Journal of BotanyVolume 2011 (2011), Article ID 353102, 7 pagesdoi:10.1155/2011/353102

Research Article

Biplot Approach for Identification of Heterotic Crosses in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Anu Rastogi, Brij Kishore Mishra, Mrinalini Srivastava, Ameena Siddiqui, and Sudhir Shukla

Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India

Received 19 July 2011; Revised 9 September 2011; Accepted 15 September 2011

Academic Editor: Zed Rengel

Copyright © 2011 Anu Rastogi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In India, among nonedible oilseed crops, linseed is a commercial crop having tremendous economic and industrial importance. The seed production is low due to limited resources, so the development of high-yielding lines with desirable characters is urgently needed. In the present study seven parents' half diallel data was subjected to biplot analysis to identify the heterotic crosses, genetically similar parents, and to study their interrelationship. Parent Sln-Ys with A-79 and A-03 with A-79 for capsules per plant and seed yield, parent Mukta with Sln-Ys and Mukta with BAU-45 for seeds per capsule, and parents Mukta, A-103, A-79 and A-94 for test weight had lowest correlation. Parent B [Mukta] and F [A-79] were good general combiner for all the traits. The crosses F [A-79]    A [Sln-Ys] and D [A-03]    F [A-79] for capsules per plant, test weight and seed yield per plant, cross D [A-03]    A [Sln-Ys] for capsules per plant and test weight and cross D [A-03]    F [A-79] for test weight and seed yield per plant were heterotic. None of the crosses were heterotic for seeds per capsule.

1. Introduction

In terms of production and value, oilseed crops are second major agriculture crops next to food grains in India. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an oldest domesticated and economically important industrial nonedible oilseed crop which is being cultivated for seed and its fiber since centuries [1]. The whole plant has commercial use directly or indirectly and also has capability to substantiate the existing natural demand of oil. The crop is generally cultivated under marginal and rain-fed conditions [2]. The area under cultivation is approximately. 1.9 million hectares in India. The average seed yield of linseed in India is 403 Kg/ha which is comparably very low in comparison with world average seed yield that is 943 Kg/ha [3–5]. The low seed yield is chiefly due to limited resources available to poor farmers along with nonavailability of high-yielding cultivars [6]. So, the development of high-yielding varieties/lines is needed to compete with other linseed growing countries. Such lines/varieties can easily be developed through suitable hybridization and selection programmes to isolate superior segregants [7]. However, the success of any hybridization programme chiefly depends on combining ability of parents used in crossing programme [8]. Combining ability provides an important tool for selection of desirable parents and to get required information regarding the nature of gene action controlling desirable trait [9]. Generally, plant breeders use Griffing’s [10] diallel mating design to identify desirable parents along with their specific cross-combinations and to get the knowledge of genetic effects, estimates of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and variance components [11–15]. It also provides information about inheritance of important traits, identification of promising heterotic combinations, and heterotic patterns based on partitioning of total variance into GCA and SCA [16]. In diallel analysis GCA is associated with the parents and SCA with the hybrids. Yan and Hunt [17] developed a new GGE biplot model for analyzing the diallel data to obtain combining ability and interrelationships of parents based on graphical presentation using PC1 and PC2 which are derived through PC analysis of environment-centered yield data. The present study was undertaken for the first time to analyze diallel data using GGE biplot model to gather information about genetic interrelationships among parents and identification of heterotic combinations for high seed yield in linseed.

2. Materials and Methods

The material for the present study comprised of seven pure and homozygous lines namely, a yellow-seeded selection Sln-Ys (Parent A) and six other high-yielding varieties, namely, Mukta (Parent B), A-103 (Parent C), A-03 (Parent D), BAU-45 (Parent E), A-79 (Parent F), and A-94 (Parent G) of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) which were crossed in diallel fashion excluding reciprocals to get seeds in year 2005-2006. The F₁s were grown in randomized block design with three replications in year 2006-2007 at the experimental field of Genetics and Plant Breeding, NBRI, Lucknow which is situated at 26°N, 80.5°E, and 120 m above sea level. Each parent (entry/tester) and their hybrids were sown in two rows with row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacing of 30 × 20 cm². The length of each row was 3 meters. During experimentation, normal cultural practices were applied. The data on morphological traits and seed yield (gm) were recorded on 10 competitive plants from each entry/replication. The mean data was subjected to graphical analysis using Yan’s GGE biplot software. In GGE biplot, mean and stability of genotypes referred to GCA and SCA of parents, respectively [17]. The results obtained from GGE biplot analysis are displayed in two ways (i) graphical view having concentric rings with vectors of entries which provides information about interrelationships among parents in producing heterotic crosses and (ii) ATC polygon view to study GCA, SCA, and heterotic combinations.

The analysis of interrelationship between parents/entries/testers can be approximated by cosine of the angle between parents: where is the angle between parent and parent and is the correlation coefficient between both parents.

Two parents are positively correlated if the angle between their vectors is <90°, are negatively correlated if the angle is >90°, and independent if the angle between them is 90°. 0° means correlation [] is 1 and 180° means correlation is −1. Testers with longer vectors are more discriminating of the entries, those with short vectors are less discriminating and those located at the biplot origin are not discriminating.

In the ATC polygon view, results were shown according to the average tester position which is a virtual tester (i.e., PC1 and PC2 scores = average PC1 and PC2 scores) across all the testers. The ATC was established with its abscissa by passing through the origin. GCA effects of the entries are approximated by their projections onto the ATC abscissa. Parallel lines perpendicular to the abscissa help in ranking of entries in terms of GCA. The projections of the entries onto ATC coordinate displayed SCA effects which represent the tendency of the entries to produce superior hybrids. The polygon view of the biplot is drawn by connecting the entries. The perpendicular line to each side drawn from the origin of the plot divides the biplot into several sectors, and each tester falls into one sector. Tester falling in a sector shares the best mating partner with another entry present at the vertex of the polygon in that sector. Entries located near the biplot origin are less responsive to the change of the testers. As a rule in biplot analysis for the diallel data, each genotype was considered both as an entry (with normal letters) and a tester (with bold and capital letters).

To check the authenticity of GGE biplot in displaying the heterotic crosses, heterosis over mid- and better parents were also calculated using the following formula:

3. Results

The analysis of variance showed significant differences among parents for all the traits except seeds per capsule (Table 1). The s, parents, and parents versus hybrids were also significant for all the traits except seeds per capsule. Hybrids had greater mean sum of square (MSS) than parents for all the traits which suggested that significant heterosis existed in the hybrids (Table 2).

Table 1: Analysis of variance for different traits in linseed.

Source
df
Capsules/plant
Seeds/capsule
Test weight
Seed yield

Treatment
27
3044.95**
70.96
4.31**
16.89**

Replication
2
3673.36
70.86
1.49
1.95

Parents
6
4411.57**
0.52
9.54**
39.22**

20
2462.77**
95.42
2.81**
9.98**

Parents versus
1
6488.79*
4.59
2.83*
21.04**

Error
54
1050.11
72.45
0.54
2.24**

and .

Table 2: Estimate of heterosis over mid- and better parent for different traits in linseed.

Crosses
Capsule/plant
Seeds/capsule
Test weight
Seed yield

MP
BP
MP
BP
MP
BP
MP
BP

−45.39

0.00
−6.25
−23.00

−4.66
−36.44
−46.38
−47.50

8.00

−26.67
−31.25

102.72
67.75

25.99
−15.73

27.77
9.53
−26.34

−29.46
−31.67

39.43
−10.09
4.58
4.58
30.54
−18.73
−0.71

36.72
−3.18
−7.39
−12.61

−16.86

18.25
−23.73
−49.05
−49.05

−2.28
11.82

17.53
8.90
0.00
−6.25
−12.38

−15.30

19.13
−14.69
10.34
6.67

−34.84
−35.03
11.11
4.17

25.53
−16.18
−12.44
−17.92
5.11

−6.91
−7.52
1.67
1.67
−20.46
−22.81

58.17
18.63
−12.69
−15.42

−6.83
−13.30

0.30
−6.25
−13.33
−13.33

18.32
−20.86
−18.67
−23.75
71.45
−14.28
−31.96

−0.23
−3.56

3.74
−33.10
−23.11
−27.92
41.90
−29.05

45.39
9.41
6.67
3.33

9.47
57.45
−3.06

−28.09
−33.10
12.50
12.50
−8.78
−20.84

28.12
−8.10
−5.00
−5.00
34.87

S.E.
22.91
26.46
6.02
6.95
0.52
0.60
1.06
1.22

CD at 5%
45.94
53.05
12.07
13.93
1.05
1.21
2.12
2.46

CD at 1%
61.18
70.64
16.07
18.56
1.39
1.61
2.83
3.27

and .

3.1. Capsules per Plant

Graphical representation of concentric rings with vectors showed interrelationships among testers or entries. Parent A showed largest variation, while parent D had lowest variation (Figure 1(a)). The vector of parent B with C, A with G, C with A, A with D, D with G, and G with F had acute angles which suggested positive correlation among them, while parents A with F and D with F had obtuse angles which suggested lowest correlation among them and should produce heterotic crosses (Figure 1(a)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: (a) Interrelationships among testers (bold capital letters) and entries (normal letters) and (b) polygon view for capsules/plant.

The principal components together explained 33.7% (20.6% and 13.1% by PC1 and PC2, resp.) of the total variation (Figure 1(b)). The remaining proportion of the total variation was not accounted by biplot analysis due to much complexity in genetics involved in this trait among the seven parents. The parents F, B, E, and C had positive GCA, whereas G, A, and D had negative GCA effects. Based on the distance between entry and ATC abscissa, entry F had greatest GCA followed by parents B, C, D = G, A and E. Parents A and F had highest SCA based on the largest projections onto the abscissa. The group of parents D, B and G and C and E were similar with each other due to their close presence in the polygon. The biplot clearly viewed three well-defined sectors, that is, A, F, and B. The two heterotic groups [F, G, D] and [B, C, A] were observed which suggested that the hybrids between these groups should show heterosis that can also be verified through polygon data. Entry BAU-45 was located near to abscissa and did not seem to belong to any group. The crosses and in sector F and crosses and in sector A would be heterotic due to the presence of parents as testers in their respective sectors.

3.2. Seeds Per Capsule

Graphical representation of concentric rings with vectors revealed that parent A with E had largest variation due to largest vectors and obtuse angle. Similarily parents B with A and B with E also had obtuse angle, so should be expected to produce heterotic combinations which can be verified through polygon view. Parents B, G, C, D, and F were found highly correlated as they had acute angle and small vectors among them, so were unable to produce heterotic combinations (Figure 2(a)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: (a) Interrelationships among testers (bold capital letters) and entries (normal letters) and (b) polygon view for seeds/capsule.

First two principal components explained 95.7% [PC1 = 53.2% and PC2 = 42.5%] of total variation (Figure 2(b)). The remaining less proportion of the total variation was not accounted by the biplot due to complexity in genetics involved for this trait among the seven parents. Based on the ATC, parent E had highest GCA followed by A > G > B > F > C > D. Parents E and A had highest SCA effects based on their largest projections onto the ATC. Entries B, C, E, F, and G showed similarity among them due to their close presence in polygon. Two heterotic groups [A, C] and [E, D, F, B, G] were observed which suggested that ten hybrids between should show heterosis that can also be verified through polygon view. Three sectors that is, E, A, and D, were clearly viewed. The crosses and were heterotic in sector E due to presence of parents A, G, and B as testers in sector E and cross in sector A due to presence of parent E as tester.

3.3. Test Weight

The graphical representation of concentric rings with vectors showing interrelationships among the testers or entries [both showed same results] showed that the parents B, C, F, and G had largest vectors and obtuse angle among themselves which suggested existence of largest variation and less correlation. So, the crosses produce by using these parents would be expected heterotic crosses that can be verified through polygon view. Parent A with E and E with C had acute angle and small vectors so these were highly correlated and cannot be able to produce heterotic crosses (Figure 3(a)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: (a) Interrelationships among testers (bold capital letters) and entries (normal letters) and (b) polygon view test weight.

The first two principal components explained 74.3% [PC1 38.2% and PC2 36.1%] of the total variation (Figure 3(b)). The remaining proportion of total variation was not accounted by biplot, reflecting the complexity of genetics involved among the seven parents for this trait. Based on the projection onto ATC abscissa, parents B, D, C, and E had positive GCA. Parent B with parent D had highest GCA effect followed by the parents F > G > E > A. The parents D and B had highest SCA effect. The two heterotic groups were observed that were expected to show heterotic combinations. The heterotic crosses were and [as A was present on the perpendicular fall] in sector F. The cross was heterotic as F was present as tester in sector F, and cross was heterotic as A was present as another genotype in sector D. Parent B was present perpendicular to sector B and D, thus would be equal mating partners in both sectors, but sector B had same parent B as tester, so only the cross would be heterotic combination in sector B.

3.4. Seed Yield

The graphical representation of concentric rings with vectors showed interrelationships among testers/entries (both showed same results). Parent F with D, F with E, F with C, B with D, and B with G had largest variation and obtuse angle showing smallest correlation, while parents E, C, D, A, and G had smallest vectors and acute angle which showed largest correlation among them (Figure 4(a)). Parent B had obtuse angle with parents F, G, and A but unable to produce heterotic combination due to their presence near to the vector. The parent A was present on the same concentric circle near to vector F; therefore, cross would be heterotic combination. Similarly, vector F was near to parent D thus would be heterotic which can also be confirmed through the polygon view.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: (a) Interrelationships among testers (bold capital letters) and entries (normal letters) and (b) polygon view for seed yield.

The principal components together explained only 49.4% (29.7% and 19.7% by PC1 and PC2, resp.) of total variation (Figure 4(b)). The remaining proportion of total variation was not accounted by biplot due to much complexity in genetics involved among all parents for this trait. The ATC view showed that parents B, F, and C had positive GCA. Based on the projection onto ATC abscissa, parent B had highest GCA followed by the parents F > C > E > G > A = D and parents F and B had highest SCA. Entries D and G were seen similar due to their nearby presence in polygon. The polygon view clearly showed four sectors, that is, B, F, G, and D. The two heterotic groups were observed which should show heterotic combinations. Heterotic crosses were , and due to presence of parent A as tester in sector F.

4. Discussion

In recent days, enhancement in yield potential of linseed is a major focused area. To achieve the desired enhancement in yield, genetical improvement of the crop is utmost important. For genetical improvement in any crop, various breeding techniques are used among which diallel is most common one. Improvement in any crop can easily be achieved by using good combiners in hybridization programme followed by successive cycle of selection. So, diallel selective mating design suggested by Jensen [18] would be an ideal approach to meet out desired genetic improvement. Griffing [10] model for analyzing diallel data is an old and less interpretative method, while Yan’s GGE biplot method enhances the capability of interpretation of diallel data and tries to interpret the phenotypic variation [17]. It is also preferred over conventional diallel approach because it gives jointly GCA and SCA effects of the population and the performances of the crosses as well as grouping pattern of similar genotypes [16].

The analysis of variance showed wide spread significant differences among the parents, and s suggested a great amount of genetic variability existed among the parents for all the traits except seeds per capsule. Less difference among the treatments for seeds per capsule was due to variation in number of seeds from seven to eleven. In the present study, parents B and F were good general combiners for all the traits. However, other parents were not good combiners for more than two traits. Parent F had highest SCA for capsules per plant and seed yield, parent B for test weight and seed yield, and parent A for capsules per plant and seeds per capsule. In Griffing’s diallel approach, all variations are accounted through GCA and SCA in which parents are evaluated only on their GCA effects and the term SCA is associated with the crosses that has little impact in understanding the parents. In biplot analysis, SCA effects are associated with the parents rather than hybrids [17]. The crosses and were heterotic for capsules per plant, test weight, and seed yield per plant, cross for capsules per plant and test weight and cross for test weight and seed yield per plant were found heterotic. It is pertinent to say that the hybrids, which were much superior over their parents, might be due to that the parents involved in the crosses were genetically different [8]. All crosses showed involvement of both and general combiners. The crosses involving general combiners besides expressing favorable additive effects of high parent showed complementary gene action due to interaction between favorable genes contributed by the relevant parents [19]. No crosses showed heterotic response for the trait seeds per capsule. Mahto and Rahman [20] also noticed least heterotic effects for seeds per capsule. The parents involved in heterotic crosses, if belong to the same heterotic groups as in case of cross for seed yield and test weight, the heterotic effect might be due to overdominance or epistatic effect of different dominant genes present in parents F and A [21, 22]. Simultaneously, the parents of heterotic crosses, if belong to different groups, showed heterosis due to dominant gene effects. Similarly, if similar parents show heterotic responses, it might be due to same dominant genes present within them as in the case of cross for seeds per capsule. Other workers also reported the role of different gene effects in the inheritance of respective traits [2, 23–26]. It is interesting to note that all the heterotic crosses obtained through biplot analysis showed similar heterotic effects for same crosses analyzed manually following standard formula, which confirmed the authenticity of the biplot in displaying the heterotic combinations. These heterotic crosses can be easily exploited through heterosis breeding, while, in segregating generation, the transgressive segregants can be exploited through recurrent breeding and biparental mating [27].

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Director for encouragement and facilities provided during the investigation. A. Rastogi and B. K. Mishra thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for giving senior research fellowship.

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