Free Convection Nanofluid Flow in the Stagnation-Point Region of a Three-Dimensional Body

Analytical results are presented for a steady three-dimensional free convection flow in the stagnation point region over a general curved isothermal surface placed in a nanofluid. The momentum equations in x- and y-directions, energy balance equation, and nanoparticle concentration equation are reduced to a set of four fully coupled nonlinear differential equations under appropriate similarity transformations. The well known technique optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM) is used to obtain the exact solution explicitly, whose convergence is then checked in detail. Besides, the effects of the physical parameters, such as the Lewis number, the Brownian motion parameter, the thermophoresis parameter, and the buoyancy ratio on the profiles of velocities, temperature, and concentration, are studied and discussed. Furthermore the local skin friction coefficients in x- and y-directions, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood number are examined for various values of the physical parameters.


Introduction
The stagnation point is defined as the point on the surface of objects in the flow field where the fluid is brought at rest by the object. The problem of flow and heat transfer at a general three-dimensional stagnation-point region has important applications in many manufacturing processes in petrochemical industries, the aerodynamic of plastic sheet, solar central receivers exposed to wind currents, and so forth. The boundary layer flows near a three-dimensional stagnation point of attachment on an isothermal surface have been examined several times in the past. Howarth [1], Davey and Schofield [2] discussed the solutions of boundary layer flow near the stagnation point on a general three-dimensional surface. Poots [3] formulated the boundary-layer equations for the free convection flow at three-dimensional lower stagnation point on a general curved isothermal surface. Banks [4] concluded that the three-dimensional solution can be exhibited at a two-dimensional stagnation point for a Prandtl number Pr = 0.72. Further he investigated at infinitely large Prandtl number Pr = ∞ the three-dimensional problem which can be reduced to the two-dimensional case. Banks [5] then extended the results of Poots [3] for negative values of (referred to as dual solution) corresponding to saddle points of attachment. Gorla et al. [6] explored dual solutions by a numerical procedure in the investigation of nonnewtonian power-law type fluids near a three-dimensional stagnation point. Ingham et al. [7] considered unsteady free convection flow near a threedimensional stagnation point of attachment on an isothermal surface. Pop and Merkin [8] validated that the form of the three-dimensional free convection near a stagnation point on an isothermal surface depends on = / , the ratio of the principle curvature of the body at a stagnation point. Merkin and Mahmood [9] investigated free convection boundary layer on a vertical plate with prescribed surface heat flux. Takhar et al. [10] studied unsteady free convection boundary layer flow in the forward stagnation-point region of a sphere, which is rotating with time dependent angular velocity in an ambient fluid. Slaouti et al. [11] described the momentum and the thermal boundary layer characteristics for unsteady free convection flow in the stagnation-point region of a heated three-dimensional body. Harris et al. [12] examined the free convection boundary layer flow near the lower stagnation 2 The Scientific World Journal point of a cylindrical body. Xu et al. [13] presented series solutions of unsteady free convection flow in the stagnationpoint region of a three-dimensional body. Singh et al. [14] extended the work of Xu et al. [13] to the mass transfer case. Admon et al. [15] presented flow and heat transfer analysis for the unsteady free convection flow near the stagnation point of a three-dimensional body.
Nanoparticles are defined to be an object with at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometer. When particle is such small and the area of the particle which got the surface is much higher than its weight, that makes particle having new and exciting properties. The addition of nanoparticles in a clear fluid like water and a solution where the suspension of nanoparticles can be stabilized; then, this setup is called nanofluids. Choi [16] is the first among the others to use the term nanofluids. The purpose of the nanofluids is to intensify the heat transfer properties and the development of the nanofluid is potentially for several applications such as cooling of electronics and cooling of data center where a computer eject a lot of heat, coolants, and so forth. The indepth study on nanofluids can be found in the book by Das et al. [17], in the review paper by Wang and Mujumdar [18], Yang et al. [19], and Jahani et al. [20]. Kuzetsov and Nield [21] used Buogiorno [22] model to investigate a natural convection flow of a nanofluid over a vertical plate. They identified governing parameters for the transport process, namely, a buoyancy-ratio number , a thermophoresis parameter , a Brownian number , and a Lewis number Le. Recently the stagnation-point flow of a nanofluid has drawn considerable attention and a significant amount of research is in progress. Bachok et al. [23] studied the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction parameter and the ratio of gradients of velocities on the flow and heat transfer for the steady threedimensional stagnation-point flow in a nanofluid. Bachok et al. [24] investigated two-dimensional stagnation-point flow of a nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking sheet. Alsaedi et al. [25] examined the influence of heat generation/absorption on the stagnation-point flow of nanofluids towards a linear stretching surface. Mustafa et al. [26] extended the work of Ibrahim et al. [27] with the inclusion of the combined effects of buoyancy force and convective heating.
In this paper the three-dimensional laminar free convection stagnation-point flow of a nanofluid on a general curved isothermal surface is considered. The conservation equations embodying the mass, the momentum, and the energy as well as the nanoparticle volume fraction are reduced to a set of four fully coupled nonlinear equations. Exact analytical approximations are obtained for the velocity, temperature, and concentration profile as well as for the local skin friction coefficients, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood number by means of the OHAM technique [28]. A new kind of error estimation technique is defined and used to evaluate the convergence of the solution series. It should be noted that two different approaches can be used to choose the optimal values of the convergence-control parameters. One approach is the ℎ-curve method which reflects the variation of ℎ with a fixed unknown functional value (for an example, (0)) given by a certain order of HAM approximation. Other technique is the minimum error method [29], in which we can select the "best" value of the convergence-control parameters by the minimum errors of the whole equations. On the other hand, the explicit solutions are given based on the HAM technique (for details see Appendix B). Besides The effects of the physical parameters such as Le, , , and on profiles of velocities, temperature, and concentration as well as the important quantities such as the local skin friction coefficients, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood number are explored in detail.

Problem Formulation
Consider steady, viscous, laminar, incompressible, and free convection nanofluid flow in the stagnation-point region of a three-dimensional body. A Cartesian coordinate system ( , , ) is chosen with the origin at the stagnation point as shown in the Figure 1, where -and -coordinates are measured along the body surface while the -coordinate is measured normal to the body surface. We assume that the flow is steady, the temperature and concentration are and at the surface, and the temperature and concentration for the ambient fluid is ∞ and ∞ and the gravitational acceleration is , respectively. Under these assumptions the governing equations of continuity, momentum, energy, and nanoparticle volume fraction are as follows.
Continuity Equation Momentum equations for -and -components The Scientific World Journal Thermal energy equation Nanoparticle volume fraction equation In the above equations, , V, and are the -component, -component, and -componen, respectively, of the fluid velocity with origin ; ] is the kinematic viscosity; is the coefficient of thermal expansion; is the nanoparticle volume fraction; is the Brownian diffusion coefficient; is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient; is the heat capacity ratio. Subscripts and , respectively, denote the nanoparticles and the base fluid. The two functions and are the principal curvatures of the body at the stagnation point. The corresponding boundary conditions are We now introduce the similarity transformations as follows: = Gr 1/4 , = ] 2 Gr 1/2 , V = ] 2 Gr 1/2 , Substituting (6) into (1)-(5), the nondimensionalized governing equations take the forms 1 Pr In the above equations, the parameters Pr, , , and are the Prandtl number, the Brownian motion parameter, the buoyancy parameter, and the thermophoresis parameter, respectively, which are defined by where is the thermal conductivity, Gr and Le are the Grashof number and Lewis number, respectively. They are defined as The boundary conditions in nondimensional form are The quantities of physical interest such as the local skin friction coefficients and , along the -anddirections respectively and the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number, which are defined as where = ] 2 Gr 1/2 and = ] 2 Gr 1/2 are the local reference velocities, and , , , and are the local wall skin friction, the local heat flux, and the mass flux from the surface defined by 4 The Scientific World Journal Substituting (6) in (15) the nondimensional skin friction coefficients, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number are as follows: where Re = /] and Re = /] are the local Reynolds number in -and -directions, respectively. Note that the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number have the same values in both -and -directions, so we only list them in -direction.

Exact Residual Error.
It should be emphasized that ( ), ( ), ( ), and ( ) as defined in Appendix A contain unknown convergence-control parameters 0 , 0 , 0 , and 0 , which determine the convergence region and rate of the homotopy-series solutions. To find out the optimal values of 0 , 0 , 0 , and 0 , first we define the exact squared residual errors at the th-order of approximations as follows: Note that Δ contains all the unknown convergence-control parameters 0 , 0 , 0 , and 0 . Obviously, the more quickly Δ decreases to zero, the faster the corresponding homotopyseries solutions converge. Thus, at the given order of approximation , the corresponding optimal values of the convergence-control parameters are given by the minimum of Δ , corresponding to a set of four nonlinear algebraic equations However, Δ defined by (18) takes too much CPU time to calculate even if the order of approximation is not very high.

Average Squared Residual
Error. Thus, to greatly decrease the CPU time, it is used here the so-called average squared residual error defined by where is an integer. It is reasonable to set = 80 and = 0.1. we define where E is the total average squared residual error. Obviously, the smaller the value of E ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) for given iteration , the better the approximation. The OHAM series solutions which greatly depend on optimal values of convergencecontrol parameters can be obtained accurately by the proper choice of convergence-control parameters.

Choice of Convergence-Control Parameters.
In this subsection we will explain the procedure to obtain the optimal convergence-control parameters. The optimal values for the convergence-control parameters can be obtained by the minimum of total average squared residual error. The total average squared residual error E ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) is minimized by using symbolic computation software ℎ . It is clear the smaller the value of total averaged squared residual error for a given the better the approximation. We directly employ the command Minimize at any order of iteration, say " , " to obtain the corresponding global optimal convergencecontrol parameters. Let us assume Pr = Le = Gr = 1.0, = 0.5, = = = 0.1, and the convergencecontrol parameters are unknown. The corresponding squared residual errors at different orders of iterations are shown in Table 1. It can be seen as we increase the order that the total average squared residual error is decreasing. Physically The Scientific World Journal 5  the convergence-control parameters are just the artificial parameters introduced in the high order deformation equations to obtain the convergent results. Since the convergentcontrol parameters are unknown therefore the CPU takes too much computation time. Therefore it is reasonable to choose optimal values of the convergence-control parameters corresponding to 5-order OHAM iteration. Using fifth order OHAM iteration the OHAM approximations at different orders of iterations are shown in Table 2. The results in Table 2 demonstrate the reliability of OHAM series solutions.

Results and Discussion
Analytical approximations with the high precision for velocity profile along -and -directions, temperature distribution, and concentration profile, the local skin friction coefficients along -and -directions, the local Nusselt number, and the local sherwood number are plotted in Figures 2-13 for various values of the physical parameters Le, , , , and . Figure 2 depicts the graphs of the local skin friction coefficients, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood number for various values of keeping the other parameters such as Pr = Gr = Le = 1.0, = = = 0.1. Since we have assumed that and are positive and most shapes of practical interest lies between cylinder ( = 0) and sphere ( = 1) therefore it is reasonable to consider the values of between 0 and 1 however the current method can also be applied to generate the solutions for (1 ≤ ≤ ∞). The increase in the values of increases parameter (the curvature of the body in the = 0 plane) and decreases the parameter (the curvature of the body in the = 0 plane) and also the impact of the increase in the values of is to decrease the shear stress because of more streamlined flow. It can be seen in Figure 2  opposing flow Gr = −1.0. For buoyancy assisted flow the temperature at the stagnation point is greater than the ambient fluid temperature ∞ , that is, > ∞ . The increase in the values of will increase the density and nanoparticles mass differences; thus, the fluid becomes more dense which opposes the transport phenomenon. It can be seen in Figure 3 the skin friction coefficient decreases with the increase in the values of . For buoyancy opposing case the ambient fluid temperature is higher, that is, ∞ > the increase in the values of will result in the decrease in the density and mass fraction nanoparticles differences hence the fluid is less dense. For buoyancy opposing case this can be seen in Figure 3 the increase in the values of increases the skin friction coefficients. Further it can be seen for buoyancy assisted flow the increase in the values of increases the temperature difference which increases the density difference, the ambient fluid is more dense hence the skin friction along -and -directions decreases while quite the opposite is true for buoyancy opposing flow. Figure 4 describes the effects of on the local skin friction coefficients. For buoyancy assisted flow the increase in the value of decreases the local skin friction in both directions and for buoyancy opposing flow the increase in the value of increases the local skin friction. It is evident from Figures 3 and 4 the effects of buoyancy parameter are more prominent than thermophoresis parameter. Figure 5 demonstrates that for both buoyancy assisted and buoyancy opposing flows the increase in the values of increases the skin friction in both directions.  Figure 6 depicts the general trend of velocity profiles when > ∞ and > ∞ . It can be seen that velocity is zero at the stagnation point. Since the temperature is higher slightly away from the wall in the ambient fluid region therefore the particles moves from cold to hot region hence the velocity tends to increase. As it goes further away the temperature difference reduces which results in the decay of the buoyancy force and flow starts decreasing. Eventually away from the wall when temperature differences are negligible the flow asymptotically achieves the free stream velocity. The behavior of increase in the values of Le on the velocity field ( ) can be seen from Figure 6. The increase in the values of Le increases the velocity and momentum boundary layer thickness. Physically it validates the fact that increase in the values of Le increases thermal diffusivity in free convection which is due to a higher temperature therefore higher Lewis number results in higher flow field. Figure 7 depicts the effects of dimensionless temperature and concentration profiles for buoyancy assisted flow > ∞ for various values of Le. At the wall the temperature is maximum; as it moves away it is noticed the temperature reduces and asymptotically it approaches to the free stream temperature. It is observed with the increase in the values of Le the temperature and concentration profiles decreases throughout in the boundary layer. This implies that thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with the increase in the values of Le but the effect of Le is more prominent for concentration profiles. It is due to the fact the increase in the Lewis number reduces the mass diffusivity therefore heat transfer and mass transfer slow down through the The Scientific World Journal  fluid because the fluid conducts heat slowly relative to its volumetric heat capacity.
Analysis of Figures 8 and 9 reveals the strong effects of buoyancy coefficient on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. In the absence of buoyancy parameter the density difference is zero therefore the flow is maximum; as we increase the buoyancy parameter the density  parameter plays a significant role in the flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer properties. Figure 10 illustrates the fluid flow is reduced with the increase in the values of . It is clear the increase in the values of increases the temperature difference which results in the decrease in the fluid flow hence nanoparticles in the fluid opposes the transport phenomena through the parameter . Further, it can be seen the highest value of the velocity occur in the ambient fluid close to the surface but not at the surface. Figure 11 illustrates the effects of on the fluid temperature and concentration profiles. The increase in the values of increases the temperature and concentration profiles hence the nanoparticles enhance heat and mass transfer. It is observed that the effects of are more pronounced for concentration profiles. Figure 12 depicts that the increase in the values of increases the flow because the increase in Brownian motion parameter will increase the mass diffusivity which enhances the momentum transfer. Figure 13 depicts that the increase in Brownian motion parameter increases the mass diffusivity which enhances the heat transfer process therefore temperature profiles increases with the increase in the values of . The increase in the values of reduces thermal diffusivity therefore the mass transfer will decrease hence the increase in the values of decreases the concentration profiles.

Conclusions
The problem of steady flow and heat transfer of free convection boundary layer flow in the stagnation-point region in the presence of nanoparticles is studied analytically. The governing equations are nondimensionalized using proper nondimensional quantities. The resulting boundary value problem is solved by optimal homotopy analysis method. A new kind of total averaged squared residual error is used to obtain the optimal values of the convergence-control parameters. The procedure to obtain global convergence control parameters is defined in detail. The effects of the various values of the pertinent parameters , , , , and Le on the fluid velocity, temperature profile, and concentration profile are illustrated through graphs. We may extract some important findings from our results.  region in the presence of nanoparticles can be controlled by changing the quantity of the physical parameters. Hence OHAM is very effective method to solve strongly nonlinear problems.

A. Homotopy-Based Approach
We apply the optimal homotopy analysis method to solve the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (7)-(10) with boundary conditions (13). In the framework of the HAM the solutions for ( ), ( ), ( ), and ( ) can be expressed explicitly by an infinite number of subfunctions in the following form: where , , , , , , and , are constant coefficients to be determined. In the HAM, one has great freedom on the choice of the auxiliary linear operator. Thus, we can choose auxiliary linear operators as which satisfy the following properties: The Scientific World Journal In HAM, we also have freedom to choose the initial approximations. Note that, all the initial approximations need to satisfy the boundary conditions (14). Without loss of generality, we set Thus, in the frame of HAM the th order approximation ( ), ( ), ( ), and ( ) can be obtained using the following recursive formulae: (A.10) 0 , 0 , 0 , and 0 are convergence-control parameters, , , , and are defined based on (8)- (13) for details see Liao [30]. Consider (A.11) Using the above recursive formulae, we can get the explicit analytical approximations of ( ), ( ), ( ), and ( ) for = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

B. Formulation of Explicit Solutions
The corresponding coefficients in (A.