The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 471827, 15 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/471827

Research Article

Fixed Points of Contractive Mappings in -Metric-Like Spaces

Nawab Hussain,¹ Jamal Rezaei Roshan,² Vahid Parvaneh,³ and Zoran Kadelburg⁴

¹Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Mathematics, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran

³Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

⁴Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Studentskitrg 16, 11000 Beograd, Serbia

Received 19 December 2013; Accepted 5 March 2014; Published 30 March 2014

Academic Editors: M. Abbas and K. Sadarangani

Copyright © 2014 Nawab Hussain et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We discuss topological structure of -metric-like spaces and demonstrate a fundamental lemma for the convergence of sequences. As an application we prove certain fixed point results in the setup of such spaces for different types of contractive mappings. Finally, some periodic point results in -metric-like spaces are obtained. Two examples are presented in order to verify the effectiveness and applicability of our main results.

1. Introduction

There are a lot of generalizations of the concept of metric space. The concepts of -metric space and partial metric space were introduced by Czerwik [1] and Matthews [2], respectively. Combining these two notions, Shukla [3] introduced another generalization which is called a partial -metric space.

On the other hand, Amini-Harandi [4] introduced a new extension of the concept of partial metric space, called a metric-like space. The concept of -metric-like space which generalizes the notions of partial metric space, metric-like space, and -metric space was introduced by Alghamdi et al. in [5]. They established the existence and uniqueness of fixed points in a -metric-like space as well as in a partially ordered -metric-like space. In addition, as an application, they derived some new fixed point and coupled fixed point results in partial metric spaces, metric-like spaces, and -metric spaces (see also [6–14]).

The aim of this paper is to examine more closely the topological structure of these spaces. In this context, we demonstrate a fundamental lemma for the convergence of sequences in -metric-like spaces and by using it we prove some fixed point results in the setup of such spaces. Finally, some periodic point results in -metric-like spaces are obtained. Two examples are presented in order to verify the effectiveness and applicability of our main results.

2. Preliminaries

2.1. Definitions and Basic Properties of Certain Types of Spaces

To clarify the issue, we first recall definitions of -metric, partial metric, partial -metric, and metric-like spaces.

Definition 1 (see [1]). Let be a nonempty set and a given real number. A function is a -metric if, for all , the following conditions are satisfied:

if and only if ,,.

The pair is called a -metric space with coefficient .

Definition 2 (see [2]). A partial metric on a nonempty set is a mapping such that for all

if and only if ,,,.

A partial metric space is a pair such that is a nonempty set and is a partial metric on .

Definition 3 (see [3]). A partial -metric on a nonempty set is a mapping such that for some real number and all

if and only if ,,,.

A partial -metric space is a pair such that is a nonempty set and is a partial -metric on . The number is called the coefficient of .

Definition 4 (see [4]). A metric-like on a nonempty set is a mapping such that for all

implies ,,.

The pair is called a metric-like space.

Every partial metric space is a metric-like space. Below we give some other examples of metric-like spaces.

Example 5 (see [15]). Let . Then the mapping defined by is a metric-like on .

Example 6 (see [15]). Let ; then the mappings (), defined by

are metric-like on , where and .

Definition 7 (see [5]). Let be a nonempty set and a given real number. A function is -metric-like if, for all , the following conditions are satisfied:

implies ,,.

A -metric-like space is a pair such that is a nonempty set and is -metric-like on . The number is called the coefficient of .

In a -metric-like space if and , then , but the converse may not be true and may be positive for . It is clear that every partial -metric space is a -metric-like space with the same coefficient and every -metric space is also a -metric-like space with the same coefficient . However, the converses of these facts need not hold.

Example 8. Let , a constant, and be defined by

Then is a -metric-like space with coefficient , but it is not a partial -metric space. Indeed, for any we have , so of Definition 3 is not satisfied.

The following propositions help us to construct some more examples of -metric-like spaces.

Proposition 9. Let be a metric-like space and , where is a real number. Then is -metric-like with coefficient .

Proof. The proof follows from the fact that , where .

From the above proposition and Examples 5 and 6 we have the following examples of -metric-like spaces.

Example 10. Let . Then the mapping defined by , where is a real number, is -metric-like on with coefficient .

Example 11. Let . Then the mappings (), defined by

are -metric-like on , where , and .

Proposition 12. Let be a nonempty set such that and are -metric and partial -metric, respectively, , and is a metric-like on . Then the mappings (), defined by

for all are -metric-like on .

Proof. Let be a partial -metric space and a -metric space with . Then conditions , , and are obvious for the function . For instance, if are arbitrary then, as is partial -metric and is -metric on , we have

Therefore, is satisfied and so is a -metric-like space. Similarly, one can show that and are -metric-like spaces.

From the above proposition and Examples 5 and 6 we have the following examples.

Example 13. Let . Then the mapping defined by , where is a real number, is -metric-like on with coefficient .

Example 14. Let . Then the mappings (), defined by

are -metric-like on with coefficient , where , , and .

Each -metric-like on generates a topology on whose base is the family of all open -balls , where for all and .

Now, we define the concepts of Cauchy sequence and convergent sequence in a -metric-like space.

Definition 15 (see [5]). Let be a -metric-like space with coefficient , and let be any sequence in and . Then

(i)the sequence is said to be convergent to with respect to , if ;(ii)the sequence is said to be a Cauchy sequence in if exists and is finite;(iii) is said to be a complete -metric-like space if for every Cauchy sequence in there exists such that

It is clear that the limit of a sequence in a -metric-like space is usually not unique (since already partial metric spaces share this property).

We start our work by proving the following crucial lemma.

Lemma 16. Let be a -metric-like space with coefficient , and suppose that and are convergent to and , respectively. Then one has

In particular, if , then one has .

Moreover, for each one has

In particular, if , then

Proof. Using the triangle inequality in a -metric-like space it is easy to see that

Taking the lower limit as in the first inequality and the upper limit as in the second inequality we obtain the first desired result. If , then by the triangle inequality we get and . Therefore, we have . Similarly, using again the triangle inequality the other assertions follow.

2.2. Contraction Conditions and Fixed Point Results

It is well known that a self-map on a metric space is said to be a Banach contraction mapping, if there exists a number such that

for all . A mapping is called a quasicontraction if for some constant and for every

This concept was introduced and studied by Ćirić in 1974 [16]. A result of Ćirić shows that every quasicontraction in a complete metric space has a unique fixed point.

The existence of fixed points in partially ordered metric spaces was first investigated in 2004 by Ran and Reurings [17] and then by Nieto and Rodríguez-López [18].

In this paper, we establish some fixed point theorems for quasicontractive type mappings in a partially ordered complete -metric-like space. We investigate also the so-called -property for mappings in such spaces.

3. Main Results

3.1. Fixed Points of Quasicontraction-Type Mappings

Throughout this paper, let be a partially ordered set, and let be a -metric-like space (we will say, for short, that is a partially ordered -metric-like space). Further, let be the fixed point set of , the lower fixed point set of , and

In this section, we obtain some fixed point results for quasicontractions defined on a partially ordered complete -metric-like space.

We will also make use of the following notion.

Definition 17. An ordered -metric-like space is said to have the sequential limit comparison property if for every nondecreasing sequence (nonincreasing sequence) in , implies that , for all .

Theorem 18. Let be a complete partially ordered -metric-like space. If is a nondecreasing map such that, for all elements with ,

where , then provided that there exists an and one of the following two conditions is satisfied:

(a) is a continuous self-map on ,(b) has the sequential limit comparison property.

Moreover, has a unique fixed point if and only if each pair of fixed points of is comparable.

Proof. Since and is nondecreasing, therefore for each . Define a sequence in with and so for all . If there exists a positive integer such that , then which implies that is a fixed point of . Assume that for every positive integer . Since , therefore by replacing by and by in (15), we have

If, for some , , then according to the above inequality which is a contradiction.

Hence, for all , and therefore

where . Obviously, . Repeating the above process, we get

for all , and so, for , we have

Since, by assumption, , it follows that . Since is complete, there exists an element such that

If is a continuous self-map on , then . Indeed, by the triangle inequality we have

Taking the limit as in the above inequality, the desired result is obtained.

If condition (b) is fulfilled then for all , and it follows that

On taking the upper limit as , (using Lemma 16, as ) it follows that

and hence , or equivalently, .

Suppose that the fixed points of are comparable. Let be another fixed point of such that . Assume, for example, that . Using (15), we obtain that

which further implies that . The converse is trivial.

Example 19. Let be endowed with the usual order. Define by

for all . Then is a complete -metric-like space with coefficient (see Example 14).

Let be defined by . It is easy to see that is a nondecreasing and continuous self-map on , and . Using the Mean Value Theorem for any with and that , we have

Thus (15) is satisfied with . Thus all conditions of Theorem 18 are satisfied. Moreover, is the unique fixed point of .

Theorem 20. Let be a partially ordered complete -metric-like space with coefficient . If a nondecreasing map satisfies

for all with , where

and is a continuous and nondecreasing function such that for all and , then provided that there exists an and one of the following two conditions is satisfied:

(a) is a continuous self-map on .(b) has the sequential limit comparison property.

Moreover, has a unique fixed point if and only if the fixed points of are comparable.

Proof. Define the sequence as given in the proof of Theorem 18. If there exists a positive integer such that , then is a fixed point of . Assume that for every positive integer . Since , therefore by replacing by and by in (27), we obtain

Therefore, for all , and is nonincreasing and bounded from below. Hence, there exists such that .

From the above argument we have

If , we get

which is, because of , possible only if . So we have

Next, we show that is a Cauchy sequence. If not, then there exists for which we can find subsequences and of the sequence where is the smallest index for which with

Then,

From (33) and (34), we obtain

Taking the upper and lower limits as , from (32) we conclude that

Note that

Using (34) and (32), we get

On the other hand,

Using (36) and (32), we get

From (38) and (40), we have

Also,

Taking the upper limit as , we conclude that

or equivalently,

As is nondecreasing and , from (27) we have

where

wherefrom on taking the upper limit as , from (36) and (41), we have

Thus, from (44) and (45), we have

which gives , a contradiction. Hence is a Cauchy sequence in . Since is complete, there exists an element such that

If is a continuous self-map on , then . If assumption (b) is satisfied then for all ; it follows that

where

On taking the upper limit as in (50), from Lemma 16 we obtain

and hence , implying that .

Now, suppose that the fixed points of are comparable. Let be another fixed point of . We will show that . If not, then without loss of generality, we assume that . Using (27), we obtain

where

Thus,

which implies that , which yields that . The converse is trivial.

Example 21. Let be endowed with the usual order . Define by

for all . Then is a complete ordered -metric-like space with coefficient (see Example 11).

Let be defined by . It is easy to see that is a nondecreasing and continuous self-map on , and . Using the Mean Value Theorem for the function for any with , we have

which implies that

Hence

Now we define by , and, for any with , we have

since is an increasing function and .

Thus, all conditions of Theorem 20 are satisfied. Moreover, is the unique fixed point of .

3.2. Coincidence Points of Four Mappings under Generalized Weakly Contractive Conditions

Definition 22. Let and be two self-maps on partially ordered set . A pair is said to be

(i)weakly increasing if and , for all [19, 20],(ii)partially weakly increasing if , for all [21].

Let be a nonempty set and a given mapping. For every , let .

Definition 23. Let be a partially ordered set and mappings such that and . The ordered pair is said to be

(a)weakly increasing with respect to if and only if, for all , for all , and for all [22],(b)partially weakly increasing with respect to if , for all [23].

Remark 24. In the above definition (i) if , we say that is weakly increasing (partially weakly increasing) with respect to and (ii) if (the identity mapping on , then the above definition reduces to the weakly increasing (partially weakly increasing) mapping (see [22, 24]).

The study of unique common fixed points of mappings satisfying weakly contractive conditions has been at the center of vigorous research activity. Motivated by the work in [21, 23–30], we prove some coincidence point results for nonlinear generalized -weakly contractive mappings in partially ordered -metric-like spaces.

Recall [31] that an altering distance function is a mapping which satisfies that

is increasing and continuous, if and only if .

Let be an ordered -metric-like space and four self-mappings. Throughout this subsection, unless otherwise stated, for all , let

Suppose that and ; let be an arbitrary point of . Choose such that and such that . Continuing in this way, construct a sequence defined by and , for all . The sequence in is said to be a Jungck-type iterative sequence with initial guess .

Theorem 25. Let be a partially ordered -metric-like space with sequential limit comparison property, four mappings such that and , and and -complete subsets of . Suppose that, for comparable elements , one has

where are altering distance functions. Then, the pairs and have a coincidence point in provided that the pairs and are weakly compatible, and the pairs and are partially weakly increasing with respect to and , respectively.

Proof. Let be a Jungck-type iterative sequence with initial guess in ; that is, , for all .

As and , and the pairs and are partially weakly increasing with respect to and , so we have

Continuing this process, we obtain , for . We will complete the proof in three steps.

Step  I. We will prove that .

Define . Suppose , for some . Then, . If , then gives . Indeed,

where

Thus,

which implies that ; that is, . Similarly, if , then gives . Consequently, the sequence becomes constant for and hence .

Suppose that

for each . We now claim that the following inequality holds:

for each .

Let , and for an , . Then, as , using (62) we obtain that

where

If, for some , , (69) implies that

which is possible only if ; that is, , a contradiction to (67). Hence, and

Therefore, (68) is proved for .

Similarly, it can be shown that

Hence, is a nonincreasing sequence of nonnegative real numbers. Therefore, there is an such that

Taking the limit as in (68), we obtain

Taking the limit as in (69), using (74), (75), and the continuity of and , we have . Therefore . Hence,

from our assumptions about .

Step  II. We now show that is a -Cauchy sequence in . Because of (76), it is sufficient to show that is -Cauchy.

We assume on the contrary that there exists for which we can find subsequences and of such that and

and is the smallest number such that the above statement holds; that is,

From triangle inequality, we have

Taking the upper limit as in (79), from (77) and (76) we obtain that

Using triangle inequality, we have

Taking the upper limit as in (81), from (78) and (76) we have

Also,

Taking the upper limit as in (83) and using (76) and (78) we have

Consider

Taking the limit as and using (76) and (82), we have

As , so from (62), we have

where

Taking the upper limit in the above and using (76), (82), (84), and (86), we get

Now, taking the upper limit as in (87) and using (80) and (89) we have

which implies that . Hence,

which is in contradiction with (77). Hence, is a -Cauchy sequence.

Step  III. We will show that , , , and have a coincidence point.

Since is a -Cauchy sequence and and are -complete -metric spaces, there exists such that

There exists such that and

Similarly, there exists such that and

Now, we prove that is a coincidence point of and . For this purpose, we show that . Since as , so .

Therefore, from (62), we have

where

Taking the limit as in (95), as , and using Lemma 16 we obtain that

which implies that .

As and are weakly compatible, we have . Thus is a coincidence point of and .

Similarly it can be shown that is a coincidence point of the pair

Theorem 26. Let be a partially ordered -complete -metric-like space. Let be two mappings. Suppose that for every two comparable elements one has

where are altering distance functions and

Let and be continuous and let the pair be weakly increasing. Then, and have a common fixed point in .

Proof. Let . Let in be constructed such that and , for all nonnegative integers . As and are weakly increasing, we have

Following the proof of the above theorem there exists such that

Using the triangular inequality, we get

Letting and using continuity of and , we get

Therefore,

From (98), we have

where

Hence, by (104) and (105), we get that . Thus, we have .

3.3. Common Fixed Points of Dominated Maps on Closed Balls

Motivated by [32, Theorem 2.1] we have the following result.

Theorem 27. Let be a complete ordered -metric-like space, dominated maps, and an arbitrary point in . Suppose that for and for one has

Let, for each nonincreasing sequence in , imply that . Then there exists such that and . Also, if for any two points in there exists a point such that and , that is, every pair of elements has a lower bound, then is a unique common fixed point in .

Proof. Choose a point in such that . As , so and let . Now gives , and continuing this process, we construct a sequence of points in such that

First we show that for all . Using inequality (108), we have

It follows that .

Let for some . If , then , where so, using inequality (107), we obtain

If , then as and () we obtain

Thus from inequalities (111) and (112), we have

Now

Thus, . Hence for all . This implies that

It follows that

Notice that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in . Therefore there exists a point with . Also,

Now,

On taking the limit as and using the fact that when , we have

By (117) we obtain

and hence . Similarly, by using

we can show that . Hence and have a common fixed point in . Now,

This implies that

For the uniqueness, assume that is another fixed point of and in . If and are comparable then

This shows that . Now if and are not comparable then there exists a point such that and . Choose a point in such that . As , so ; let . Now gives , and continuing this process choose in such that

It follows that . As and , it follows that and for all . We will prove that for all by using mathematical induction. For ,

It follows that . Let for some . Note that if is odd then

and if is even then

Now,

and this implies that

Thus . Hence for all . As and , it follows that , , , and for all as and for all . If is odd then

Hence, . Similarly, we can show that if is even.

Thus, is a unique common fixed point of and in .

3.4. Periodic Point Results

Clearly, a fixed point of is also a fixed point of for every ; that is, . However, the converse is false. For example, the mapping , defined by , has a unique fixed point but every is a fixed point of . If for every , then is said to have property . For more details, we refer to [33, 34] and the references mentioned therein.

Recently, the study of periodic points for contraction mappings has been considered by many authors; for instance, every quasicontraction with the constant , where is a cone metric space, has the property [35, Theorem 3.1] and if is a cone metric space and -Hardy-Rogers contraction satisfies some appropriate conditions, then has property [36, Corollary 3.3].

Definition 28 (see [21]). Let be a partially ordered set. A mapping is called dominating on if for each in .

Example 29 (see [21]). Let be endowed with the usual ordering. Let be defined by for and for , for any . Then, for all , ; that is, is a dominating map.

We have the following results.

Theorem 30. Let be a partially ordered complete -metric-like space. Let be a nondecreasing mapping such that for all with one has

where . Then has the property provided that is nonempty and is dominating on .

Proof. Let for some . We will show that . Since is dominating on , therefore which implies that as is nondecreasing. Using (132), we obtain that

Repeating the above process, we get

which, on taking the limit as , implies that , implying that .

Theorem 31. Let and be as in Theorem 18. If is dominating on , then satisfies property .

Proof. From Theorem 18, . We will prove that (132) is satisfied for all .

If , then it is easy to see that (132) is satisfied. Now we suppose that . Since is dominating, we have . Also, as is nondecreasing. Using (15), we have

We will show that . On the contrary, if , then from the above inequality we have

which implies that , a contradiction.

So we have

where . Obviously, . By Theorem 30, has property .

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contribution

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final paper.

Acknowledgments

This paper was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, N. Hussain acknowledges with thanks DSR, KAU, for financial support. Z. Kadelburg is thankful to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia.

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