45 ± 0,26a | 390,33 ± 9,60b | 120,24 ± 0,51a |
B52 | 71,38 ± 0,08a | 790,21 ± 43,65a | 140,58 ± 2,46a |
B53 | 70,44 ± 0,01a | 40,52 ± 0,13a | 340,31 ± 1,31a |
B55 | 73,56 ± 0,11a | 1020,16 ± 69,40a | 190,91 ± 2,35a |
B61 | 78,09 ± 0,00a | 270,62 ± 8,87a | 350,72 ± 1,69a |
B74 | 92,32 ± 0,01a | 190,67 ± 0,36a | 270,62 ± 0,67a |
MS16 | 71,42 ± 0,03b | 430,34 ± 6,20b | 370,27 ± 0,11a |
MS41 | 76,12 ± 0,00a | 470,78 ± 0,46a | 300,15 ± 2,13a |
Moisture content, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant activity of stalk and leaves of fresh nettle.
Moisture % | FC (mg GAE/g DM) | DPPH (mg GAE/g DM) | |
---|---|---|---|
M01 | 85,29 ± 0,02b | 20,24 ± 0,68b,c | 90,06 ± 0,52b |
M07 | 84,11 ± 0,01b,c | 80,46 ± 2,46b | 300,61 ± 2,40a |
M07F | 81,32 ± 0,04c | 150,35 ± 2,16a | 180,39 ± 1,72a |
M32 | 92,81 ± 0,02a | 370,58 ± 8,51c | 230,39 ± 5,16a |
A09Y | 93,40 ± 0,20a | 10,08 ± 0,06e | 30,31 ± 0,19b |
A09 | 91,17 ± 0,30b,c | 60,71 ± 1,34c | 50,77 ± 0,15b |
A20 | 91,62 ± 0,03a,b | 150,07 ± 2,31b | 40,85 ± 0,48b |
A35 | 87,85 ± 0,02d | 100,42 ± 0,64a | 140,15 ± 0,91a |
A45A | 84,66 ± 0,05e | 70,49 ± 1,60b,c | 130,82 ± 0,42a |
A45S | 90,71 ± 0,01b,c | 40,66 ± 2,03c,d | 40,29 ± 0,17b |
A45T | 89,15 ± 0,09c,d | 60,25 ± 0,59c,d | 70,19 ± 0,07b |
A48 | 77,84 ± 0,12c,d | 30,28 ± 0,96d,e | 30,71 ± 0,68b |
B52 | 79,41 ± 0,08a | 160,72 ± 3,47a | 90,41 ± 0,15a |
B53 | 79,86 ± 0,13a | 320,85 ± 4,53a | 290,63 ± 3,65a |
B55 | 80,36 ± 0,01a | 270,62 ± 28,61a | 90,35 ± 0,10a |
B61 | 77,48 ± 0,05a | 260,61 ± 6,84a | 240,45 ± 3,04a |
B74 | 89,41 ± 0,03a | 480,30 ± 3,33a | 300,93 ± 2,01a |
MS16 | 43,78 ± 0,04b | 120,71 ± 3,38a | 240,86 ± 1,48a |
MS41 | 78,91 ± 0,05a | 100,90 ± 4,79b | 320,99 ± 3,44a |
M01 | 86,63 ± 0,02b | 320,88 ± 12,39a | 110,39 ± 4,14a |
M07 | 80,65 ± 0,11c | 400,83 ± 0,26a | 190,04 ± 1,15a |
M07F | 65,72 ± 0,02c | 490,80 ± 14,67a | 170,79 ± 0,07a |
M32 | 62,84 ± 0,01a | 330,20 ± 4,12a | 70,54 ± 1,20b |
A09Y | 82,57 ± 0,10a | 330,61 ± 0,38d | 80,53 ± 6,89a |
A09 | 84,04 ± 0,04a | 190,01 ± 4,74d,e | 320,38 ± 0,89a |
A20 | 85,07 ± 0,48a | 220,40 ± 2,22d,e | 60,77 ± 0,75a |
A35 | 78,07 ± 0,09a,b | 1941,00 ± 15,06a | 100,90 ± 0,53a |
A45A | 80,59 ± 0,12b | 150,52 ± 1,41c | 80,17 ± 0,49a |
A45S | 80,72 ± 0,01a | 1000,61 ± 9,06d,e | 100,56 ± 0,34a |
A45T | 81,13 ± 0,25a | 670,40 ± 7,78b | 170,28 ± 3,81a |
A48 | 73,22 ± 0,00a | 290,50 ± 0,45e | 70,96 ± 0,06a |
B52 | 84,56 ± 0,14a | 370,54 ± 1,06b | 80,02 ± 0,11a |
B53 | 58,68 ± 0,11a | 340,43 ± 10,82b | 60,62 ± 1,60a |
B55 | 81,99 ± 0,00b | 881,00 ± 14,67a | 160,43 ± 0,71a |
B61 | 78,74 ± 0,06a | 530,52 ± 18,32b | 70,29 ± 1,02a |
B74 | 85,51 ± 0,04a | 220,49 ± 5,01b | 110,71 ± 0,79a |
MS16 | 72,44 ± 0,09b | 680,55 ± 0,04b | 160,14 ± 1,44a |
MS41 | 74,25 ± 0,04a | 760,20 ± 13,75a | 110,85 ± 0,15a |
According to scientific studies, moisture analysis was done to a nettle tea bag which includes all parts of nettle and as a result its moisture content was 6,3% [
In our study, average moisture content of nettles in total samples was 80,94%, root samples 81.87%, stalk samples 83,11%, and leaves samples 77,75%. The highest moisture content was 09 and the lowest one was 16 in total. In root the highest moisture content was 09Y and the lowest one was 53. In stalk the highest moisture content was 09Y and the lowest one was 16. In leaves the highest moisture content was 32 and the lowest one was 07F. On the other hand, the moisture content was different among the regions. As a general comment moisture content could be ranged like stalk > root > leaves.
Nettle samples, which were used in this study, are fresh samples that could be a reason of the high moisture content results.
According to the analysis result (Tables
According to a scientific research, total phenolic content analyses of nettle parts (root, stalk, and leaves) were done by using FC method. The results were given as mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g Dry Matter (DM). In this paper, the results were given as root 7,82, stalk 9,91, and leaves 7,62 mg GAE/g DM [
In another research, total phenolic content of nettle tea bag which includes all parts of nettle (root, stalk, and leaves) was 2,5 mg GAE/g DM [
Antioxidant activity analysis of nettle parts (root, stalk, and leaves) was done by using DPPH antioxidant activity method. The analysis result was given at 515 nm wavelengths. The results are given in Tables
In a research related to nettle parts (root, stalk, and leaves), antioxidant activities were given as root 9,86, stalk 37,56, and leaves 76,06 mg GAE/g DM [
The total antioxidant activity of nettle parts (root, stalk and leaves) was analyzed by using DPPH method. While the results were compared with literatures total antioxidant activity of fresh nettle was higher than the others (nettle tea, dry nettle leaves). According to the DPPH analysis results statistical discrepancy were observed between Mediterranean, Aegean, Black Sea, Marmara Region, root, stalk and leaves. On the other hand, there was no statistical discrepancy between Mediterranean leaves sample, Black Sea root, and stalk sample.
The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of nettle samples which were collected from different regions and cities of Turkey were diverse between regions, cities, root, stalk and leaves. Nettles (total, root, stalk, and leaves) were analyzed and the results are given in Tables
Phenolic content of fresh nettle roots.
Sample | Gallic | Syringic | Myricetin | Quercetin | Kaempferol | Fumaric | Vanillic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01 | — | — | 1,45 ± 0,13a,b | 0,74 ± 0,02a | 0,49 ± 0,11a | — | — |
M07 | — | — | 0,64 ± 0,014b | 0,84 ± 0,10a | 0,47 ± 0,19a | — | — |
M07F | — | — | 2,18 ± 0,079a,b | 0,73 ± 0,01a | 0,52 ± 0,52a | — | — |
M32 | — | — | 4,90 ± 1,83a | 0,75 ± 0,01a | 0,46 ± 0,01a | — | — |
A09Y | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,70 ± 0,08b | 0,38 ± 0,54b | 0,44 ± 0,01a | — | — |
A09 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,13 ± 0,34b | 0,78 ± 0,08a,b | 0,25 ± 0,35a | — | — |
A20 | — | 4,31 ± 2,74a | 21,93 ± 3,69a | 0,77 ± 0,07a,b | 0,46 ± 0,01a | — | — |
A35 | — | 0,31 ± 0,43b | 0,89 ± 0,08b | 0,76 ± 0,02a,b | 0,24 ± 0,34a | — | — |
A45A | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,64 ± 0,01b | 0,78 ± 0,09a,b | 0,45 ± 0,03a | — | — |
A45S | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,75 ± 0,02b | 0,73 ± 0,01a,b | 0,22 ± 0,32a | — | — |
A45T | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 4,36 ± 2,76b | 1,15 ± 0,33a | 0,51 ± 0,09a | — | — |
A48 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,34 ± 0,48b | 0,71 ± 0,01a,b | 0,22 ± 0,31a | — | — |
B52 | — | — | 0,64 ± 0,02a | 0,73 ± 0,00a | 0,23 ± 0,32a | — | — |
B53 | — | — | 0,49 ± 0,69a | 0,76 ± 0,01a | 0,24 ± 0,33a | — | — |
B55 | — | — | 0,71 ± 0,06a | 0,84 ± 0,14a | 0,66 ± 0,09a | — | — |
B61 | — | — | 0,69 ± 0,01a | 0,76 ± 0,05a | 0,51 ± 0,08a | — | — |
B74 | — | — | 0,69 ± 0,02a | 0,74 ± 0,01a | 0,46 ± 0,02a | — | — |
MS16 | — | 2,99 ± 0,83a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,38 ± 0,55a | 0,24 ± 0,33a | 6,28 ± 8,88a | — |
MS41 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,66 ± 0,01a | 0,75 ± 0,01a | 0,54 ± 0,09a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — |
Sample | Rutin | Ellagic | Isorhamnetin | Catechin | Caffeic + chlorogenic | p-coumaric | Ferulic | Naringin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01 | 6,38 ± 4,10b | 6,50 ± 1,62b | — | — | — | 1,86 ± 0,32a | 1,15 ± 1,14b | 2,66 ± 0,23b |
M07 | 3,93 ± 0,80b | 1,86 ± 1,86b | — | — | — | 3,37 ± 2,01a | 10,18 ± 1,01a | 37,97 ± 5,67a |
M07F | 59,60 ± 20,79a | 2,03 ± 2,03b | — | — | — | 5,29 ± 2,38a | 27,43 ± 10,52a | 5,61 ± 1,61b |
M32 | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 26,81 ± 0,18a | — | — | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,39 ± 0,39b | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A09Y | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | — | 1,94 ± 0,33b | 2,57 ± 0,41b | 0,00 ± 0,00d |
A09 | 0,92 ± 0,31a,b | 3,51 ± 0,50a,b | 3,42 ± 4,83b | — | — | 3,16 ± 1,19a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,49 ± 0,69c,d |
A20 | 0,90 ± 0,27a,b | 3,95 ± 5,59a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | — | 8,42 ± 5,60a | 29,34 ± 3,06a | 0,46 ± 0,06a |
A35 | 0,73 ± 1,03a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 84,85 ± 4,04a | — | — | 3,83 ± 0,33a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 2,52 ± 1,45b,c,d |
A45A | 0,49 ± 0,69a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | — | 5,06 ± 0,75a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 3,10 ± 0,21b,c |
A45S | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 27,63 ± 13,48b | — | — | 2,53 ± 0,25a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00d |
A45T | 0,98 ± 0,58a,b | 12,92 ± 13,09a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | — | 3,00 ± 4,24a,b | 0,99 ± 1,41b | 0,87 ± 1,23c,d |
A48 | 1,53 ± 0,52a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 23,70 ± 33,52b | — | — | 2,49 ± 0,69a,b | 1,21 ± 1,71b | 5,04 ± 2,45a,b |
B52 | 1,71 ± 0,35a | 10,74 ± 1,81a | 17,49 ± 17,24a | — | — | 3,71 ± 1,64a | 4,26 ± 2,87a | 9,84 ± 12,01a |
B53 | 1,39 ± 0,64a | 3,94 ± 0,05a,b | 5,65 ± 8,00a | — | — | 5,02 ± 0,83a | 3,74 ± 4,80a | 19,72 ± 11,27a |
B55 | 4,20 ± 1,25a | 3,59 ± 5,09a,b | 15,29 ± 11,32a | — | — | 8,34 ± 0,15a | 11,27 ± 0,52a | 20,49 ± 0,93a |
B61 | 6,43 ± 5,60a | 1,39 ± 1,97b | 1,37 ± 1,93a | — | — | 4,16 ± 1,77a | 3,83 ± 1,05a | 14,50 ± 4,68a |
B74 | 4,53 ± 4,48a | 5,39 ± 1,92a,b | 0,37 ± 0,52a | — | — | 6,99 ± 6,09a | 7,06 ± 5,01a | 10,15 ± 6,11a |
MS16 | 2,43 ± 2,37a | 2,01 ± 2,83a | 5,47 ± 7,74a | — | — | 3,23 ± 0,52a | 4,23 ± 1,25a | 13,56 ± 5,64a |
MS41 | 2,55 ± 3,07a | 2,03 ± 2,87a | 10,91 ± 15,43a | — | — | 4,76 ± 1,77a | 6,05 ± 2,46a | 17,31 ± 1,79a |
Phenolic content of fresh nettle stalks.
Sample | Gallic | Syringic | Myricetin | Quercetin | Kaempferol | Fumaric | Vanillic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 1,15 ± 0,18a,b | 0,72 ± 0,01a | 0,24 ± 0,24a | 6,18 ± 6,18a | — |
M07 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,75 ± 0,08b | 0,37 ± 0,37a | 0,38 ± 0,38a | 11,66 ± 0,99a | — |
M07F | — | 2,63 ± 1,94a | 1,57 ± 0,21a | 1,02 ± 0,05a | 0,24 ± 0,24a | 9,17 ± 1,32a | — |
M32 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,66 ± 0,01b | 0,76 ± 0,05a | 0,26 ± 0,26a | 2,09 ± 2,96a | — |
A09Y | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,50 ± 0,72b | 0,36 ± 0,51a | 0,48 ± 0,05a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A09 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,76 ± 0,16b | 0,75 ± 0,01a | 0,44 ± 0,01a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A20 | — | 1,20 ± 1,69a | 8,96 ± 11,65a | 0,77 ± 0,05a | 0,51 ± 0,05a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A35 | — | 2,49 ± 1,22a | 1,26 ± 0,01b | 0,78 ± 0,07a | 0,45 ± 0,01a | — | 39,46 ± 18,00a |
A45A | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 4,61 ± 5,61b | 0,77 ± 0,05a | 0,45 ± 0,01a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A45S | — | 49,28 ± 69,69a | 1,85 ± 1,10b | 4,54 ± 5,33a | 0,31 ± 0,44a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A45T | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 3,70 ± 2,59b | 0,79 ± 0,03a | 0,25 ± 0,35a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A48 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 3,02 ± 2,14b | 0,73 ± 0,01a | 0,49 ± 0,04a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
B52 | — | — | 0,78 ± 0,14a | 0,74 ± 0,03a | 0,63 ± 0,26b | — | — |
B53 | — | — | 0,85 ± 0,22a | 0,77 ± 0,02a | 0,22 ± 0,32b | — | — |
B55 | — | — | 0,76 ± 0,10a | 0,73 ± 0,01a | 0,52 ± 0,12b | — | — |
B61 | — | — | 0,93 ± 0,40a | 0,73 ± 0,03a | 1,21 ± 0,20a | — | — |
B74 | — | — | 0,67 ± 0,03a | 0,74 ± 0,01a | 0,47 ± 0,39b | — | — |
MS16 | — | 1,12 ± 1,32a | 0,32 ± 0,46a | 0,73 ± 0,01a | — | 8,18 ± 0,85a | — |
MS41 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,71 ± 0,07a | 0,32 ± 0,01b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — |
Sample | Rutin | Ellagic | Isorhamnetin | Catechin | Caffeic + chlorogenic | p-coumaric | Ferulic | Naringin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01 | 29,62 ± 26,66a | 2,93 ± 2,92a | 0,94 ± 0,94a,b | — | 25,91 ± 23,73a | 3,87 ± 2,55a | 20,82 ± 1,37a,b | 3,79 ± 0,77b |
M07 | 7,72 ± 3,17a | 1,96 ± 1,96a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 8,81 ± 0,25a |
M07F | 6,41 ± 1,66a | 3,82 ± 0,19a | 3,14 ± 0,78a | — | 17,18 ± 1,75a | 8,07 ± 1,59a | 44,50 ± 22,24a | 6,05 ± 2,29a,b |
M32 | 33,65 ± 33,65a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00c |
A09Y | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — | — | 1,64 ± 0,57b | 4,44 ± 0,58b | 0,00 ± 0,00c |
A09 | 1,20 ± 0,24b | 1,54 ± 2,17b | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — | — | 2,41 ± 0,21b | 0,03 ± 0,05b | 0,21 ± 0,30c |
A20 | 1,61 ± 0,15b | 1,90 ± 2,69b | 5,81 ± 8,22a | — | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,12 ± 0,16b | 0,00 ± 0,00c |
A35 | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 3,62 ± 0,04b | 46,49 ± 0,10a | — | — | 22,04 ± 6,32a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 12,08 ± 0,24a |
A45A | 0,35 ± 0,50b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — | — | 2,70 ± 1,65b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,27 ± 0,77b,c |
A45S | 3,34 ± 4,72b | 4,96 ± 7,01b | 19,39 ± 21,21a | — | — | 7,18 ± 10,16b | 11,20 ± 15,84a,b | 3,95 ± 3,38b |
A45T | 19,31 ± 0,14a | 29,39 ± 1,82a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — | — | 1,50 ± 2,13b | 24,16 ± 11,28b | 1,62 ± 2,29b,c |
A48 | 1,76 ± 2,48b | 2,35 ± 3,33b | 34,96 ± 49,45a | — | — | 2,79 ± 0,52a,b | 8,77 ± 0,78a,b | 1,08 ± 0,63b,c |
B52 | 3,07 ± 1,85a | 6,07 ± 3,80a | 0,51 ± 0,71b | — | — | 6,45 ± 1,79a | 5,53 ± 0,00a | 13,04 ± 15,16b |
B53 | 1,32 ± 0,39a | 4,06 ± 2,08a | 11,03 ± 2,51a,b | — | — | 8,88 ± 1,47a | 2,04 ± 2,88a | 12,91 ± 0,01b |
B55 | 0,79 ± 1,12a | 5,38 ± 2,16a | 16,91 ± 15,55a,b | — | — | 3,29 ± 0,34a | 1,66 ± 1,95a | 16,42 ± 5,41b |
B61 | 9,32 ± 8,65a | 7,85 ± 2,38a | 30,02 ± 7,46a | — | — | 9,69 ± 3,75a | 5,68 ± 1,37a | 63,19 ± 8,68a |
B74 | 9,76 ± 2,49a | 5,68 ± 2,76a | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | — | 3,08 ± 0,77a | 5,84 ± 1,46a | 32,00 ± 10,27b |
MS16 | 2,03 ± 0,75a | — | — | — | — | 1,48 ± 0,11a | 0,86 ± 1,21a | 7,19 ± 0,22a |
MS41 | 4,38 ± 3,72a | — | — | — | — | 3,78 ± 1,19a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 22,48 ± 12,20a |
Phenolic content of fresh nettle leaves.
Sample | Gallic | Syringic | Myricetin | Quercetin | Kaempferol | Fumaric | Vanillic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 1,15 ± 0,33b | 0,96 ± 0,13b | 0,61 ± 0,15a | — | 26,15 ± 36,98a |
M07 | — | 23,10 ± 32,67a | 0,75 ± 1,48a,b | 1,37 ± 0,03a,b | 0,60 ± 0,01a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a |
M07F | — | 2,78 ± 3,93a | 1,57 ± 0,55a | 1,78 ± 0,17a | 0,61 ± 0,17a | — | 0,42 ± 0,59a |
M32 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,65 ± 0,01b | 1,23 ± 0,50a,b | 0,49 ± 0,06a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a |
A09Y | — | 16,20 ± 2,07b | 0,79 ± 0,22b | 0,91 ± 0,11a | 5,96 ± 2,05a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A09 | — | 341,68 ± 21,04a | 2,08 ± 1,45b | 1,19 ± 0,42a | 1,68 ± 0,03b | — | 40,68 ± 10,78b |
A20 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,91 ± 0,73b | 3,48 ± 2,30a | 0,75 ± 0,13b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A35 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,67 ± 0,35b | 1,16 ± 0,16a | 0,68 ± 0,32b | — | 295,21 ± 82,59a |
A45A | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,20 ± 0,33b | 1,38 ± 0,82a | 0,93 ± 0,39b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A45S | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,03 ± 0,28b | 1,38 ± 0,24a | 2,15 ± 2,16b | — | 20,85 ± 4,61b |
A45T | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 6,39 ± 0,56a | 2,95 ± 2,23a | 0,59 ± 0,16b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A48 | — | 4,05 ± 5,73b | 1,12 ± 0,63b | 1,77 ± 0,12a | 1,34 ± 1,30b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
B52 | — | 7,80 ± 2,20a | 0,82 ± 0,16a | 1,30 ± 0,27a,b | 0,97 ± 0,76a | — | — |
B53 | — | 5,04 ± 7,13a | 0,91 ± 0,36a | 1,28 ± 0,15a,b | 0,74 ± 0,18a | — | — |
B55 | — | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 1,26 ± 0,76a | 1,37 ± 0,43a | 1,07 ± 0,03a | — | — |
B61 | — | 5,24 ± 7,42a | 0,75 ± 0,13a | 0,85 ± 0,06a,b | 0,76 ± 0,47a | — | — |
B74 | — | 7,49 ± 5,46a | 1,26 ± 0,25a | 0,79 ± 0,02b | 1,33 ± 0,27a | — | — |
MS16 | — | 48,99 ± 12,66a | 0,88 ± 0,29a | 0,96 ± 0,20a | 0,85 ± 0,32a | 10,93 ± 10,86a | — |
MS41 | — | 46,92 ± 5,20a | 2,18 ± 0,83a | 0,84 ± 0,15b | 1,69 ± 1,10a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — |
Sample | Rutin | Ellagic | Isorhamnetin | Catechin | Caffeic + chlorogenic | p-coumaric | Ferulic | Naringin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M01 | 21,85 ± 23,91c | 4,65 ± 6,57a,b | 7,00 ± 9,90a | — | 60,89 ± 1,87a | 3,34 ± 0,01b | 1,66 ± 1,02a | 7,35 ± 2,78a |
M07 | 96,67 ± 10,09b | 9,62 ± 1,87a,b | 12,42 ± 17,16a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 1,87 ± 0,44b | 11,61 ± 16,42a | 9,41 ± 0,46a |
M07F | 191,07 ± 35,23a | 15,76 ± 4,11a | 8,34 ± 11,53a | — | 80,38 ± 21,43a | 9,25 ± 3,72a | 7,14 ± 2,86a | 12,79 ± 5,21a |
M32 | 0,80 ± 0,26c | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — | 4,77 ± 6,75b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 11,62 ± 0,31a |
A09Y | 2,74 ± 1,14b | 8,18 ± 11,56b | 11,37 ± 16,09a,b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 3,42 ± 1,12a | 8,69 ± 7,73b | 8,73 ± 4,59b |
A09 | 60,74 ± 26,33a | 29,91 ± 25,44a,b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | 61,63 ± 18,81a | 2,94 ± 0,19a | 20,36 ± 1,76a | 34,04 ± 13,58a |
A20 | 0,97 ± 0,25b | 5,73 ± 0,47b | 7,71 ± 0,36a,b | — | 26,13 ± 36,96b | 1,31 ± 1,85a | 0,23 ± 0,33c | 0,00 ± 0,00b |
A35 | 5,78 ± 1,33b | 17,44 ± 1,97a,b | 32,81 ± 14,81a | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 12,80 ± 18,11a | 1,06 ± 1,49c | 24,08 ± 2,37a |
A45A | 0,71 ± 0,49b | 5,53 ± 1,84b | 12,45 ± 5,09a,b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 2,25 ± 0,22a | 0,00 ± 0,00c | 2,92 ± 0,61b |
A45S | 2,39 ± 1,06b | 6,06 ± 1,48b | 24,55 ± 21,45a,b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 0,00 ± 0,00a | 0,00 ± 0,00c | 2,68 ± 0,16b |
A45T | 6,64 ± 3,18b | 42,35 ± 5,88a | 0,70 ± 0,99b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 4,28 ± 1,42a | 3,36 ± 1,59b,c | 6,26 ± 5,57b |
A48 | 0,84 ± 1,19b | 11,39 ± 16,11b | 0,00 ± 0,00b | — | 0,00 ± 0,00b | 4,87 ± 0,14a | 0,52 ± 0,22c | 4,77 ± 0,13b |
B52 | 7,29 ± 4,32a | 10,73 ± 10,47a | 46,91 ± 58,43a | — | — | 4,70 ± 1,68a | 2,54 ± 0,05a | 4,05 ± 1,03a |
B53 | 4,01 ± 0,39a,b | 4,63 ± 1,91a | 12,56 ± 10,05a | — | — | 4,71 ± 1,51a | 2,72 ± 3,06a | 2,85 ± 1,12a |
B55 | 3,85 ± 0,71a,b | 9,14 ± 3,29a | 11,52 ± 11,00a | — | — | 4,12 ± 2,82a | 3,35 ± 3,77a | 5,29 ± 2,63a |
B61 | 0,62 ± 0,88b | 7,68 ± 3,80a | 0,00 ± 0,00a | — | — | 4,68 ± 4,75a | 5,64 ± 5,55a | 17,15 ± 18,45a |
B74 | 8,27 ± 1,75a | 10,21 ± 6,05a | 10,04 ± 14,20a | — | — | 5,12 ± 0,55a | 0,28 ± 0,39a | 9,48 ± 4,41a |
MS16 | 20,43 ± 4,91a | 5,14 ± 1,28a | — | — | — | 1,54 ± 0,37a | 2,43 ± 3,43a | 10,24 ± 0,57a |
MS41 | 16,97 ± 2,85a | 17,78 ± 1,71a | — | — | — | 1,80 ± 2,54a | 4,71 ± 2,42a | 17,65 ± 1,75a |
According to the result, total phenolic components of nettle samples were considerably high by comparison of other researches. The analysis results have statistical discrepancy between regions, cities, and parts of nettles (root, stalk, and leaves). Nettle parts (root, stalk, and leaves) phenolic content analysis was done qualitative and quantitative by using HPLC-DAD.
According to the results, there were not any gallic acid, syringic, fumaric, vanillic, isorhamnetin, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in the root samples from Mediterranean region, but there were myricetin, rutin, ellagic acid, ferulic, and naringin. These standards have statistical discrepancy. There were not any gallic acid, vanillic, and catechin in stalk samples, but there were myricetin, isorhamnetin, ferulic and naringin. These standards have statistical discrepancy. There were not gallic acid, fumaric, and catechin in leaves samples, but there were myricetin, quercetin, rutin, ellagic, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid. These standards have statistical discrepancy.
There were not gallic acid, fumaric, vanillic, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in root samples from Aegean region; other standards were found in these samples. There were not gallic acid, fumaric, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid, but there were syringic, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in stalk samples. There were not gallic acid, fumaric, and catechin, but there were quercetin and p-coumaric acid in leaves samples.
There were not gallic acid, syringic, fumaric, vanillic, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid, but other standards were found in root samples from Black Sea region. There were not gallic acid, syringic, fumaric, vanillic, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in stalk samples, but there were kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and naringin. There were not gallic acid, fumaric, vanillic, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in leaves samples, but there was statistical discrepancy in quercetin and fumaric acid.
There were not gallic acid, vanillic, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in Marmara region root samples, but other standards were found. There were not gallic acid, kaempferol, vanillic, catechin, ellagic, isorhamnetin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in stalk samples, but other standards were found. There were not gallic acid, vanillic, isorhamnetin, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid in leaves samples, but other standards were found.
By comparison of root samples, p-coumaric, kaempferol, and quercetin have not statistical discrepancy. On the other hand, there were no gallic acid, fumaric, vanillic, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid. By comparison of stalk samples, syringic, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin have not statistical discrepancy. On the other hand, there were not gallic acid, vanillic acid, catechin, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid. By comparison of leaves samples, p-coumaric, isorhamnetin, and quercetin have not statistical discrepancy. On the other hand, there were not gallic acid, fumaric acid, and catechin.
In a research about cultivated and wild nettle samples phenolic profile and HPLC analysis, caffeic acid derivative, chlorogenic acid, 2-O-caffeoylmalic acid, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside were found in cultivated leaves samples. Caffeic acid derivative, p-coumaric acid, caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-(6′′-O-p-coumaroylglucoside), and rosinidin 3-O-rutinoside were found in cultivated stalk samples. Caffeic acid derivative, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, 2-O-caffeoylmalic acid, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside were found in wild leaves samples. Finally, caffeic acid derivative, p-coumaric acid, caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-rutinoside, rosinidin 3-O-rutinoside were found in wild stalk samples [
In another research, some kinds of plants HPLC-MS analysis were done. One of these plants was nettle, and according to the results nettles included 18 ppm quercetin, 13 ppm myricetin, and 7,7 ppm kaempferol [
Nettle is a plant easy to grow. Nettle is rich of chemical component and composition. It is as widely used from cosmetics to food. It is widely used plant in complementary and alternative treatment method (CTM and ATM) as cancer, and so forth. It is thought that nettle has these positive properties as its phenolic contents. Also, these plant parts (root, stalk, and leaves) have different phenolic composition and contents. The nettle part content differences indicate that different parts could be used for different cancers in ATM. Because of that reason, the phenolic compounds and contents of nettle parts were tried to identify. By this way, different kinds of phenolic components of nettles part (root, stalk, and leaves) indicate different usage area to the plant parts. Phenolic content analyses were done by using nettle parts (root, stalk and leaves) and the nettles were collected from different regions of Turkey (Aegean, Black Sea, Mediterranean, Marmara), according to these properties of nettle.
Nettle prefers nutrient riches and lighted places, hot and mild climate. Therefore, the higher total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of nettles and roots of nettles were found in Marmara and Black Sea region in this research, while the higher moisture contents of nettles, roots, and stalks of nettles were found in Aegean and Mediterranean region. The higher moisture contents of leaves were found in Aegean and Black Sea region. The higher total phenolic contents of stalk samples was found in Black Sea and Mediterranean region, while the higher total antioxidant activities of stalk samples were found in Marmara and Black Sea region. The higher total phenolic contents of leaves samples were found in Marmara and Aegean region, while the higher total antioxidant activity of leaves samples were found in Marmara and Mediterranean region. According to analysis results, nettles phenolic compounds and contents were different between regions and parts of nettles. The difference between parts of nettle shows that all the parts of nettle could have different usages. In comparison of nettle tea and dried nettle from other researches, fresh samples phenolic contents were higher than others. For that reason, fresh nettle consumption could be healthier.