Effect of Randomness in Element Position on Performance of Communication Array Antennas in Internet of Things

1Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China 2School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 3School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China 4State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China 5CETC No. 38 Research Institute, Hefei 230088, China 6Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology, Nanjing 210039, China 7Research Institute of Shaanxi Huanghe Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710043, China


Introduction
The application of wireless communication promotes the realization and development of physical things in our daily life exchanging information from a network, which is called the Internet of Things (IoT) [1][2][3].In the wireless communication, the choice of antenna is a critical component.Active phased array antennas have such significant advantages, including rapid reconfiguration or revisit rate, multibeams, shaped beams, sidelobe control, and high reliability over other types of antennas, and there has been an increased interest in their use for a wide variety of communication and remote-sensing applications, such as serving as the ground station terminal to track the satellite for IOT data connection [4].In the working process, however, the manufacturing and processing of the antenna, any movement of the carrier platform, and the external environment load could lead to the structure errors, including both the random position error and systematic error.The combination of the random position error and systematic distortion finally results in the randomness in element position.Finally, the electromagnetic performance of array antenna could be degraded, such as the gain loss, sidelobe level (SLL) rising, beam width broadening, and pointing error [5][6][7][8][9].As a result, the communication distance will be shortened and the resistance to interference will be reduced, which seriously restricts the realization of high performance of array antenna.The antenna faces the restrictions of creating effective performance under structure errors.Therefore, it is necessary to explore deeply the coupling relationship between structure error and electromagnetic performance for active phased array antenna with the effect of randomness in element position [10][11][12].The present works for analyzing the effect of structure error on electromagnetic performance of array antenna are carried out mainly from the following three aspects.Firstly, assuming that the systematic distortion of antenna is a certain shape and that the influence of only systematic error on performance is analyzed, [13] studied the effect of symmetrical and unsymmetrical bend of array plane on the performance of planar antenna.Reference [14] discussed the influence of four array plane distortions including the sag, potato chip, and sinusoidal and Bessel character for array antenna.The above works in [13,14] consider only the systematic error without considering the random position errors which are also produced inevitably during the manufacturing and working process.Secondly, some works are focusing on the analysis of the effect of random error uncertainty.Reference [15] explored the influence of random errors on the performance of hexagonal active phased array antenna and achieved some instructive conclusions.But there are no discussions on the systematic distortion.Furthermore, there is research indicating that the effect of random errors could be equivalent to the influence of excitation current errors, and the performances of antenna with random current errors are studied [16,17].However, there is lack of direct relationship of random position error with the antenna performance.In addition, [18] investigated the subarray position error and its influence on antenna performance by using the probability statistical theory.But the method requires lots of repeated calculations to get the statistical performance of antenna.Thirdly, some works introduced the linear combination of random error and systematic distortion to analyze their effect on antenna performance.In [19,20], the sum of random error and systematic error was regarded as the structure error item, used to analyze the performance of distorted array antenna.However, in practice the degrees of random error and systematic error show great differences; the linear combination could mitigate the effect of random error when there is big difference between the degrees of random and systematic errors.Moreover, systematic error is supposed to be deterministic but random error is stochastic; the combination errors could result in the randomness of electromagnetic performance.So it is more accurate to estimate the electromagnetic performance from the perspective of statistic property when random error exists.
Therefore, this paper presents a new method for efficiently and effectively evaluating the statistic performance of active phased array antenna, with consideration of randomness in the position of the array element.A coupled structural-electromagnetic statistic model is proposed, from the viewpoint of electromechanical coupling.The method provides an advantageous guidance for structural design and performance optimization for array antennas in wireless application.

Coupled Structure-Electromagnetic Statistic Model with Randomness in Element Position
As shown in Figure 1, the array radiation elements are assembled with an equal interval, whose numbers are  × .
The intervals of the array elements along  and  directions are   and   , respectively.
(, ) is the direction of the far-field target relative to the coordinate system  as shown in Figure 2, whose direction cosine is (cos   , cos   , cos   ) [21].
The manufacturing and working process of antenna lead to the structure errors, including the random error and systematic distortion.Suppose the random error of element in regard to the coordinate origin in Figure 1 is given as follows.
Next, suppose the systematic distortion of element (, ) is (Δ   , Δ   , Δ   ); the phase difference ΔΦ   in regard to the coordinate origin in Figure 1 is given as follows.
According to the superposition principle of the array antenna without element coupling, the filed density pattern function for planar rectangular active phased array antenna with systematic distortion and random position error is developed as follows.
where   (, ) is the pattern function of element in free space,   is the amplitude of excitation current of element (, ),   is the array's inherent phase difference determined by phase shifter, and ΔΦ  =   sin  cos  +   sin  sin  is the initial spatial phase distribution.
In practice, random position errors of elements are probabilistic variables; it is necessary to analyze the statistic property of electromagnetic performance for array antenna with random error included.Suppose the random position errors along , , and  directions are Δ   , Δ   , and Δ   , which are subjected to the normal distribution, with means of zero and variances of  2  ,  2  , and  2  , respectively.Then phase difference ΔΦ   in ( 1) is also normally distributed, and the variance is obtained as follows.
For any random variable with normal distribution, expressed as  ∼ (0,   ), the function relations cos  and sin  can be obtained from [22].Applying the function relations, the mean of exponential function is   =  − 2  /2 .Therefore, the mean of the field density pattern function   (, ) in ( 3) is deduced as follows.
where   (, ) is the field density pattern function with only the systematic distortion existing.
Then the mean of the power pattern function for array antenna is deduced according to the property of variance Substituting the function   (, ) into ( 6), the mean of power pattern function is expressed as follows.
Finally, the mean of power pattern function with randomness in element position, which is also called the coupled structure-electromagnetic statistic model, is developed as follows.

Verification of Coupled Structure-Electromagnetic Statistic Model
In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed model, the coupled structure-electromagnetic statistic model is verified by simulations with HFSS software, which can provide stable and accurate solutions at even high frequencies and has been widely used by engineers to design reliable products [24].
In consideration of the array antennas in wireless applications, an 8 × 8 patch array antenna is illustrated [25], with the intervals along  and  directions being both 0.75, as shown in Figure 3.The frequency of the patch array antenna is 30 GHz.The physical size of the patch array antenna is 60 mm × 60 mm.For each patch antenna, the length and width are  = 3.953 mm and  = 3.160 mm, respectively.The initial excitation current is equal in amplitude and phase.Saddle-shaped distortion with the maximum displacement in  direction of /6 is assumed as the systematic distortion, and the random position errors in , , and  directions are all assumed to satisfy the normal distribution with mean of 0 and variance of /30.Firstly, random samples of structure errors are generated by adding the specific saddle-shaped distortion with each random position error sample produced according to the normal distribution.Then the antenna performance with every structure error sample is simulated separately with HFSS software without consideration of element coupling.Lastly the mean of the antenna performance is calculated by averaging the sum of the performances obtained from all the structure error samples.Here simulations with 1000 structure error samples are taken because the mean of antenna performance with greater than 1000 samples results in no further change.The comparison with the performance calculated by the developed model is shown in Figure 4 and the corresponding parameters are listed in Table 1.
As shown in Figure 4 and Table 1, the coupled modelbased and HFSS-based results show good consistency in both the main lobe area and sidelobe area.The gain, beam width, and boresight pointing are the same in both  = 0 ∘ and  = 90 ∘ planes, which indicate that the main lobe areas are the same obtained by the coupled model and HFSS, respectively.The differences of the first sidelobes in absolute values are 0 dB and 0.09 dB in  = 0 ∘ and  = 90 ∘ planes, respectively.For the second, third, fourth, and fifth sidelobes, the maximum differences in absolute values are 0.43 dB and 0.48 dB in  = 0 ∘ and  = 90 ∘ planes, respectively.Therefore, the results above prove that the proposed coupled model is effective for analyzing the effect of randomness in element position on electromagnetic performance for array antennas.

Simulation and Discussion
For active phased array antenna, both the random position error and systematic distortion consist of the structure deformation for antenna in practice.Random position error appears as the random variable.
In engineering, the antenna array region is generally distorted into a representative saddle shape.Based on the mathematical features of the surface, the -coordinate of the phase centre of array element (, ) in saddle shape is given as follows.
where  max and  max are the half-length and width of the array aperture size, respectively, and Δ max is the maximum displacement of the array elements in  direction that belongs to the systematic error.Therefore, the planar array antenna with both the saddleshaped distortion and element random position error is discussed as follows.A 12 × 12 planar rectangular array is illustrated, with the intervals of array elements in  and  directions being both /2.The frequency is 9.375 GHz from the different random error distribution.So it is more precise to extract from the statistic performance than from the performance calculated by adding a random sample with systematic distortion.
In addition, the performance obtained from the presented statistic model is further verified especially on the sidelobe level and boresight pointing.Firstly the above four random samples are increased to one thousand samples with the same normal distribution.Next the mean of power pattern function is calculated by averaging the sum of performances obtained from all the samples.After one thousand times of calculations for all the samples, the average gain loss is −2.23 dB, which is the same value from the statistic model.The first sidelobe levels increase by 0.52 dB and 1.54 dB in  = 0 ∘ and  = 90 ∘ planes, respectively.The absolute errors are only 0.01 dB in both the two planes.The beam width changes by 0.29 ∘ and 0.34 ∘ , respectively, and the boresight pointing varies by 0.28 ∘ and 0.19 ∘ , respectively, which are almost the same values as obtained from the presented static model.
Therefore, the presented coupled structure-electromagnetic statistic model can evaluate the antenna performance quickly and effectively with the effect of randomness in element position.

Conclusion
Aimed at the restrictions of creating effective performance under the effect of randomness in the position of the array element, a coupled structural-electromagnetic statistic model for active phased array antenna is presented.The effect of randomness in element position on antenna performance is analyzed, compared with the electrical parameters obtained from the random sample errors combined with systematic distortion.The results show that random errors lead to the randomness of electromechanical performance of antenna, especially on the sidelobe levels compared to the gain and the beam width.The electrical parameters obtained from the statistic model are more accurate than from any random sample errors.The performance got from the statistic model is almost the same with the average of the sum of performances from a large amount of random samples.Thus the presented method can evaluate the antenna performance quickly and effectively.It provides an advantageous guidance for structural design and performance optimization for array antennas in wireless application.In addition, it can effectively reduce the repeated design time of antennas to achieve the objective of lower development cost and time.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Performance with systematic distortion and random error.

Table 1 :
Parameters of HFSS-based and coupled model-based results.
Note.Every SLL is the right SLL.