The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 705703, 12 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/705703

Research Article

The Existence of Periodic Orbits and Invariant Tori for Some 3-Dimensional Quadratic Systems

Yanan Jiang,¹ Maoan Han,¹ and Dongmei Xiao²

¹Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China

²Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Received 4 December 2013; Accepted 3 March 2014; Published 26 March 2014

Academic Editors: B. Hong and J. Li

Copyright © 2014 Yanan Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We use the normal form theory, averaging method, and integral manifold theorem to study the existence of limit cycles in Lotka-Volterra systems and the existence of invariant tori in quadratic systems in .

1. Introduction

It is well known that -dimensional generalized Lotka-Volterra systems are widely used as the first approximation for a community of interacting species, each of which would exhibit logistic growth in the absence of other species in population dynamics. And this system is of wide interest in different branches of science, such as physics, chemistry, biology, evolutionary game theory, and economics. We refer the reader to the book of Hofbauer and Sigmund [1] for its applications. The existence of limit cycles and invariant tori for these models is interesting and significant in both mathematics and applications since the existence of stable limit cycles and invariant tori provided a satisfactory explanation for those species communities in which populations are observed to oscillate in a rather reproducible periodic manner (cf. [2–4] and references therein).

To study the bifurcation of Lotka-Volterra class, we consider three-dimensional generalized Lotka-Volterra systems

which describes the interaction of three species in a constant and homogeneous environment, where is the number of individuals in the th population at time and , is the intrinsic growth rate of the th population, the are interaction coefficients measuring the extent to which the th species affects the growth rate of the th, and are parameters, and the values of these parameters are not very small usually.

Over the last several decades, many researchers have devoted their effort to study the existence and number of isolated periodic solutions for system (1). There have been a series of achievements and unprecedented challenges on the theme even if system (1) is a competitive system (cf. [5–12]). In [13], Bobieński and Żołądek gave four components of center variety in the three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra class and studied the existence and number of isolated periodic solutions by certain Poincaré-Melnikov integrals of a new type. In [14], Llibre and Xiao used the averaging method to study the existence of limit cycles of three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra systems. In this paper, we will use the normal form theory to study the same question. And furthermore, we will give the existence of invariant tori in a system of the form (2).

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we obtain some preliminary theorems about a normal form system of degree two in with two small parameters and and other bounded parameters. In Section 3, we first change the system (1) into a system of the form

where , and for are functions of the parameters and in system (1), and are bounded parameters, and is perturbation parameter. And then we get the real normal form of the system (2) after a series of transformations. Two examples are provided to illustrate these results in the last section.

2. Preliminary Theorems

In this section, we first consider a normal form system of degree two in . Then, by a series of transformations we introduce some theorems for the normal form. The reader is referred to [15] for more details about the following content.

Consider the 3-dimensional system

where is in , and

By adding up the 2-parameter linear part we obtain

where , with

It can be verified that (5) has the following real normal form up to order 3 (see [15]):

For convenience, we assume that as in [15]. By the scaling

(7) becomes

where

Then, by introducing polar coordinates

(9) further becomes

where , , and are periodic in , and , , and . By a further scaling of the form

(12) becomes

We obtain from (14)

where

Note that the functions and in (15) are periodic in but may not be well defined at . Thus, we suppose for (15).

The averaging system

has a singular point on the half plane if

where . By denoting

we obtain , and the characteristic polynomial of is . We define

According to Theorem in [15], we can obtain the following theorem.

Theorem 1. Suppose that (18) holds. Then, (7) has a periodic orbit near the origin for . Further, the periodic orbit is stable (resp. unstable) if one (resp. none) of the following conditions holds:

(a) and ,(b) and ,(c), , and ,

where is given by (20).

Then, by letting and and truncating the terms of order , we have from (15)

where

Thus, in order that (21) has a limit cycle, we necessarily suppose

and , , that is,

This yields , and hence (21) becomes

where

For small , (25) has a focus with

We define

By using the coefficients in (7), we have

Then, in 1997, the following result was obtained in [15].

Theorem 2. Suppose that (24) holds and . Then, for any given there exist an and a function and such that for , (7) has a unique invariant torus near the origin if and has no invariant torus if . Moreover, the torus, if it exists, is stable (resp. unstable) when (resp. ).

3. Normal Form of System (2)

In this section, we consider system (1) in the first octant , where . We now look for the conditions for the existence of positive equilibria of system (1), which is equivalent to find the positive solutions of the following system:

We suppose that there exists at least one positive solution of (30). Without loss of generality, we assume that the positive equilibrium is . Then, we move it to the origin by doing the change of variables , . Then, system (1) can be written as

Now, we shall investigate a special form of system (31) with a small parameter; we write the perturbed system as

Denote , and we suppose is similar to

Then, system (32) can be changed into the system (2) by a linear transformation.

In this section, our task is to change system (2) into the normal form of (7). Making the transformation

system (2) becomes

where

Let

by changing , where , , and system (35) becomes a complex system of the form

where

By the fundamental theory of normal form [16], we know that system (38) can be converted to the normal form by some transformations. So our following task is to find the transformations and work out the normal form of system (38).

We denote (38) as , where , and for simplicity, we write the nonlinear part of (38) as . By doing the following transformation:

where , which is to be determined, (38) becomes

Then, by noting

we can get from (41)

where and , . In order to eliminate the quadratic homogeneous polynomial, we need

We take , as quadratic homogeneous polynomial, having the form

where , , are real undermined coefficients. By inserting (45) into (44) and comparing the coefficients of similar items, we can obtain

Note that , . The terms with coefficients , , , and that appeared above cannot be removed. Those terms are called the resonance terms. Then, we have

and system (43) becomes

Let denote the cubic terms in of (48). Then, from (41) and (42) we have

where , ,

By substituting (42) into the above, we obtain

where

We make a further change , where is homogeneous cubic polynomial, so that (48) becomes

where , and has the form as before. In order to eliminate some possibly cubic terms, we consider the equations below

Suppose that for ,

By inserting these representations into (54), we can solve as before

Hence, system (53) becomes now

where and all of the coefficients are complex. Finally making the change and then taking the real parts of and the coefficients of all terms of the resulting system, we can get a cubic real normal form of the form (7) with

Then, by the equations in (36), we finally get the relationship between the coefficients of the system (2) and of the normal form (7).

4. Examples

4.1. An Example about the Existence of a Limit Cycle in Three-Dimensional Lotka-Volterra Systems

In this section, we construct a concrete example of three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra systems according to Theorem 1. It is shown that this system undergoes nonisolated zero-Hopf bifurcation.

We consider the following three-parameter Lotka-Volterra system in the first octant . Consider

where , and are bounded parameters.

First of all, we need to change the system (59) to the form of system (2) as in [14]. It can be checked that the point is zero-Hopf equilibrium of system (59). We do the change of variables , , and to obtain

The Jacobian matrix of system (60) at has eigenvalues , and with . According to [14], in order to obtain the real Jordan normal form of system (60) at the origin, we do the linear transformation

where , , , , , and . Then, in the new variables (, , and ) system (60) becomes

where , , and have the following expressions:

Next, we need to calculate the partial coefficients of the normal form of system (63). We can get , , and by (36), and then by the formulas of (58) we have

By Theorem 1, we have the following conclusion.

Theorem 3. For any given , suppose that , and then for , (59) has a periodic orbit near the origin, which is unstable.

Proof. In this example, it is easy to see that , . From (64) and (10) we can get , thus, in order to satisfy (18), we need

For any given , suppose that . It can be checked that for . Then, by Theorem 1, (59) has a periodic orbit near the origin. Next, we consider the stability of the periodic orbit.

From (64), we can also get

when holds, where is given by (20). So none of the conditions (a), (b), or (c) in Theorem 1 holds; further, we know that the periodic orbit is unstable.

Remark 4. From (63), we can find out that system (59) does not satisfy the conditions mentioned in [14]. Thus, we cannot use the results in [14] to study the existence of a limit cycle in (59).

4.2. An Example about the Existence of an Invariant Torus

For convenience, we give an example about the existence of an invariant torus in a system, which has the form of (2). We consider the following system in the first octant :

where .

According to Section 3, we have

Let and . Then, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 5. For any given , there exists an such that for , (68) has a unique invariant torus near the origin, which is unstable.

Proof. By (69) and (29), we can obtain

Thus, for , . Further, we can get

where and are defined in Theorem 2, and here and . By some easy calculations, we can obtain that for inequality holds. Thus, by Theorem 2 we can get the result in this theorem.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11271261), Grants from Ministry of Education of China nos. 20103127110001 and FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IRSES-316338.

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