Synthesis of Luminescent Ink from Europium-Doped Y 2 O 3 Dispersed in Polyvinyl Alcohol Solution

Luminescent ink from europium-doped Y2O3 ( Y2O3:Eu) has been synthesized by two steps method: first, synthesis of luminescent powder of Y2O3:Eu by simple heating of metallic nitrates in a polymer solution and second, dispersing the powder in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The stability of the ink (luminescent colloid) was strongly affected by mixing process of the powder and the solution. Mixing process must be performed for a long time (about 8 hours) at above room temperature to product stable colloids. We observed that mixing at 30–40◦C resulted in a stable and highly dispersed colloid. The writing test was performed on a white paper to show the potential use of the colloid for making security codes.


Introduction
Rare earth ions have long been used for producing phosphor materials.Doping appropriate host matrix (usually oxide) with these ions products sharp and intense emission under UV excitation [1].Researchers have succeeded to produce many kinds of rare earth-doped oxide phosphors emitting various colors.To date, they succeeded to produce blue phosphor of (Zn,Mg)O:Zn, green phosphor of ZnGa 2 O 4 :Mn, red phosphor of Y 2 O 3 :Eu and CrTiO 3 :Pr [2,3], red phosphor of SrTiO 3 :Pr,M(M = Al or Ga) [4], and yellow-green phosphor of (Y,Gd)Al 5 O 12 :Ce [5,6].
Red phosphor of Y 2 O 3 doped with trivalent ions such as Eu has particularly attracted considerable interest in terms of high chemical durability and thermal stability [7].This phosphor has been widely used in CRT displays.Under ultraviolet excitation, this phosphor emits strong luminescence at wavelength of 612 nm corresponding to 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition in Eu 3+ ions.Many kinds of methods have been proposed to synthesize Y 2 O 3 -based phosphors such as solgel method [8], chemical vapor deposition [9], combustion synthesis [10] coprecipitation [11], spray pyrolysis [12], simple heating of precursors in a polymer solution [13], hydrothermal [14][15][16], and bicontinuous cubic phase [17,18].
In recent years, there are also interests in production of nanometer-sized oxide phosphors.Bhargava et al. reported that doped phosphors yield high luminescence efficiency at nanoscale size [19], although it is generally confirmed that in micrometer sizes range, the sizes of most practical phosphors, the luminescence efficiency of impurity iondoped materials decreases with the crystal size because of a large contribution of the surface to the nonradiative decay.However, micrometer-to submicrometer-sized phosphors particles are sometimes preferred in specific applications such as for practical CRT, plasma display panel, or high radiation energy detection (such as to make films for Xray detection) applications [5].Therefore, both nanometerand micrometer-sized phosphors are still important in the current technology since they meet different applications.
In the past few years, several papers have been devoted to the development of luminescent inks using phosphor materials.This ink is potential for detecting any counterfeiting, alteration, and unauthorized trading.This ink is useful for security ink applications, which are a highly effective and cost-efficient method of protection valuable documents and products against fraud.Luminescent ink also meets applications in optoelectronic such as for development of light emitting devices.Luminescent inks can be adapted to inkjet printing technology for printing security documents.
Inkjet printing process reveals a number of advantageous such as precise material deposition on paper or substrate at well-defined position, low material consumption, and less material wastage [20].Luminescent inks are nothing but luminescent colloids.It generally contains luminescent particles dispersed in suitable liquid.There are many reports on the production of luminescent colloids, and many of these colloids are based on semiconductor nanoparticles.However, applications of such colloids currently suffer from additional issues, such as harmful solids (e.g., CdSe, CdTe), harmful solvents or additives (e.g., long-chained phosphanes, amines, sulfides) [21].Exploring safer colloids for luminescent inks becomes very challenging.One potential approach is to make colloid using oxide phosphors as luminescent entities.
To date, there are few reports on production of oxide phosphor-based luminescent colloid.For example, colloid luminescence of LaPO 4 :Ce,Tb and LaPO 4 :Eu in ionic liquid synthesized by a microwave-induced method was reported by Bühler and Feldmann.[21].Other kinds of luminescent colloids were also reported such as colloidal silicon nanocrystals prepared by nanoseconds laser fragmentation and laser ablation in water [22] and colloidal silicon nanoparticles prepared by etching silica with hydrogen fluoride in cyclohexane [23,24].
To the best our knowledge, no attempt has been made to synthesize stable Y 2 O 3 :Eu colloid for luminescent ink applications.This situation could be due to the difficulty in dispersing the prepared Y 2 O 3 :Eu in precise liquid or difficulty in production of Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles insitu in liquid media.The aim of this work is to produce stable colloid of Y 2 O 3 :Eu emitting red luminescence.Initially, Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles were synthesized using a polymer complex processing method [13].This method is promising for producing oxide particles in the submicrometer down to the several tens of nanometers [5,6,13,[25][26][27][28].The entire process is very quick, and a large amount of particle products can be obtained in less than an hour.Secondly we attempt to produce luminescent colloid using the prepared phosphor particles.O (Kanto Chemicals, Japan) were dissolved in 100 mL distilled water.The total mass of two precursors was fixed at 2.0 g.However the molar fraction of Eu/Y was varied from 3% to 7% mol/mol.This range of molar fraction is located at around the optimum doping level of europiumdoped yttrium oxide reported previously to obtain the highest photoluminescence (PL) intensity [12,13].At higher doping level, the PL intensity decreases with doping concentration due to concentration quenching mechanism [29,30].After completely dissolution of two nitrous metals, 8 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG, H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH, Wako Pure Chemicals, Japan) with n between 300 000-500 000 was  added into the solution and then stirred with heating at 100 o C for 2 hours.The product was then put in an alumina crucible and heated in a furnace under atmospheric air.The temperature was increased linearly up to 800 o C for 30 minutes or 1000 o C for 45 minutes and then naturally cooled just after arriving the heating temperature peak.The procedure of synthesis of the powder is schematically shown in Figure 1(a).alcohol (70%, Bratachem, Indonesia) was then added into the mixture, and mixing using a mechanic stirrer and a homogenizer (ultraturrax T10, IKA, Germany, set at speed level of 4) was performed for 2 hours, followed by mixing using an ultrasonic bath for about 3 hours.Finally, the mixture was additionally mixed using a homogenizer for 2 hours.The morphology of samples was characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-6360LA) instrument, luminescence spectra were detected by a spectrophotometer Shimadzu RF-5301 PC instrument, fourier transform infra red spectrum was detected using a Shimadzu IRPrestige-21 FTIR spectroscope, and X-ray diffraction patterns were measured using a Phillips PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer (CuKα, λ = 0,154 nm).It is likely seen that grain sizes of samples prepared at these two-peak temperatures could not be distinguished.This similarity was most probably due to the fact that the heating time was relatively short for the production of two samples, that is, around 30 minutes.Commonly, change in morphology through a heating process would be observed in prolonged heating time at higher temperatures, such as found in a sintering process.Typical grain sizes in all samples were between 40 and 100 nm.This size range is suitable for use as solid entities in inkjet material.This size range could produce stable ink, in term of free of agglomeration process (kinetically stable).Furthermore, using particles of less than 100 nm in diameter, we could generate fine printing results, such as line thickness of down to 1 μm [20].

Results and Discussion
At present, we produced luminescent ink using powder made at a heating temperature peak of 1000 o C. Based on many reports, the luminescence intensity of powder prepared at higher temperatures is stronger than that of samples prepared at lower temperatures [12].Effects of synthesis parameters on the crystallinity and luminescence intensity of Y 2 O 3 :Eu have been investigated in our previous work [13].In this paper we do not focus on these points.What we shall explore now is how to make stable colloids using Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles prepared by heating of precursors in a polymer solution.The XRD patterns of a single sample that was prepared at heating temperature of 800 o C shown here just for proving the particles we have made are really Y 2 O 3 :Eu.The XRD patterns as shown in Figure 3 are the same as that reported previously [13].It clearly shows the presence of Y 2 O 3 peaks.
The most important goal in the production of stable luminescent inks from Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder is to find the most suitable liquid and the most appropriate route to produce stable colloid.Different liquids and routes result in different colloids in terms of property and stability or even a stable colloid are never obtained.We remarked that PVA solution is suitable liquid for the production of colloid.At present experiment, without heating process during mixing the Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder and liquid, we never found stable colloid.Figure 4(a) is the colloid prepared by mixing without heating.The particles progressively precipitated at the bottom of container soon after stopping the mixing It is clear that heating during mixing of Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder with PVA solution is absolutely needed to produce stable colloid.This observation might be ascribed to several factors: firstly, a possible increase in solubility of PVA at higher temperature so that particles of Y 2 O 3 :Eu homogeneously dispersed between polymer chains; secondly, a possible increase in adsorption of polymer chain on the particle surface at elevated temperature.These two factors can overcome the particles from agglomeration as well as can maintain the particles, especially small particles, to remain in the liquid phase.But, more comprehensive investigations are still required to prove these assumptions.
At the beginning, just after stopping the stirring process, we found slightly precipitation occurred even at a colloid prepared by heating during stirring.The precipitants contained large granulars.After completely precipitation of large granulars for a few days, the remained mixture was stable up to four months.This colloid that contains particles of smaller sizes has achieved the kinetic stability.The fraction of particles remained in the colloid was determined by weighting the precipitated particles.Initially, we used 0.15 g of particles to make colloid.After reaching a stable condition for a few months, the mass of the precipitated particles was around 0.027 g.Therefore, the mass fraction of particles remained in the stable colloid compared to the initial mass of particles used to make colloid was about 82%, or the concentration of the particles in the stable colloid was 0.123 g/10 mL.
To prove the existence, smaller particles remained in the colloid after removing the precipitants, we recorded again 10 kV × 30.000 0.5 μm 0001 the SEM picture of those particles.A drop of colloid was put on an SEM substrate and dried for several minutes.We were difficult to get a sharp SEM image for particles in colloid since the SEM substrate was likely covered by a PVA layer.We could only notify indication of the existence of smaller and separated particles in the stable colloid, as shown in Figure 5. Polymer in the colloid played a role as separator between particles as well as stabilizer in the colloid.This is not surprising because PVA has been frequently used as particle stabilizer in chemical synthesis of metal colloid.The PVA can prevent agglomeration and precipitation of the particles.The PVA has been well known as a good stabilizer for small particles such as CdS [31].
Intensive mixing of the powder with PVA liquid with a homogenizer might has broken connected particles in the original powder and dispersed the particles homogeneously in the liquid phase.Larger and unbroken particles precipitated at the bottom of the container, and the remained particles formed stable colloid.
FTIR spectra of four months old colloid made from Y 2 O 3 :Eu that was synthesized at the heating temperature peak of 1000 o C are shown in Figure 6 in hydroxyl groups.Both PVA and alcohol contain hydroxyl groups.C-H stretching, (B), was observed at around 2980-2840 cm −1 .Overtone or combination band (C) located in the range 2000-1667 cm −1 [32].Absorption at around 1400-1213 cm −1 (D) might originated from C-H bend and C-C stretching.C-O stretching (E) was observed at around 1023 cm −1 .We were unable to detect any stretching in oxide material such as Y-O stretching at around 562 cm −1 and 464 cm −1 [33] due to limitation of the range of measurement in our equipment.The absorption peaks resulted by bonding of metal ions usually appear at short wave numbers [34].
As comparison, we also observed the FTIR spectrum of PVA solution (without Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder) as shown in Figure 6(b).In general, the absorption peaks are very similar.Typical peaks originated from PVA, alcohol, and water are clearly observed as observed in Figure 6(a).The difference is only on the presence of a peak labeled by X in Figure 6(a) at 923.90 cm −1 , which was absent in PVA liquid.We assumed that this peak is originated from bonding of PVA chain with the surface of Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles.To conform this assumption, we have also made another colloid by dispersed Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles in a solution of glycerin.The type of bondings in glycerin is similar to that in PVA.The infrared spectrum of this colloid, as shown in Figure 6(c), is similar with Figure 6(a).The absorption peak at 923.90 cm −1 was not observed, proving that this absorption peak is truly originated from interaction between PVA chain and the surface of Y 2 O 3 :Eu.Furthermore, when Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles was dispersed in a mixture of PVA and This suggestion might be compared to the bonding of OH group on the surface of SiO 2 (oxide like Y 2 O 3 ).OH functional group will be adsorbed on the surface of free SiO 2 surface, and it is likely that the bonding between O on the surface of SiO 2 and O on the OH group happens.
The photoluminescence spectra of samples prepared at heating temperature peak of 1000 o C with different dopant concentrations: Eu/Y = 3% mol/mol, 4% mol/mol, 5% mol/mol, and 7% mol/mol are shown in Figure 7.In order to make a precise comparison of the PL intensities produced by all samples, the powder was put in a small metallic cup and then pressed under the same pressure to obtain the same powder density.Measurement was performed in a reflection mode.The excitation was performed using an ultraviolet laser of 250 nm.The peaks at around 600 nm are originated from electron transition in Eu 3+ ion from 5 D 0 state to 7 F J states, with J = 0,1,2,3,4, and 6.The strongest peak at 612 nm is originated from 5 D 0 to 7 F 2 transition.It is clear from Figure 7 that the PL intensity initially increases with increasing in the fraction of Eu and then decreases at higher fraction of Eu.The highest intensity was observed at Eu concentration of 4% mol/mol.This is the reason why in the development of colloid we used samples that contained 4% mol/mol of Eu.Example of writing result using the prepared colloid is shown in Figures 8(c) and 8(d).Several parallel lines was written on a white paper using colloid prepared at 30-40 o C mixing temperature.After drying process, we did not read any mark on the paper without UV illumination.The mark became clearly seen when illuminated using a UV source of wavelength around 254 nm.This picture proved the potential use of the colloid for making security codes such as that found in bank notes, saving books, invisible barcodes, and other security documents.This ink is also potential for development of optoelectronic devices such as for production of plane-shaped luminescent displays, optical sensor, repeater in optical transmission, and by inkjet printing technology, for which very definitive sizes and shapes can be obtained.

Conclusions
We have been able to produce stable luminescent ink from powder of Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder dispersed in PVA solution.Y 2 O 3 :Eu played a role as luminescent centers in the ink which emitted strong red luminescence under UV illumination.The key factor determining the ability of production of stable colloid is mixing process of the powder with PVA solution.The mixing must be performed at prolonged time (around eight hours) at temperatures above the room temperature.Mixing temperature of 30-40 o C seemed to be the optimum temperature of mixing.Test of the function of the ink as material for making security codes was performed on a white paper at which the codes can only be read under UV illumination.This ink (luminescent colloid) can also meet several applications in optoelectronics such as for production of light emitting devices, light sensor, and luminescent displays in a very definitive sizes and shapes.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: (a) Schematic diagram of production of Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder by a simple heating in a polymer liquid, and (b) schematic diagram for production of stable luminescent colloid of Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles dispersed in PVA solution.

2 O 3 :Figure 2 :
Figure 2: SEM images of samples prepared at different heating temperature peaks: (a) 800 o C and (b) 1000 o C. The lengths of the scale bars are 1 μm.
Figure 1(b) is the experiment procedures for making colloid.We have tried three temperatures of mixing, that is, room temperature, 30-40 o C, and 50-60 o C.

Figure 2
Figure 2 shows SEM images of Y 2 O 3 :Eu powders prepared at different peak temperatures: (a) 800 o C and (b) 1000 o C.It is likely seen that grain sizes of samples prepared at these two-peak temperatures could not be distinguished.This similarity was most probably due to the fact that the heating time was relatively short for the production of two samples, that is, around 30 minutes.Commonly, change in morphology through a heating process would be observed in prolonged heating time at higher temperatures, such as found in a sintering process.Typical grain sizes in all samples were between 40 and 100 nm.This size range is suitable for use as solid entities in inkjet material.This size range could produce stable ink, in term of free of agglomeration process (kinetically stable).Furthermore, using particles of less than 100 nm in diameter, we could generate fine printing results, such as line thickness of down to 1 μm[20].At present, we produced luminescent ink using powder made at a heating temperature peak of 1000 o C. Based on many reports, the luminescence intensity of powder prepared at higher temperatures is stronger than that of samples prepared at lower temperatures[12].

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: XRD patterns of samples prepared at heating temperature of 800 o C and doping level of 4% mol/mol.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Colloid of Y 2 O 3 :Eu prepared at different heating temperatures: (a) without heating (room temperature), (b) heating temperature of 30-40 o C, and (c) heating temperature of 50-60 o C.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: SEM images of particles in stable colloid.The length of the scale bar is 1μm.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: (a) FTIR spectrum of stable colloid from Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles in a PVA solution, (b) FTIR spectrum of a PVA solution without Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles, and (c) FTIR spectrum of colloid from Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles in a glycerin solution.

Figure 7 :Figure 8 :
Figure 7: Photoluminescence spectra of Y 2 O 3 :Eu powder prepared at heating temperature of 1000 o C containing different Eu concentrations:(top to bottom) 3% mol/mol, 4% mol/mol, 5% mol/mol, and 7% mol/mol.In measurements, the samples were excited using a UV of 250 nm in wavelength.

Figure 8 (
a) is the picture of colloid that has been kept for four months without UV illumination, and Figure 8(b) is the same colloid under UV irradiation.The red luminescent emitted by the colloid is still stable after storing for four months, indicating that the stably existence of particles in the colloid.The appearance color is also homogeneous, indicating the particles are dispersed homogeneously.The occurrence of red luminescent colloid over a long period of time proved that the particles did not have a tendency to agglomerate and precipitate and thus indicating the effectiveness of PVA capping.