The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 819046, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/819046

Research Article

Roughness of -Nonuniform Exponential Dichotomy for Difference Equations in Banach Spaces

Nicolae Lupa

Department of Mathematics, “Politehnica” University of Timişoara, P-ţa Victoriei 2, 300006 Timişoara, Romania

Received 31 August 2013; Accepted 19 November 2013; Published 23 January 2014

Academic Editors: A. Bellouquid and K. A. Gepreel

Copyright © 2014 Nicolae Lupa. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In this paper we study the roughness of -nonuniform exponential dichotomy for nonautonomous difference equations in the general context of infinite-dimensional spaces. An explicit form is given for each of the dichotomy constants of the perturbed equation in terms of the original ones. We emphasize that we do not assume any boundedness condition on the coefficients.

1. Introduction

The notion of uniform exponential dichotomy introduced by Perron in [1] for differential equations and by Li in [2] for difference equations plays an important role in the qualitative study of stable and unstable manifolds. In the nonautonomous setting, uniform exponential dichotomy is too restrictive and it is important to consider a more general behavior, for example, the nonuniform case, where a consistent contribution is due to Barreira and Valls [3, 4]. Their study is motivated by ergodic theory and nonuniform hyperbolic theory. We also refer to [5, 6].

One of the most important properties of exponential dichotomy (uniform or not) is its roughness (i.e., the manner in which exponential dichotomy varies under sufficiently small perturbations). The study of roughness of uniform exponential dichotomy has been intensively investigated (we mention in particular [7–9] and the references therein). For the roughness of nonuniform exponential dichotomy, we refer to [3, 10] for continuous time and to [4] for discrete time.

The aim of this paper is to extend a discrete version of a roughness result from [11] to infinite-dimensional spaces. Another difference here is that we consider the general case of nonuniform exponential dichotomies and we do not assume any boundedness condition on the coefficients.

2. Preliminary Definitions

As usual, denotes the ring of integers. Also, we denote by

Let be a real or complex Banach space and let be the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on . The norms on and on will be denoted by . For an arbitrary sequence , in order to ease computation, we set by convention

In this paper, we consider the following nonautonomous linear difference equation:

where is a sequence of invertible operators on the Banach space . The corresponding (forward and backward) evolution operator of (3) is defined by

where is the identity operator on . It is easy to see that

Without the invertibility assumption on , , neither the backward solutions to (3), nor the evolution operator exists for .

Definition 1. We say that a sequence of projections , (i.e., ), is an invariant projector for (3) if

If is a sequence of projections on , then we denote by

the complementary projection of , . We notice that if is an invariant projector for (3), then is also an invariant projector for (3).

Remark 2. Relation (6) is equivalent to

Definition 3 (see [4, pp. 3582]). Equation (3) is said to have a nonuniform exponential dichotomy on , where is , or , if there exist an invariant projector and constants and such that

 ();  ().

The constant measures the nonuniformity of the dichotomy. In particular, when , (3) is said to have a uniform exponential dichotomy. The projector will be called the dichotomy projector.

Definition 4. We say that (3) has a -nonuniform exponential dichotomy if there exist two invariant projectors and satisfying

and there exist constants and such that the following estimates hold:

(); (); (); ().

If , then we say that (3) has a -uniform exponential dichotomy. This concept of exponential dichotomy was studied in [11] for differential equations in finite-dimensional spaces and in [12] for reversible evolution families in Banach spaces.

Note that the existence of -nonuniform exponential dichotomy is equivalent to the existence of nonuniform exponential dichotomy on both and with dichotomy projectors and satisfying relation (9). In the particular case when , for all , we obtain the concept of nonuniform exponential dichotomy on . This means that if (3) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy on , then it also has a -nonuniform exponential dichotomy.

Remark 5. If (3) has a -nonuniform exponential dichotomy, then we have that

Although relation (9) is replaced by

the notion of -nonuniform exponential dichotomy is different from the nonuniform version of exponential trichotomy defined in [13] for continuous time and in [14] for discrete time. This is due to the fact that no information is given regarding the boundedness of the projections for and for (for more details, we refer to [15]).

3. Roughness

In this section, we study the roughness of -nonuniform exponential dichotomy for difference equations in Banach spaces. Thus, we investigate the existence of -nonuniform exponential dichotomy for the perturbed linear difference equation

where each is a bounded linear operator on such that is invertible, . The corresponding evolution operator of (12) is given by

Lemma 6. Let . If

then the constants

are well defined and positive. Moreover, .

Proof. We first prove that

Indeed, since

we have that , which is equivalent to

Hence, . Now it is easy to see that

and thus the constants and are well defined. To show that , we need to prove that

An easy computation shows that this is equivalent to , which obviously holds. On the other hand, since , we obtain that

and thus . Since

we have that . This completes the proof of the lemma.

We set

The roughness of nonuniform exponential dichotomy on both and was studied in [4]. The authors obtained the following results.

Theorem 7 (see [4, Theorem 6]). If (3) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy on with and the sequence satisfies

for some sufficiently small , then the perturbed equation (12) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy with the constants , , and replaced by , , and .

Theorem 8 (see [4, Theorem 7]). If (3) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy on with and the sequence satisfies

for some sufficiently small , then the perturbed equation (12) has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy with the constants , , and replaced by , , and .

We point out that the assumption in the theorems above is not a restrictive one since the notion of nonuniform exponential dichotomy is apparently motivated by ergodic theory which states that the nonuniform part in the dichotomies of the “most” equations is arbitrarily small (is as small as desired in comparison to the Lyapunov exponents).

In the theorem below, we establish the roughness of -nonuniform exponential dichotomy.

Theorem 9. If the difference equation (3) has a -nonuniform exponential dichotomy with and the sequence satisfies

for some sufficiently small , then the perturbed equation (12) also has a -nonuniform exponential dichotomy.

Proof. We set

Consider the Banach space

with the norm

According to Lemma 1 in [4], the equation

has a unique solution satisfying

for all . Moreover, from the proof of Lemma 19 in [4], we can consider the estimate

We set

By Lemma 2 in [4], we have that is a projection and

We denote by the complementary projection of , . Easy computation shows that

Indeed, we have

On the other hand, using the same arguments as in Lemma 1 in [4], we prove that

For this, we consider the Banach space

with the norm

The operator , defined by

is a contraction on . Thus, has a unique fixed point . We observe that

Also, we obtain that

for . Setting , for , we have that and . Therefore, must coincide with . This is equivalent to

In particular, for , we obtain the desired identity (37), which implies that

The same arguments hold for . For a more thorough approach, we include the proofs. We set

Consider the Banach space

with the norm

According to Lemma 10 in [4], the equation

has a unique solution satisfying

Furthermore, from the proof of Lemma 19 in [4], we have that

Setting

by Lemma 11 in [4], we deduce that is a projection and

We denote by the complementary projection of , . Since

we obtain that

Moreover, we have that

Using the same arguments as in Lemma 10 in [4], we prove that

Indeed, if we consider the Banach space

with the norm

then the operator , defined by

has a unique fixed point , given by

On the other hand, we obtain that

for . Setting , for , we have that and . Thus,

In particular, for , we obtain (56). This clearly leads to

We set

In the following, we will prove that is an invertible operator. Using (32), we obtain

Similarly, by (50), we have

Combining the inequalities above, we deduce that

Hence, provided that is sufficiently small, the operator is invertible. Therefore, we can define the projections

Using (9), (37), and (56), we obtain

Similarly, it follows that . Now we are ready to compute

Setting

and using similar arguments, we have

Repeating the arguments in the proofs of Theorems 7 and 8, the above equalities prove that the perturbed equation has a nonuniform exponential dichotomy on both and with projections

. Furthermore, since

for every , we obtain the desired statement.

The previous result is a discrete version of Theorem 5 in [11] in the general context of nonuniform exponential dichotomies in infinite-dimensional spaces.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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