The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 514854, 14 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/514854

Research Article

Periodic Solutions for Nonlinear Integro-Differential Systems with Piecewise Constant Argument

Kuo-Shou Chiu

Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile

Received 31 August 2013; Accepted 10 October 2013; Published 12 January 2014

Academic Editors: R. Adams, A. Ibeas, and M. Inc

Copyright © 2014 Kuo-Shou Chiu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We investigate the existence of the periodic solutions of a nonlinear integro-differential system with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument of generalized type, in short DEPCAG; that is, the argument is a general step function. We consider the critical case, when associated linear homogeneous system admits nontrivial periodic solutions. Criteria of existence of periodic solutions of such equations are obtained. In the process we use Green’s function for periodic solutions and convert the given DEPCAG into an equivalent integral equation. Then we construct appropriate mappings and employ Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem to show the existence of a periodic solution of this type of nonlinear differential equations. We also use the contraction mapping principle to show the existence of a unique periodic solution. Appropriate examples are given to show the feasibility of our results.

1. Introduction

Among the functional differential equations, Myshkis [1] proposed to study differential equations with piecewise constant arguments: DEPCA. The theory of scalar DEPCA of the type

where signifies the greatest integer function, was initiated in [2–4], in Wiener [5], the first book in DEPCA, and has been developed by many authors [6–21]. Applications of DEPCA are discussed in [5, 22–25]. They are hybrid equations; they combine the properties of both continuous systems and discrete equations. Over the years, great attention has been paid to the study of the existence of periodic solutions of several different types of differential equations. For specific references see [5–7, 13, 17, 18, 23, 24, 26–34].

Let , , , and be the set of all integers, natural, real, and complex numbers, respectively. Denote by a norm in , . Fix two real sequences , such that ,  and  for all , and   as .

Let be a step function given by for and consider the DEPCA (1) with this general . In this case we speak of DEPCA of general type, in short DEPCAG. Indeed, corresponds to , and corresponds to , . The particular case of DEPCAG, when , an only delayed situation, is considered by first time in Akhmet [8]. The other extreme case is the only advanced situation . Any other situation means an alternately advanced and delayed situation with the advanced intervals and the delayed intervals. In [15, 16], Pinto has cleared the importance of the advanced and delayed intervals. This decomposition will be present in all our results. See [12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 24, 35]. The integration or solution of a DEPCA, as proposed by its founders [2–4, 6], is based on the reduction of DEPCA to discrete equations. To study nonlinear DEPCAG, we will use the approach proposed by Akhmet in [9], based on the construction of an equivalent integral equation, but we also remark the clear influence of the discrete part and the corresponding difference equations will be fundamental.

In 2008, Akhmet et al. [10] obtained some sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of periodic solutions for the following system:

where , , and are continuous functions, if , and is a small parameter belonging to an interval with .

Recently, Chiu and Pinto [23], using Poincaré operator, a new Gronwall type lemma and fixed point theory, obtained some sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of periodic (or harmonic) and subharmonic solutions of quasilinear differential equation with a general piecewise constant argument of the form

where , , is a matrix for , is a dimensional vector and is continuous in the first argument, and , if , . In this paper, comparing the three DEPCAG inequalities of Gronwall type and remarked new Gronwall lemma not only requests a weaker condition than the other Gronwall lemmas but also has a better estimate.

It is well-known that there are many subjects in physics and technology using mathematical methods that depend on the linear and nonlinear integro-differential equations, and it became clear that the existence of the periodic solutions and its algorithm structure from more important problems in the present time. Where many of studies and researches [36–40] dedicates for treatment the autonomous and non-autonomous periodic systems and specially with the integral equations and differential equations and the linear and nonlinear differential and which is dealing in general shape with the problems about periodic solutions theory and the modern methods in its quality treatment for the periodic differential equations.

Samoilenko and Ronto [41] assume the numerical-analytic method to study the periodic solutions for ordinary differential equations and its algorithm structure and this method includes uniform sequences of periodic functions and the results of that study are using the periodic solutions on wide range in the difference of new processes industry and technology. For example, Samoilenko and Ronto [41] investigated the existence and approximation of periodic solution for nonlinear system of integro-differential equations which has the form

where ; is a closed and bounded domain. The vectors functions and are continuous functions in , , and periodic in of period .

Butris [42] investigated the periodic solution of nonlinear system of integro-differential equations depending on the gamma distribution, by using the numerical analytic method, which has the form

where ; is a closed and bounded domain. The vector functions and are defined on the domain .

In the current paper, we study the existence of periodic solutions of a nonlinear integro-differential system with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument:

where , , and are continuous in their respective arguments. In the analysis we use the idea of Green's function for periodic solutions and convert the nonlinear integro-differential systems with DEPCAG (6) into an equivalent integral equation. Then we employ Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem and show the existence of a periodic solution of the nonlinear integro-differential systems with DEPCAG (6) in Theorem 12. We also obtain the existence of a unique periodic solution in Theorem 14 employing the contraction mapping principle as the basic mathematical tool. Furthermore, appropriate examples are given to show the feasibility of our results.

In our paper we assume that the solutions of the nonlinear integro-differential systems with DEPCAG (6) are continuous functions. But the deviating argument is discontinuous. Thus, in general, the right-hand side of the DEPCAG system (6) has discontinuities at moments . As a result, we consider the solutions of the DEPCAG as functions, which are continuous and continuously differentiable within intervals . In other words, by a solution of the DEPCAG system (6) we mean a continuous function on such that the derivative exists at each point , with the possible exception of the points , where a one-sided derivative exists, and the nonlinear integro-differential systems with DEPCAG (6) are satisfied by on each interval as well.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some definitions and preliminary results are introduced. We show double -periodicity of Green's function. Section 3 is devoted to establishing some criteria for the existence and uniqueness of periodic solutions of the DEPCAG system (6). Green's function and Banach, Schauder, and Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorems below are fundamental to obtain the main results. Furthermore, appropriate examples are provided in Section 4 to show the feasibility of our results.

2. Green’s Function and Periodicity

In this section we state and define Green's function for periodic solutions of the nonlinear integro-differential system with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument (6).

Let be the identity matrix. Denote by , the fundamental matrix of solutions of the homogeneous system (7).

For every , let be the unique integer such that .

From now on the following assumption will be needed.

The homogenous equation

does not admit any nontrivial -periodic solution.

Remark 1. For , the condition () equivalent to the matrix is nonsingular.

Now, we solve the DEPCAG system (6) on :

which has the solution given by

For in (9), we have

and in general, by induction, for any ,

On the other hand, one can easily see that

Then, any solution of the DEPCAG system (6) with the initial condition can be written as

Amongst these solutions, that one will be -periodic, for which ; by the condition () and using (13) we get

A substitution of (14) into (13) yields

It is easy to check the following identity using properties of the function :

It follows that

In such a case the DEPCAG system (6) has -periodic solution given by the integral equation (17). Before studying the existence of solutions of integral equation (17) in the next section, firstly, we define Green's function for periodic solutions of the DEPCAG system (6).

Definition 2. Suppose that the condition () holds. For each , Green's function for (6) is given by

where is a fundamental solution of (7) and

We note that the condition () implies the existence of the matrix .

To prove double -periodicity of Green's function , we first give the following lemma.

Lemma 3. Suppose that the condition () holds. Let the matrix be defined by (19), and then one has the following identities:

For Lemma 3 we can prove an important property, double -periodicity, of Green’s function to study after the existence of periodic solutions.

Lemma 4. Suppose that the condition () holds. Then Green's function is double -periodic; that is, .

3. Existence of Periodic Solutions

In this section, we prove the main theorems of this paper, so we recall the nonlinear integro-differential systems with DEPCAG (6):

For this, a natural Banach space is

with the supremum norm

Consider and are continuous functions. Moreover, we will refer to the following specific conditions.

Continuous Condition

()Let , and , . For any there exist and a function such that implies

where .

Lipschitz Conditions

()There exists a continuous function such that and for any , we have

Moreover, and .

()For and , , , , there exist functions , such that

Moreover, ,

()For and , , , , there exist functions , such that

 Moreover, and

Invariance Conditions

()For every , , , there exist functions and positive constants , for which

where and .

()For every , , , there exist functions and positive constants for which

where and .

()For every , , , there exist functions and positive constants for which

where .

Periodic Conditions

()There exists such that

(1), , and are periodic functions in with a period for all ;(2) for all ;(3)there exists , for which the sequences , satisfy the condition; that is,

Remark 5. Note that condition is a discrete relation, which moves the interval into . Then we have the following consequences.

(i)For any , the interval can be decomposed as follows:

(ii)For , we have

Then,

Using Definition 2, Remark 5, and double -periodicity of Green's function, similar formula is given by (17). So, we have obtained the following result.

Proposition 6. Suppose that the conditions () and (P) hold. Let . Then, is -periodic solution on of the DEPCAG system (6) if and only if is -periodic solution of the integral equation

where Green's function is defined by (18).

Consider the operator by

It is easy to see that the DEPCAG system (6) has -periodic solution if and only if the operator has one fixed point in .

To prove some existence criteria for -periodic solutions of the DEPCAG system (6) we use the Banach, Schauder, and Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorems.

Next we state first Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem which enables us to prove the existence of a periodic solution. For the proof of Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem we refer the reader to [43].

Theorem A (Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem). Let be a closed convex nonempty subset of a Banach space . Suppose that and map into such that

(i), implies ,(ii) is a contraction mapping,(iii) is completely continuous.

Then there exists with .

Remark 7. Krasnoselskii’s theorem may be combined with Banach and Schauder's fixed point theorems. In a certain sense, we can interpret this as follows: if a compact operator has the fixed point property, under a small perturbation, then this property can be inherited. The theorem is useful in establishing the existence results for perturbed operator equations. It also has a wide range of applications to nonlinear integral equations of mixed type for proving the existence of solutions. Thus the existence of fixed points for the sum of two operators has attracted tremendous interest, and their applications are frequent in nonlinear analysis. See [32, 33, 43–46].

We note that to apply Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem we need to construct two mappings; one is contraction and the other is compact. Therefore, we express (38) as

where are given by

To simplify notations, we introduce the following constant and sets:

Lemma 8. If (), (), (), and () hold, is given by (40) with , and then is a contraction mapping.

Proof. Let be defined by (40). First we want to show that .

Let . Then using (40), the periodicity of Green's function, and condition, we arrive at

Secondly, we show that is a contraction mapping. Let ; then we have

Hence defines a contraction mapping.

Similarly, is given by (41), which may be also a contraction operator.

Lemma 9. If (), (), and () hold, is given by (41) with , and then is a contraction mapping.

Lemma 10. If () holds, is defined by (41), and then is completely continuous; that is, is continuous and the image of is contained in a compact set.

Proof. Step  1. First we prove that is continuous.

As the operator , a change of variable in (41), we have . Now, we want to show is continuous.

The function is uniformly continuous on and by the periodicity in , the function is uniformly continuous on . Thus, for any , there exists such that implies for . Then . In fact, by the continuity of ,

and then

and the continuity of is proved.

Step  2. We show that the image of is contained in a compact set.

Let and ; for the continuity of the function , there exists such that . Let where is a positive integer; then we have

Moreover, a direct calculation shows that

As is bounded on and , are bounded on . Thus, the above expression yields , for some positive constant . Hence the sequence is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous. Ascoli-Arzela's theorem implies that a subsequence of converges uniformly to a continuous -periodic function. Thus is continuous and is a compact set.

In a similar way, for we obtain the following.

Lemma 11. If () and () hold, is defined by (40), and then is completely continuous.

Theorem 12. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), () hold. Let be a positive constant satisfying the inequality

Then the DEPCAG system (6) has at least one -periodic solution in .

Proof. By Lemma 8, the mapping is a contraction and it is clear that . Also, from Lemma 10, is completely continuous.

Next, we prove that if with and , then .

Let with and . Then

We now see that all the conditions of Krasnoselskii's theorem are satisfied. Thus there exists a fixed point in such that . By Proposition 6, this fixed point is a solution of the DEPCAG system (6). Hence the DEPCAG system (6) has -periodic solution.

By the symmetry of the conditions, we will obtain as Theorem 12.

Theorem 13. Suppose the hypothesis (), (), (), (), (), () hold. Let be a positive constant satisfying the inequality

Then the DEPCAG system (6) has at least one -periodic solution in .

By Lemma 9, the mapping is a contraction and it is clear that . Also, from Lemma 11, is completely continuous.

Next, we prove that if with and , then .

Let with and . Then

Applying Banach's fixed point theorem we have the following.

Theorem 14. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), () hold. If

then the DEPCAG system (6) has a unique -periodic solution.

Proof. Let the mapping be given by (38). For , in view of (38), we have

This completes the proof by invoking the contraction mapping principle.

As a direct consequence of the method, Schauder's theorem implies the following.

Theorem 15. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), (), () hold. Let be a positive constant satisfying the inequality

Then the DEPCAG system (6) has at least one -periodic solution in .

Remark 16. Considering the DEPCAG system (6)

Krasnoselskii (see [47]) proved that if is a stable constant matrix, without piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument and , then the system (56) has at least one periodic solution. In our case, applying Theorem 12, this result is also valid for the DEPCAG system (56), requiring the hypothesis: (), (), (), and are periodic functions in with a period for all and , with and constants for , .

Remark 17. Considering the nonlinear system of differential equations with a general piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument,

In this particular case, applying Theorem 13, this result is also valid for the DEPCAG system (57), requiring the hypothesis: (), (), (), (), (), and with .

Remark 18. Suppose that () is satisfied by , () by , and () by , if is a rational number for all , ; then (), (), and () are simultaneously satisfied by , where denotes the least common multiple between , and . In the general case it is possible that there exist five possible periods: for , for , for , for , and the sequences , satisfy the () condition. If is a rational number for all , so, in this situation our results insure the existence of -periodic solution with . Therefore the above results insure the existence of -periodic solutions of the DEPCAG system (6). These solutions are called subharmonic solutions. See Corollaries 19–22.

To determine criteria for the existence and uniqueness of subharmonic solutions of the DEPCAG system (6), from now on we make the following assumption.

There exists , which is a rational number for all such that

(1), , and are periodic functions in with a period , , and , respectively, for all ;(2), for all ;(3)There exists , for which the sequences , satisfy the condition.

As immediate corollaries of Theorems 12–15 and Remark 18, the following results are true.

Corollary 19. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), () and (49) hold. Then the DEPCAG system (6) has at least one subharmonic solution in .

Corollary 20. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), (), () and (51) hold. Then the DEPCAG system (6) has at least one subharmonic solution in .

Corollary 21. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), () and (53) hold. Then, the DEPCAG system (6) has a unique subharmonic solution.

Corollary 22. Suppose the hypotheses (), (), (), (), (), () and (55) hold. Then the DEPCAG system (6) has at least one subharmonic solution in .

4. Applications and Illustrative Examples

We will introduce appropriate examples in this section. These examples will show the feasibility of our theory.

Mathematical modelling of real-life problems usually results in functional equations, like ordinary or partial differential equations, integral and integro-differential equations, and stochastic equations. Many mathematical formulations of physical phenomena contain integro-differential equations; these equations arise in many fields like fluid dynamics, biological models, and chemical kinetics. So, we first consider nonlinear integro-differential equations with a general piecewise constant argument mentioned in the introduction and obtain some new sufficient conditions for the existence of the periodic solutions of these systems.

Example 1. Let and be two functions satisfying

Consider the following nonlinear integro-differential equations with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument of generalized type:

where the sequences and satisfy the condition, and are double -periodic continuous functions, and is a -periodic continuous function satisfying ().

The conditions of Theorem 15 are fulfilled. Indeed,

(i) satisfies (): ;(ii) satisfies (): for every such that , uniformly in where ;(iii) satisfies (): for , where ;(iv) is continuous and satisfies ().

Indeed, for any , there exists such that implies

Furthermore, there exists such that

where and .

Then, by Theorem 15, the DEPCAG system (59) has at least one -periodic solution.

Example 2. Thus many examples can be constructed where our results can be applied.

Let and be two functions satisfying

Now, consider the integro-differential system with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument

where the sequences and satisfy the condition, , , , , and are -periodic continuous functions, and

(i) satisfies ();(ii) is -periodic matrix function: , is a continuous function, and for , where ;(iii), where .

The hypotheses of Theorem 12 are fulfilled. Then if there exists such that

Theorem 12 implies that there exists at least a -periodic solution of the DEPCAG system (63).

Note that similar results can be obtained under () and (). On the other hand, the periodic situation of the DEPCAG system (56) and (57) can be treated in the same way.

Let us consider another example for second-order differential equations with a general piecewise constant argument. In this case, we can show the existence and uniqueness of periodic solutions of the following nonlinear DEPCAG system.

Example 3. Consider the following nonlinear DEPCAG system:

where , if , , and the sequences and satisfy the () condition.

We write the DEPCAG system (65) in the system form

where

It is easy to see that the linear homogenous system does not admit any nontrivial -periodic solution; that is, the condition () is satisfied. Let and define , where satisfies the condition

Then, for we have

In a similar way, for we have

By Theorem 14, the DEPCAG system (65) has a unique -periodic solution in .

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This research was in part supported by FIBE 01-12 DIUMCE.

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