A Procedure to Construct Exact Solutions of Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations

We use the fractional transformation to convert the nonlinear partial fractional differential equations with the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The Exp-function method is extended to solve fractional partial differential equations in the sense of the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative. We apply the Exp-function method to the time fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation, the space fractional Burgers equation, and the time fractional fmKdV equation. As a result, we obtain some new exact solutions.


Introduction
Fractional differential equations (FDEs) are generalizations of classical differential equations of integer order. Recently, fractional differential equations have gained much attention as they are widely used to describe various complex phenomena in various applications such as the fluid flow, signal processing, control theory, systems identification, finance and fractional dynamics, and physics. The fractional differential equations have been investigated by many researchers [1][2][3]. In recent decades, a large amount of literature has been provided to construct the exact solutions of fractional ordinary differential equations and fractional partial differential equations of physical interest. Many powerful and efficient methods have been proposed to obtain approximate solutions of fractional differential equations, such as the Adomian decomposition method [4,5], the variational iteration method [6,7], the homotopy analysis method [8,9], the homotopy perturbation method [10,11], and the differential transformation method [12][13][14]. The fractional subequation method [15][16][17], the first integral method [18], the Expfunction method [19,20], and the (G /G)-expansion method [21][22][23] can be used to construct the exact solutions for some time and space fractional differential equations.
The present paper investigates for the first time the applicability and effectiveness of the Exp-function method on fractional nonlinear partial differential equations.

The Modified Riemann-Liouville Derivative
Jumarie proposed a modified Riemann-Liouville derivative. With this kind of fractional derivative and some useful formulas, we can convert fractional differential equations into integer-order differential equations by variable transformation in [38].
In this section, we firstly give some properties and definitions of the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative which are used further in this paper.
Assume that : → , → ( ) denote a continuous (but not necessarily differentiable) function. The Jumarie modified Riemann-Liouville derivative of order is defined by the expression 2 The Scientific World Journal A few properties of the fractional modified Riemann-Liouville derivative were summarized and three famous formulas of them are which are direct consequences of the equality Secondly, let us consider the time fractional differential equation with independent variables = ( 1 , 2 , . . . , , ) and a dependent variable : Using the fractional variable transformation ( ) = ( 1 , 2 , . . . , , ) , where and are constants to be determined later. Similarly, let us consider the space fractional differential equation with independent variables = ( 1 , 2 , . . . , , ) and a dependent variable : Next, using the fractional variable transformation ( ) = ( 1 , 2 , . . . , , ) , where and are constants to be determined later. The fractional differential equation (6) is reduced to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation where " " = / .

Description of the Exp-Function Method
We consider the general nonlinear ordinary differential equation in (8). According to Exp-function method, we assume that the wave solution can be expressed in the following form [24]: where , , , and are positive integers which are known to be further determined and and are unknown constants. We can rewrite (9) in the following equivalent form: This equivalent formulation plays an important and fundamental part for finding the analytic solution of problems.
To determine the value of and , we balance the linear term of the highest order of (8) with the highest degree nonlinear term. Similarly, to determine the value of and , we balance the linear term of the lowest order of (8) with the lowest degree nonlinear term.
We suppose that the solution in (8) can be expressed as where is the solution of the auxiliary equation = + + 2 . In a similar way, can be expressed in (11).
Theorem 1. Suppose that ( ) and are, respectively, the highest order linear term and the highest degree nonlinear term of a nonlinear ODE, where and are both positive integers. Then the balancing procedure using the Exp-function ansatz To show the efficiency of the method described in the previous part, we present some FDEs examples.

The Time Fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olver Equation
We consider the nonlinear fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation [40] The Scientific World Journal 3 subject to the initial condition where and 0 are arbitrary constants and is a parameter describing the order of the fractional time derivative. The function ( , ) is assumed to be a causal function of time.
For our purpose, we introduce the following transformations: where is a constant. Substituting (14) into (12), we can know that (12) reduced into an ODE where " " = / . Integrating (15) with respect to yields where 0 is a constant of integration.
Here take notice of the nonlinear term in (16), and we can balance and 3 by the idea of the Exp-function method [24] to determine the values of , , , and . By simple calculation, we have where are determined coefficients only for simplicity. Balancing the highest order of Exp-function in (17) we have which leads to the result Similarly to determine values of and , we balance the linear term of the lowest order in (16): where are determined coefficients only for simplicity. From (20), we obtain and this gives = .
For simplicity, we set = = 1 and = = 1, so (10) reduces to Substituting (23) into (16) and by the help of symbolic computation, we have 4 The Scientific World Journal Solving this system of algebraic equations by using symbolic computation, we obtain the following results.

Case 1. We have
where −1 and 1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (23), we obtain the following exact solution: If we set 1 = 2 and −1 = −2, (27) becomes which is the other exact solution of the fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation.
If we set 1 = −1 = 2, (27) becomes which is the other exact solution of the fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation.
Case 2. We have where −1 and −1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (23), we obtain the following exact solution: ( , ) = ( 1 exp ( − Γ (1 + ) ) Comparing our results with the results [18,19], it can be seen that our results are new to our best knowledge.

The Space Fractional Burgers Equation
We consider the space fractional Burgers equation [41] with the following initial value problem: where and are arbitrary constants and is a parameter describing the order of the fractional space derivative. The function ( , ) is assumed to be a causal function of time.
For our purpose, we introduce the following transformations: where is a constant. Substituting (34) into (32), we can know that (32) reduced into an ODE where " " = / . Integrating (35) with respect to yields where 0 is a constant of integration.
Here take notice of the nonlinear term in (36), and we can balance and 2 by the idea of the Exp-function method [24] to determine the values of , , , and . By simple calculation, we have The Scientific World Journal 5 where are determined coefficients only for simplicity. Balancing the highest order of Exp-function in (37) we have which leads to the result = .
Similarly to determine values of and , we balance the linear term of the lowest order in (36): where are determined coefficients only for simplicity. From (40), we obtain and this gives = .
For simplicity, we set = = 1 and = = 1, so (10) reduces to Substituting (43) into (36) and by the help of computation, we have Solving this system of algebraic equations by using symbolic computation, we obtain the following results. Case 1. We have where −1 , 1 , and −1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (43), we get the following exact solution: which is the exact solution of the space fractional Burgers equation.
Case 2. We have The Scientific World Journal where 1 , 0 , and 1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (43), we obtain the following exact solution: which is the exact solution of the space fractional Burgers equation.
Case 3. We have where 0 , −1 , 0 , and −1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (43), we get the following exact solution: which is the exact solution of the space fractional Burgers equation.
The obtained solutions for the space fractional Burgers equation are new to our best knowledge.

The Time Fractional fmKdV Equation
We consider the following fractional time fractional fmKdV equation [42]: with the initial conditions as where is an arbitrary constant and is a parameter describing the order of the fractional time derivative.
For our purpose, we introduce the following transformations where and are constants. Substituting (54) into (52), we can know that (52) reduced into an ODE where " " = / . By using the ansatz (55), for the linear term of highest order with the highest order and the nonlinear term Similarly to determine values of and , we balance the linear term of the lowest order in (55): where are determined coefficients only for simplicity. From (59), we obtain and this gives = .
For simplicity, we set = = 1 and = = 1, so (10) The Scientific World Journal Case 1. We have where 0 , 0 , and −1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (62), we obtain the following exact solution: Case 2. We have where −1 is a free parameter. Substituting these results into (62), we obtain the following exact solution: If we set 2 0 = 24 2 and −1 = 1, (68) becomes which is the exact solution of the time fractional fmKdV equation.
Case 3. We have where −1 and −1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (62), we obtain the following exact solution: Case 4. We have where 0 and 1 are free parameters. Substituting these results into (62), we obtain the following exact solution: ( , ) which is the exact solution of the time fractional fmKdV equation.
The established solutions have been checked by putting them back into the original equation (52). To the best of our knowledge, they have not been obtained in literature.

Conclusion
In this paper, we use the Exp-function method to calculate the exact solutions for the time and space fractional nonlinear partial differential equations. When the parameters take certain values, the solitary wave solutions are derived from the exponential form. Since this method is very efficient, reliable, simple, and powerful in finding the exact solutions for the nonlinear fractional differential equations, the proposed method can be extended to solve many systems of nonlinear fractional partial differential equations. We hope that the present solutions may be useful in further numerical analysis and these results are going to be very useful in further future research.