The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 309710, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/309710

Research Article

Molecular Docking Study of Conformational Polymorph: Building Block of Crystal Chemistry

Rashmi Dubey,1,2 Ashish Kumar Tewari,¹ Ved Prakash Singh,¹ Praveen Singh,¹ Jawahar Singh Dangi,² Carmen Puerta,³ Pedro Valerga,³ and Rajni Kant⁴

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

²Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India

³Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingenieria Metalurgica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario del Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain

⁴Department of Physics, Jammu University, Jammu 180016, India

Received 18 August 2013; Accepted 15 September 2013

Academic Editors: E. Kryachko and I. Shibata

Copyright © 2013 Rashmi Dubey et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Two conformational polymorphs of novel 2-[2-(3-cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-4,6-dimethyl nicotinonitrile have been developed. The crystal structure of both polymorphs (1a and 1b) seems to be stabilized by weak interactions. A difference was observed in the packing of both polymorphs. Polymorph 1b has a better binding affinity with the cyclooxygenase (COX-2) receptor than the standard (Nimesulide).

1. Introduction

Polymorphism “Supramolecular isomerism” is pertinent to supramolecular chemistry, and crystal engineering in the same way as isomerization is pertinent to organic molecules. In the simplest way, polymorphism is the ability of molecules to produce more than one crystal structure [1, 2], resulted from interplay of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters [3]. The complexities of the organic solid state and especially the differences of intermolecular forces influence crystal packing [4]. Conformational polymorphism will always be a possibility for molecules that have multiple conformational isomers accessible energetically: every different conformation is a different molecular shape and can, in principle, form its own crystalline polymorph (or polymorphs) [5]. Because of the variation in crystallization environment (e.g., temperature, solvent, using of additives, and concentration), the same molecules can pack differently and form different crystal lattices or polymorphs [6–8]. As a result, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the crystals can be dramatically affected. Nicotinonitrile-based crystals are highly influenced by σ and π cooperative effects [9]. Self-assemblies of these derivatives are governed by various weak interactions [10–20]. The presence of various weak interactions leads to the development of polymorphism in compounds [21–25]. Polymorphism in organic and inorganic solids can be of crucial importance in the drug design and pharmaceutical industries due to its regulatory action [26–28]. Earlier we had studied weak interactions and its polymorphism in 1,3-bis(4,6-dimethyl-1H-nicotinonitrile-1-yl)1,3-dioxy propane, which was symmetrical dimer [29]. This current study is focused on the pharmaceutical property of dissymmetrical molecule, 2-[2-(3-cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-4,6-dimethyl nicotinonitrile, and its polymorphs (1a and 1b).

2. Experimental

2.1. Synthesis of 2-[2-(3-Cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-4,6-dimethyl-nicotinonitrile

To a solution of 3-cyano-4, 6-dimethyl-2-oxo-nicotinonitrile (3 g, 0.02 mole) in 10 mL dry DMF, potassium carbonate (2.68 g, 0.02 mole) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. 1,2-Dibromo ethane (0.02 mole) was added to it and stirred for 15 h. Completion of reaction was monitored through TLC. Solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and residue was extracted in chloroform: water (1 : 1) (3 100 mL). Organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Compounds were purified by column chromatography (50% EtOAc: hexane) leading to crude product as a yellow powder.

Yield. 1.17 g (36%); ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃), δ 2.40 (s, 6H, CH₃), δ 2.63 (s, 6H, CH₃), δ 4.45 (t, 2H, J = 6, CH₂), δ 4.72 (t, 2H, J = 6, CH₂), δ 6.06 (s, 2H, ArCH), δ 6.69 (s, 2H, ArCH). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 19.94 (CH₃), δ 20.80 (CH₃), δ 21.73 (CH₃), δ 24.33 (CH₃), δ 44.54 (NCH₂), δ 64.37 (OCH₂), δ 93.50 (CCN), 101.27 (CCN), δ 109.64 (CN), 115.04 (CN), δ 115.33 (Ar-CH), δ 118.08 (Ar-CH), δ 151.98 (CCH₃), δ 154.37 (CCH₃), 158.41 (CCH₃), δ 160.93 (CO), δ 163.19 (COCH₂). IR (KBr) cm⁻¹: 659–848 (CH bending), 1156–1203 (COC, NC stretching), 1410–1595 (C=C stretching), 1650 (CO stretching), 2219 (CN stretching), 2858–2924 (CH, CH₃, and ArH stretching). Elemental analysis for C₂₄H₂₂N₄O₂: Calcd. C; 62.42%, H; 5.20%, N; 16.18%, found: C; 62.40%, H; 5.19%, N; 16.19%; MS (FAB): m/z: 346 (m + 2).

2.2. Instrumentation

The X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out using a CrysAlis CCD, Oxford diffractometer. The structure was solved by direct methods with the SHELXS-97 program and refined by the full-matrix least squares method on data using the SHELXL-97 program. Molecular graphics: ORTEP; software used to prepare material for publication: MERCURY-3.1. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a VARIAN 3100 FT-IR spectrometer, which was evacuated to avoid water and CO₂ absorptions, at a 2 cm⁻¹ resolution in KBr. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL AL300 FTNMR spectrometer operating at 300.40 and 75.46 MHz for proton and carbon 13, respectively. The 1H and 13C chemical shifts were measured CDCl₃ solution relative to TMS. The details of the data collection and final refinement parameters are listed in Table 1 and in the supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/309710.

Table 1: Crystal data and structure refinement for polymorphs 1a and 1b.

Compound
1a
1b

Empirical formula
C₁₈H₁₈N₄O₂
C₁₈H₁₈N₄O₂

Formula weight
322.36
322.36

Wavelength
0.71073
0.71073

Crystal system
Monoclinic
Monoclinic

Space group
 “ ”
“ ”

Unit cell dimensions (Å)
10.025(2), 13.356(3),

11.964(2), 94.19(3)
10.0026(4), 3.6580(8),

12.0838(7), 93.802(4)

Volume (Å³)
1597.6 (6)
1647.20 (15)

4
5

Calculated density
1.340
1.484

Absorption coefficient
0.091
0.098

(000)
680
780

θ range for data collection (°)
2.29–25.02
2.96–32.37

Limiting indices , ,
−11/11, −15/15, −14/14
−14/14, −18/20, −18/16

Refinement method
Full-matrix least-squares on
Full-matrix least-squares on

Final indices [ > 2 ()]
= 0.0505, = 0.1041
= 0.0595, = 0.1660

indices (all data)
= 0.0528, = 0.1054
= 0.2097, = 0.2105

3. Results and Discussion

Freshly synthesized 2-[2-(3-cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-4,6-dimethyl-nicotinonitrile was recrystallized in two different mixtures of solvent. Using mixture of Ethyl acetate-n-hexane (9 : 1) solvent, hexagonal crystals of pale pink color was obtained after 2 days at room temperature. However, recrystallization from a mixture of (1 : 1) chloroform-n-hexane was attempted, resulting in the appearance of light yellow, prismatic crystals (1b), at a temperature of −5°C (refrigerated).

Crystal structure of the 1st polymorph (1a) and 2nd polymorph (1b) is shown in ORTEP diagram in Figure 1, respectively.

Figure 1: ORTEP diagram of polymorphs.

Weak aromatic interaction (CHN, CHπ, and CHO interaction) plays an important role in occupying both the polymorphs conformation. A detailed list of their bond lengths and bond angles are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Intramolecular hydrogen: bonding geometry (Å and deg) for 1a and 1b.

D–HA
1a
1b

(D–H)
(HA)
(DA)
<(DHA)
(D–H)
(HA)
(DA)
<(DHA)

CH8CN4
0.980
2.915
3.496
118.96
0.959
2.664
3.544
152.32

CH8CO2
0.980
2.489
3.237
132.93
—
—
—
—

CH10AO1
0.990
2.660
3.145
110.36
—
—
—
—

CH10BO1
—
—
—
—
0.970
2.671
3.144
110.38

CH10BN3
0.990
2.564
2.713
87.82
0.970
2.770
2.700
75.75

CH10AN3
0.990
2.799
2.713
74.77
0.970
2.554
2.700
88.00

CH8Cπ (C16–N4)
0.980
2.912
3.607
128.73
0.959
2.851
3.654
141.84

Intermolecular CHN (2.573 Å, 131.53°) and CHO (2.425 Å, 174.68°) interaction stabilized the network of 1a in a symmetrical manner. However, these interactions are absent in polymorph 1b. The major difference observed in the packing diagram of both the polymorphs (Figure 2) is that intermolecular π-π interaction present between centroid (C13C14C15N3C11C12) and centroid (C4C3C2C1N1C5) of heteroaromatic ring in 1b is crystallized more closely while in the case of 1a aromatic π-π interaction is completely absent and packing of this polymorph stabilized by CHπ interaction (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Packing diagram of 1st and 2nd polymorph along -axis.

Figure 3: Packing of crystal shows its geometry and interactions in (1a) and (1b) polymorph.

Both polymorphs are showing roughness in their morphology due to the formation of zigzag sheets via weak interactions. In other words the crystal packing of molecules seems to achieve maximum crystal density. In the packing of the 1st polymorph 1a, due to CHO and CHπ (pi-bond of CN group) interaction, the molecules linked together and formed a cavity. However, in the case of 1b the π π and CHπ (pi-bond of CN group) interaction joined the molecules together in packing more tightly and a cavity appears. Presence of different sizes of cavities indicates that both the polymorphs can be used as a host for the different guest molecules. Such kinds of molecular systems will be helpful in many biological systems. Details of intermolecular weak interaction are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Intermolecular hydrogen: bonding geometry (Å and deg) for 1a and 1b.

D–HA
1a
1b

(D–H)
(HA)
(DA)
<(DHA)
(D–H)
(HA)
(DA)
<(DHA)

CHO

0.980
2.425

3.402

174.68

—
—
—
—

CHN

0.990

2.573

3.313

131.53

—
—
—
—

CHπ (C≡N)
0.980

2.965

3.837

148.86
0.970

2.906

3.635

132.81

—
—
—
—
0.970
3.238

4.135
154.55

—
—
—
—
—
3.536
—
—

Docking Studies of Synthesized Compound. Firstly, all bound waters, ligands, and cofactors were removed from the proteins. The macromolecule was checked for polar hydrogen; torsion bonds of the inhibitors were selected and defined. Gasteiger charges were computed and the AutoDock atom types were defined using AutoDock 4.2, graphical user interface of AutoDock supplied by MGL Tools [30]. The Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA), which is considered one of the best docking methods available in AutoDock [31, 32], was employed. This algorithm yields superior docking performance compared to simulated annealing or the simple genetic algorithm and the other search algorithms available in AutoDock 4.2. Secondly, the three-dimensional grid boxes were created by AutoGrid algorithm to evaluate the binding energies on the macromolecule coordinates. The grid maps representing the intact ligand in the actual docking target site were calculated with AutoGrid (part of the AutoDock package). Eventually cubic grids encompassed the binding site where the intact ligand was embedded. Finally, AutoDock was used to calculate the binding-free energy of a given inhibitor conformation in the macromolecular structure while the probable structure inaccuracies were ignored in the calculations. The search was extended over the whole receptor protein used as blind docking.

The ability of compound 1a-b to interact with the COX-2 was further assessed by in silico studies with AutoDock (Figure 4). Results indicate that polymorph 1b shows a better binding effect with COX-2 compared with standard (Nimesulide) than 1a (Table 4). It seems that 1b can further be used as an anti-inflammatory drug.

Table 4: Compounds docking scores compared with indomethacin.

Compound no.
Docking score

1a
−7.36

1b
−7.63

Nimesulide
−7.59

Figure 4: Docking analysis of both polymorphs.

4. Conclusion

Weak interactions play an important role in stabilizing the structure of both polymorphs due to which they have different crystal packing. The presence of different sizes of cavities, formed via such weak interactions, plays a crucial role in their biological activity. Polymorph 1b has more binding affinity with COX-2 than polymorph 1a. Polymorph 1b can further be explored for anti-inflammatory activity.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank UGC India Grant no. 37-54/2009 (SR) for financial assistance of the work. The first author gracefully acknowledges CSIR, New Delhi, India, for CSIR-RA fellowship. Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalya (a central university), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India, is acknowledged for departmental facilities.

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