New Records of Hyphoderma (Meruliaceae, Polyporales) for India

An account of eight species of genus Hyphoderma (H. clavatum, H. definitum, H. echinocystis, H. litschaueri, H. nemorale, H. subpraetermissum, H. tibia, and H. transiens) is presented, which is based on collections made from Uttarakhand state during 2009–2014. All these species are cited and fully described for the first time from India.


Introduction
The genus Hyphoderma Wallr. is a large and heterogeneous assemblage of species in Agaricomycetes, kept together on the basis of generally large sized, smooth basidiospores and constricted basidia, rich in both oil drops and hyphae with conspicuous clamps. It was proposed by Wallroth [1] with H. spiculosum Wallr. as the type species. Later, it was emended by Donk [2], who described the genus with Thelephora setigera Fr. as the type species. Both Eriksson [3] and Parmasto [4] followed the emended version given by Donk [2] in general, except division of the genus into sections and subsections by Parmasto. Eriksson and Ryvarden [5] made some changes to the system of Parmasto [4] and made twelve groups to describe twenty seven species from North Europe. In 1976, they added two more species from North Europe to the earlier list. Maekawa [6], Larsson [7], and Bernicchia and Gorjón [8], on the basis of molecular studies, made delimitations within the genus. But keeping in view the incomplete molecular work, in the present study, the traditional concept of Donk [2] with emendations made by Parmasto [4] and Eriksson and Ryvarden [5] has been followed. The genus is distributed worldwide with 130 published species (http://www.mycobank.org). Earlier, from India, 36 taxa have been reported/listed by the different workers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] from different localities. This paper provides information about eight species of genus Hyphoderma, all of which constitute new records for India. A key to all the taxa reported from Uttarakhand has been given.

Materials and Methods
Specimens have been collected from the various localities of the Uttarakhand during the various fungal forays conducted from 2009 to 2014. Microscopic details related to various structures, that is, hyphae, cystidia, basidia, and basidiospores of the specimens, were studied by making crush mounts and hand cut sections in water, 3-5% KOH solutions and staining in various reagents like Congo red, Phloxine, Cotton Blue, Melzer's Reagent, and Sulphovanillin. Line diagrams were made by using camera lucida attached to the compound microscope at various magnifications and lense combinations. Color standards were used as per Mathuen's Handbook of Color by Kornerup and Wanscher [24]. Scale has been provided on the macro images (10 bars are equivalent to 1 cm). Specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium of Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, India (PUN). Nomenclature follows Blackwell et al. [25], James et al. [26], Hibbett et al. [27], Kirk et al. [28], Bernicchia and Gorjón [8], and http://www.mycobank.org as far as possible.

Study Area
Uttarakhand is the 27th state of the Republic of India, situated in the Northern part of India between 28 ∘ 43 N to 31 ∘ 28 N latitude and 77 ∘ 34 E to 81 ∘ 03 E longitude. It became the 27th state of Republic of India on 9th November 2000 and has a total geographical area of 53,483 km 2 . The recorded forest area of the state is 34,651 km 2 which constitutes 64.79% of its geographical area, (reserved forests 71.11%, protected forests 28.52%, and unclassed forests 0.35%). It has Tibet on its North, Nepal on its East, Uttar Pradesh to its South, Haryana to its West, and Himachal Pradesh to its North-West (http://www.fsi.org.in). The state is divided into 2 divisions, that is, Kumaon division and Garhwal division. Kumaon division has 6 districts, Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar, whereas Garhwal division has 7 districts, Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi. In hilly region, the climate in general is cold and humid and of temperate type but varies with altitude. The different zones are identified as warm temperate (900 m-1800 m), cool temperate (1800 m-2400 m), cold zone (2400 m-3000 m), alpine zone (3000 m-4000 m), glacier zone (4000 m-4800 m), and perpetually frozen zone (above 4800 m). The valleys are hot in summer and much colder in winter (http://www.fsi.org.in). to pale yellow when fresh, pale orange to orange white on drying, margins thinning, paler concolorous, to indeterminate. Hyphal system monomitic. Generative hyphae branched, septate, thin-walled, clamped; basal hyphae up to 3.8 m wide, parallel to substrate, loosely interwoven; subhymenial hyphae up to 3.0 m wide, vertical, compact. Cystidia 11.8-28.0 × 3.8-5.6 m, narrowly clavate to subcylindrical, capitate, apically encrusted, with basal clamp; enclosed in the hymenium. Remarks. Hyphoderma clavatum is characterized by being resupinate, adnate, effused, smooth yellowish white to pale yellow basidiocarp, narrowly clavate to subcylindrical, capitate, and apically encrusted cystidia with ellipsoid basidiospores. Wu [29] reported it from Taiwan. However, it is being reported for the first time from India.  (12)). Basidiocarps resupinate, adnate, effused, up to 100 m thick in section; hymenial surface smooth, pruinose, grayish white when fresh, not changing much on drying; margins thinning, paler concolorous, to indeterminate. Hyphal system monomitic. Generative hyphae up to 4.2 m wide, branched, septate, clamped; basal hyphae thin-to somewhat thick-walled, (13) (14)   Remarks. This species is characterized by being finely odontoid, pale yellow to grayish yellow basidiocarp, and suballantoid to allantoid basidiospores and by the presence of echinocysts in subhymenium. It was first described by Eriksson and Strid [31] from Sweden. It has earlier been reported from America, Europe, Iran, Japan, and Taiwan (http://www.mycobank.org). Here, it is being reported as new record for India.  (27) Remarks. This species is characterized by being smooth to tuberculate, grayish white basidiocarp, clavate, constricted to moniliform cystidia, and subcylindrical to cylindrical 6 The Scientific World Journal (28) (29)

Taxonomy
(34)  Remarks. This species is characterized by being smooth, grayish white to yellowish white basidiocarp, constricted, subcylindrical to moniliform cystidia along with leptocystidia, clavate constricted basidia, and subcylindrical to ellipsoid basidiospores. Larsson [32] described it for the first time from Switzerland. Later, it was reported from the Caucasus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Italy, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Ukraine (http://www.mycobank.org). However, it is being reported for the first time from India. to 150 m thick in section; hymenial surface smooth to tuberculate, grayish white when fresh, whitish to pale creamish gray on drying; margins thinning, paler concolorous, to indeterminate. Hyphal system monomitic. Generative hyphae up to 4.4 m wide, branched, septate, clamped, thin-to somewhat thick-walled; basal hyphae running parallel to the substrate, loosely arranged; subhymenial hyphae vertical, densely united. Sterile structures of two types: (i) Cystidia 48.0-60.0 Remarks. This species is characterized by being smooth to tuberculate and grayish white basidiocarp and differs from Hyphoderma praetermissum (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. &Å. Strid in having smaller basidiospores. Wu [29] was the first to describe it from Taiwan. Here, it is being described as a new record for India.   Remarks. This species is characterized by being yellowish white to pale orange basidiocarp, cylindrical to subcylindrical, tibiform or capitate cystidia and ellipsoid to subcylindrical, somewhat tapering towards the apiculus, sometimes slightly concave at the adaxial side, thin-walled basidiospores. This species was first described by Larsson [32] from Poland. Here, it is being described as a new record for India.   11: 72, 1913 (Figure 8(53)-(61)). Basidiocarp resupinate, adnate, effused, up to 150 m thick in section; hymenial surface odontoid, grayish white to pale orange when fresh, grayish white to orange white to brownish orange on drying; margins thinning, byssoid, paler concolorous, to indeterminate. Hyphal system monomitic. Generative hyphae septate, clamped; basal hyphae up to 5.4 m wide, less branched, parallel to substrate, thin-to thick-walled, loosely interwoven, encrusted; subhymenial hyphae up to 3. Remarks. Hyphoderma transiens is characterized by odontoid hymenophore, subcylindrical to cylindrical, apically widened cystidia, clavate to subclavate, constricted basidia and ellipsoid to suballantoid basidiospores. Bresadola [33] described it as Odontia transiens Bres. Parmasto [4] shifted it to genus Hyphoderma. It is widely distributed in the European countries (the Caucasus, Croatia, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine) and United Kingdom (http://www.mycobank.org). However, it is being described for the first time from India.

Key to the Species
See Table 1.
The Scientific World Journal 9 Table 1