Genetics Research International

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 129575, 4 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/129575

Research Article

Community Genetic Services in Iran

Shirin Atri Barzanjeh,¹ Mozhgan Behshid,1,2 Mohammad Bagher Hosseini,³ Maryam Ezari,¹ Mahdieh Taghizadeh,⁴ and Saeed Dastgiri⁴

¹School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166615739, Iran

²Health System Research Committee, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166615739, Iran

³Pediatric Health Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166615739, Iran

⁴Tabriz Health Services Management Research Centre, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166615739, Iran

Received 27 July 2012; Revised 12 November 2012; Accepted 13 November 2012

Academic Editor: Maj Hulten

Copyright © 2012 Shirin Atri Barzanjeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The aim of the study was to report a description of the primary, secondary, and tertiary level services available for genetic disorders in Iran. For the purpose of this study, essential data were collected from every facility providing community genetic services in Tabriz city of Iran using a prestructured checklist. Technical information was filled in the predesigned forms using diagnostic records of each client/patient. Information was also gathered from community genetic services clients through a face-to-face interview at these facilities to assess the quality of services provided. Primary prevention measures were available in 80 percent of centres in the study population. Diagnostic techniques were fully available in the study area both in public and private sectors. Screening of congenital hypothyroidism and thalassemia has been successfully performed across the country by the Ministry of Health. Other screening programs have also been initiated by the country health authorities for neural tube defects, Down syndrome, and phenylketonuria. The high cost of genetic services at secondary and tertiary levels does not allow many people to get access to these services despite their needs. Governments will therefore need to allocate necessary resources to make the essential genetic services available for everyone needing these in the community.

1. Introduction

Prenatal genetic service has a key role in detecting the genetic risks and carrier screening for thehereditary conditions.

Prenatal genetic service has a key role in detecting the genetic risks and carrier screening for certain hereditary conditions such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and alpha/beta thalassemia. According to the previous studies in the region, the genetic disorders and congenital abnormalities can affect individuals in different ages ranging from 2 percent at birth to 65 percent of individuals in their lifetime period. They account for approximately 30 percent of pediatric hospital admissions ranging from mild to very severe conditions [1, 2].

The essential goals of Community Genetic Services (CGS) are to manage the prevention, clinical, and psychosocial demands of individuals suffering from/at risk of hereditary disorders. This can be achieved through timely and precise clinical and laboratory diagnosis, genetic consultation, and primary health care services [3].

As for any disease, prevention methods in genetic disorders are performed at three levels including primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention is to avoid the occurrence of a disease (i.e., genetic consultation). Secondary prevention methods are to find and treat patients as early as possible (i.e., drug treatments for some heart anomalies). Tertiary prevention includes every effort to reduce the negative effects of the disease through treatment or rehabilitation (i.e., rehabilitation for limb anomalies).

The aim of the study was to report a brief description of the primary, secondary, and tertiary level services available for genetic disorders in Tabriz city of Iran as a sample pattern of CGS for similar regions.

2. Methods

This study was carried out in Tabriz city of Iran. The city is one of the three major cities in the northwest of the country. Health houses, primary care centres, public/private clinics and hospitals, and Welfare and Rehabilitation Organization provide CGS in the area covering about 5 millions of population in the northwest of the Iran.

For the purpose of this study, essential data were collected from every facility providing CGS in the area using a prestructured checklist. Technical information was filled on the predesigned forms using diagnostic records of each client/patient. Information was also gathered from CGS clients through a face-to-face interview at these facilities to assess the quality of services provided.

The study took place between March and June 2010. A total number of 19 public and private hospitals and clinics and 15 heath centres were checked for the purpose of this study. A total number of 140 clients/patients were interviewed to assess the quality of services, costs, and so forth.

Approval for this study was obtained from the Regional Committee of Medical Ethics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Accordingly, an informed consent from the study participants was obtained and data were gathered anonymised at the source of data collection to keep personal information private.

3. Results

Some of the current services at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels available for genetic disorders in Iran are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Community Genetic Services in Iran.

Services
Congenital abnormalities

Alpha fetoprotein
Neural tube defects, nephrosis, chromosomal abnormalities, omphalocele

Amniocentesis
Neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities

Amniotic fluid chromosomal analysis
Trisomy 13, 18, 21 and chromosomal abnormalities

Aortography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Arteriography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Arterioplasty with balloon
Coarctation aorta

Blood gas analysis
Congenital respiratory diseases

Bone marrow transplantation
Hydroxyurea

Bronchography
Congenital respiratory diseases

Bronchoscopy
Congenital respiratory diseases

Chest radiography
Congenital respiratory diseases

Chest radiography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Chorionic gonadotropin level
Trisomy 13, 18, 21

Color ultrasonography and ventriculography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Cordocentesis services
Hemoglobinopathies, fetal anemia, acid-base disorders, thalassemia

Craniosynostosis surgery
Nervous system anomalies

Dialysis and kidney transplants
Congenital renal diseases

DNA services
Thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, phenylketonuria (PKU), Turner syndrome, cystic fibrosis

Drug treatments
Congenital heart abnormalities

Echoencephalography procedure
Neural tube defects

Electrocardiogram
Congenital heart abnormalities

Embryo echocardiography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Embryoscopy
Facial and limb abnormalities

Exercise testing, congenital heart disease
Congenital heart abnormalities

Fetal skin biopsy
Albinism

Fetoscopy
Limb abnormalities

Fluoroscopy
Congenital heart abnormalities

Genital ambiguous surgery
Urogenital malformations

Growth monitoring
Congenital anomalies diagnosed after birth

Hemoglobin electrophoresis
Sickle cell anemia

Herpes and cytomegalovirus tests
Mother and fetus

Intrauterine surgery
Diaphragmatic hernia and myelomeningocele

Iron levels and hemoglobin electrophoresis
Thalassemia

IV urography and urethrography
Obstructive urethral congenital disease

Laryngoscopy
Congenital respiratory diseases

Liver function tests
Hemochromatosis

Lung aspiration
Congenital respiratory diseases

Lung biopsy
Congenital respiratory diseases

Lung function tests
Congenital respiratory diseases

Maternal health care services
Congenital anomalies

Maternal phenyl alanine
Fetal microcephaly

MRI scan and CT scan
Neural tube defects (hydrocephaly and spina bifida)

Neurosurgical techniques
Hydrocephaly and Spina Bifida

NICU and special delivery services
Pregnancies with omphalocele

Nonconjugated acetyl test
Trisomy 21

Preconceptional folic acid consumption
Congenital anomalies

Pregnancy health care services
Congenital anomalies

Public education
Congenital anomalies

Pulse and color doppler, angiocardiography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Radiography by barium swallow
Congenital respiratory diseases

Radio-nucleotide scan
Congenital respiratory diseases

Reconstructive surgery
VSD, PDA, AV, tetralogy of fallot, pulmonary valve stenosis, and noncyanotic congenital heart diseases

Reconstructive surgery
Cleft lip and palate

Screening programme
Congenital hypothyroidism, adrenal hyperplasia

Shunting
Myelomeningocele with hydrocephaly

Surgical treatment
Neurofibromatosis

Thoracentesis
Congenital respiratory diseases

Thoracoscopy
Congenital respiratory diseases

Treatment by dexamethasone
High risk pregnancy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Two-dimensional echocardiography
Congenital heart abnormalities

Ultrasound diagnostic services
Neural tube defects, heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia

Urine and plasma amino acids, serum ammonium
Fetal microcephaly

Urology corrective surgery
Hypospadias, cryptorchidism, undescending testis

Vaccination
Congenital defects caused by viral infections

Valvuloplasty and valve replacement
Aortic valve stenosis

Varios clinical tests
Eye defects, thyroid anomalies, speech and hearing defects

Primary prevention measures were available in 80 percent of centres and facilities in the study population. These measures include preconceptional care and folic acid supplementation, pregnancy health care services, maternal and children health care services, vaccination (i.e., rubella, measles, etc.), and various educational programmes for the primary prevention of congenital anomalies and genetic disorders.

Diagnostic techniques including ultrasonography, DNA extract tests (including PCR), serum alpha fetoprotein, nonconjugated estradiol, amniocentesis, chromosomal analysis of amniotic fluid, maternal phenyl alanine test, urine and plasma amino acids analysis fetal echocardiography, MRI scan and CT scan, electroencephalography, chest radiography, electrocardiogram, different type of echocardiography, color ultrasonography, pulse and color Doppler, angiocardiography, pulmonary angiography, liver function tests, IV urography and urethrography, blood gas analysis, chest radiography, radiography by barium swallow, thoracentesis, bronchography, lung function tests, lung biopsy, lung aspiration, bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, thoracoscopy, radio-nucleotide scan, fluoroscopy, arteriography, and aortography were all fully available in the study area both in public and private sectors.

Screening of congenital hypothyroidism and thalassemia has been successfully performed across the country by the Ministry of Health [4]. Other screening programs have also been planned/started by the country health authorities for neural tube defects, the Down syndrome, and phenylketonuria.

Selected types of congenital anomalies (i.e., heart defects) were routinely treated by various types of drugs as well as the neurosurgical technique for hydrocephaly and Spina Bifida, shunting for hydrocephaly with or without myelomeningocele, reconstructive surgery for cleft lip, and palate and for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), Atrioventricular (AV) canal, tetralogy of fallot, pulmonary valve stenosis and noncyanotic congenital heart diseases, urology corrective surgery for hypospadias, cryptorchidism, undiscerning testis, arterioplasty for coarctation aorta, valvuoplasty and valve replacement for aortic valve stenosis, craniosynostosis surgery, dialysis and kidney transplants for congenital renal diseases, and bone marrow transplantation for different type of bone marrow failure.

4. Discussion

In this study, we reported the current status of genetic services for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of congenital anomalies in Iran provided by public and private sectors in the area.

This study showed that primary prevention of congenital anomalies and genetic disorders (i.e., folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy, etc.) is now well established in the region. Despite some differences, similar findings have been reported in previous studies [5–7] indicating that the activities by the Ministry of Health and private sectors for the prevention of genetic disorders are well understood/accepted in the country. Research reports from the nine European countries, Georgia, Venezuela, and India showed that primary prevention measures have been implemented in these regions too [8–11]. However, the structure of the preventive strategies may vary by the region based on the population demands and financial sources.

Our study indicated that despite availability of diagnostic and treatment facilities for genetic disorders in the area, they are mostly too expensive to be fully accessible for many people in the country as they responded in the face-to-face interview. It is obvious that as more advances in genetic technology occurring, the demands for CGS are growing in the population. However, the high cost of genetic services does not allow many people to get access to these services despite their needs. Governments will therefore need to allocate necessary resources to make the essential genetic services available for everyone needing that in the community. More investigations are needed to assess the cost effectiveness and health economics aspects of this matter.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Research Deputy of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and National Public Health Management Centre and Pediatric Health Research Centre for supporting this study. The authors are also grateful to all clients/patients for sharing their experiences with us, and to health houses, primary care centres, public/private clinics and hospitals, and Welfare and Rehabilitation Organization for participating in this study.

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