International Journal of Inorganic ChemistryVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 206417, 6 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/206417

Research Article

Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Properties of Some Metal(II) Complexes of (Substituted) Nitrophenol Schiff Base

Aderoju A. Osowole,¹ Ingo Ott,² and Oladunni M. Ogunlana¹

¹Inorganic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria²Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technical University Braunchweig, Beethoven Straße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany

Received 6 November 2011; Accepted 2 January 2012

Academic Editor: Rabindranath Mukherjee

Copyright © 2012 Aderoju A. Osowole et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The Schiff base, 2-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ylimino)methyl]-5-nitrophenol coordinates to Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pd(II) ions through the phenolic O and imine N atoms. The complexes are characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The metal complexes formed as [ML₂]xH₂O with exception of the Cu(II) complex which is anhydrous. Spectroscopic data corroborate the adoption of a four-coordinate, tetrahedral geometry for the Mn(II), and Zn(II) complexes, and a four-coordinate, square planar geometry for the Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes. None is an electrolyte in DMSO. The in vitro anticancer activities of the metal free ligand, Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pd(II) complexes against MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HT-29 (colon carcinoma) cells reveal that the Pd(II) complex has the best cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ of 5.94 μM, which is within the same order of activity as cisplatin. Furthermore, the ligand and the Zn(II) complex exhibit broad-spectrum activity against two gram-positive bacteria, three gram-negative bacteria, and a fungus with inhibitory zones range of 10.0–20.0 and 10.0–17.0 mm, respectively.

1. Introduction

Tridentate aminoindane Schiff base Cr(III) compounds have been used as catalysts in enantioselective inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ring opening of meso-aziridines [1, 2]. Furthermore, some amino-1-indanols possess valuable bronchodilator properties, For example, 6-methoxy-2-isopropylamino-1-indanol [3], while N-propargylamine-1(R)-aminoindane exhibits antiapoptotic properties against dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, Schiff bases derived from indane-1, 3-dione-2-imine-N-acetic acid, 2-imino-N-2-propionic acid and ninhydrin, glycine/L-alanine, and their metal(II) complexes exhibit unique geometries, and good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus, and P. faecalis [4, 5], while those derived from 4-amino-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-pyridinedione and various hydroxy benzaldehyde are potent antimicrobials. Tricyclic pyrimidine and aminobenzene sulfonamido Schiff bases showed anti-HIV activity and high antitumor activity with low therapeutic index against murine S-180 carcinoma [6–8], and N-substituted-3-chloro-2-azetidinones Schiff bases have good anthelmintic activity against earthworms [9]. Extensive literature search shows that no work is reported on the Schiff base, 2-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ylimino)methyl]-5-nitrophenol (derived from condensation of 4-aminoindane and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde) and its Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pd(II) complexes [10–14]. Thus, our aim is to synthesize and characterize the above named Schiff base and its metal(II) complexes in order to investigate their antimicrobial and anticancer properties for further studies in drug development for infectious diseases and cancer. The choice of Cu(II) and Zn(II) for cytotoxic studies is based on their importance in humans as antioxidant, growth, and fertility promoter [15], while Pd, a rare metal with no known biological function is chosen for its renowned antitumor activity [16]. The ligand used in this study, HL and its metal(II) complexes are new and are being reported for the first time by us as a continuation of our studies on the synthesis, characterization, and bioactivities of some metal(II) complexes of various Schiff bases [17–20].

2. Experimental

Reagent grade 4-aminoindane, 2-hyroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde, hydrated manganese(II) nitrate, copper(II) nitrate, zinc(II) nitrate, and palladium(II) chloride were purchased from Aldrich and BDH chemicals and were used as received. Solvents were purified by distillation.

The microbes, Bacillus subtilis ATTC 33932, Salmonella thyphi, Proteus mirabilis ATTC 21784, Candida albicans MTTC 227, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATTC 27856, and Bacillus cereus ATTC 14579, were obtained from the Organic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, while MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HT-29 (colon carcinoma) cells were cultured at the Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Germany.

The elemental analyses for C, H, and N were recorded on Thermo Quest CE Instruments flash EA1112 analyser. Manganese, copper, zinc and palladium were determined titrimetrically [21]. The ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a 300 MHz Brucker DRX-400 NMR instrument in CD₂Cl₂ at 295 K. ¹H chemical shifts were referenced to the residual signals of the protons of CD₂Cl₂ and were quoted in ppm. The reflectance and infrared spectra (KBr discs) were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer λ25 spectrophotometer and Perkin-Elmer FTIR spectrum BX spectrophotometer in the range 900–190 nm and 4000–400 cm⁻¹, respectively. Electrolytic conductivities of the compounds in DMSO were determined using a MC-1, Mark V conductivity meter with a cell constant of 1.0 and melting points (uncorrected) were done with a Mel-Temp electrothermal machine.

2.1. Preparation of 2-[(2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-4-ylimino)methyl]-5-nitrophenol

The ligand, HL, was prepared by stirring and heating a 50 mL ethanolic solution of 7.5 mmol (1.0 g) of 4-amino indane to which 7.5 mmol (1.26 g) of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde was added neat and in bits at 70°C. The resulting homogeneous dark brown solution was then refluxed for 3 h after addition of 4 drops of acetic acid. The orange product, formed on cooling in ice, was filtered and recrystallized from ethanol and dried in vacuo over anhydrous calcium chloride. The yield of HL was 1.48 g (70%).

Color (orange); IR (KBr, ): OH (3427s), C=N + C=C(1650s 1421s); UV (kK): 28.72, 36.46, 42.73; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂, δ in ppm): 15.0(s, 1H, C2 OH), 8.78(s, 1H, HC⁷N), 8.42–8.22 (m, 3H, C³, C⁴, C⁶), Indane ring: 7.29–7.06 (m, 3H, , , ); 3.02 (t, 2H, ), 2.15 (q, 2H, ), 3.05 (t, 2H, ); M.pt (°C), 152-153; formula mass (282.29); CHN Anal. calcd(found) for C₁₆H₁₄N₂O₃: C, 68.1 (68.4); H, 5.0 (4.8); N, 9.9 (9.5).

2.2. Preparation of the Metal(II) Complexes

The various complexes were prepared by refluxing a homogeneous solution of 0.30 mmol (0.053–0.089 g) of hydrated M(II) nitrates (M = Mn, Cu, Zn) and 0.60 mmol (0.17 g) of the ligand, to which 0.06 mmol (0.061 g) of triethylamine was added in 30 mL ethanol for 3 h. The products formed were filtered, washed with ethanol, and dried in vacuo over anhydrous calcium chloride. The same procedure was used to prepare the Pd(II) complexes from its chloride salt, respectively. The analytical data were as follows.

[MnL₂]2H₂O: % yield 70 (0.14 g); Color (brown); IR (KBr, ): OH (3500b), C=N + C=C (1637 s 1404 s), M–N (524 m 502 m), M–O (458 m 430 m); VIS/UV , (kK): 12.0, 22.10, 31.8, 39.2, 42.8; M.pt (°C), 171–173; formula mass (653.54); CHN Anal. calcd(found) for Mn (C₃₂H₃₀N₄O₈) C, 58.8 (58.5); H, 4.6 (4.4); N, 8.5 (8.2); %Mn calcd(found) 8.4 (8.4); ,1.05.

[CuL₂]: % yield 70 (0.13 g); Color (green); IR (KBr, ): C=N + C=C (1660 s 1420 s), M–N (572 m 512 m), M–O (481 m 429 m); VIS/UV (kK): 13.89, 22.52, 31.71, 41.70; M.pt (°C), 288–290; formula mass (626.11); CHN Anal. calcd(found) for Cu(C₃₂H₂₆N₄O₆) C, 61.4(61.2); H, 4.2 (4.2); N, 9.0 (8.3); %Cu calcd(found)10.2 (10.1); , 30.0.

[ZnL₂]H₂O: % yield 70 (0.14 g); Color (yellow); IR (KBr, ): OH 3500b, C=N + C=C, 1675 s 1440 s; vM–N 580 m 518 m, M–O 470 m 410 m; VIS/UV , (kK): 21.50, 33.60, 42.0; NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂, δ in ppm): 8.76 (s, 1H, ), 8.19–8.41 (m, 3H, , , ), Indane ring: 7.0–7.14 (m, 3H, C², C³, C⁴); 3.0 (t, 2H, C⁵), 2.16 (q, 2H, C⁶), 3.06(t, 2H, C⁷); M.pt (°C), 262–264; formula mass (645.95); CHN Anal. calcd(found) for Zn(C₃₂H₂₈N₄O₇) C, 59.5 (59.6); H, 4.4 (3.8); N, 8.7 (8.0); %Zn calcd(found) 10.1 (10.0); , 12.58.

[PdL₂]0.25H₂O: % yield 50 (0.10 g); Color (brown); IR (KBr, ): OH 3500 b, C=N + C=C 1656 s 1429 s; M–N 571 s 510 s, M–O 470 m 432 m; VIS/UV , (kK): 14.79, 22.37, 36.33, 45.84; NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂, δ in ppm): 8.70 (s, 1H, ), 7.70–7.95 (m, 3H, , , ), Indane ring: 6.95–7.32 (m, 3H, C², C³, C⁴); 3.03 (t, 2H, C⁵), 2.06 (q, 2H, C⁶), 3.08 (t, 2H, C⁷); M.pt (°C), 304–306; formula mass (673.47); CHN Anal. calcd(found) for Pd(C₃₂H26.5N₄O6.25) C, 57.0 (57.0); H, 4.0 (4.4); N, 8.3 (7.2); %Pd calcd (found)15.4 (15.4); , 6.51.

2.3. Antiproliferative Effects in MCF-7 and HT-29 Cells

In 96-well plates, 100 mL of a cell suspension in culture medium at 7500 cells/mL (MCF-7) and 2500 cells/mL (HT-29) were plated into each well and incubated for three days under culture conditions. After the addition of various concentrations of the test compounds, cells were incubated for another 96 h (MCF-7) and 72 h (HT-29), respectively. The medium was then removed and the cells were fixed with 1% glutardialdehyde solution and stored under phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4°C. Cell biomass was determined by a crystal violet staining, followed by extracting of the bound dye with ethanol and a photometric measurement at 590 nm. The test compounds were prepared fresh as stock solutions in DMF and diluted with the cell culture medium to the final assay concentrations (0.1% V/V DMF) and cisplatin was used as the reference drug. The IC₅₀ value was taken as the concentration causing 50% inhibition of cell proliferation and calculated as mean of at least two independent experiments [22].

2.4. Antimicrobial Assay

The assay was carried out on the ligand and its metal(II) complexes using Agar diffusion technique. The surface of the agar in a Petri dish was uniformly inoculated with 0.3 mL of 18 hours old test bacteria/fungus culture. Using a sterile cork borer, 6 mm wells were bored into agar. Then 0.06 mL of 10 mg/mL concentration of each metal complex in DMSO was introduced into the wells and the plates are allowed to stand on bench for 30 min before incubation at 37°C for 24 h after which inhibitory zones (in mm) were taken as a measure of antibacterial activity. The experiments were conducted in duplicates and gentamycin was used as the reference drug.

3. Results and Discussion

The Schiff base and its complexes are obtained in good yields of 70% with the exception of Pd(II) complex with a yield of 50%. All complexes isolated adopt [ML₂]xH₂O stoichiometry, with exception of the Cu(II) complexes which is anhydrous. Evidence for the formation of HL (Figure 1) in pure form is from microanalyses and ¹H NMR. The generalized equation for the formation of the complexes is (when M = Mn(II), x = 2, b = 0; Zn(II), x = 1, b = 1; Cu(II), x =0, b = 2).

Figure 1: Proposed structure for the ligand.

Attempts to isolate suitable crystals for single X-ray structural determination are not successful so far.

The molar conductivities of the complexes in DMSO are in the range 1.05–30.0 ohm−1 cm² mol⁻¹, showing that they are covalent in the solvent. A value of 94–105 ohm−1 cm² mol−1 is expected for a 1 : 1 electrolyte [23].

The infrared bands are assigned by comparing the spectra of the compounds with reported literature on similar systems [5, 13, 14]. The band at in the ligand is assigned as OH and its absence in the complexes indicates the involvement of the phenolic atom in bonding to the metal atoms. The broad band at in the hydrated complexes is assigned to (OH) of crystallization water. The uncoordinated C=N and C=C stretching vibrations in the ligand are expectedly coupled in the range 1650–1421 cm−1 [16] and are observed in the range 1675–1404 cm⁻¹ in the metal complexes, due to coordination via the imine atom. Further evidence of coordination is the presence of the bands due to (M–O) and (M–N) in the complexes at 481–410 and 580–502 cm⁻¹, respectively; these bands are absent in the ligand.

The spectra of Manganese(II) complexes are usually characterized by forbidden transitions from the ⁶A₁ to higher quartet states for all geometries. [MnL₂] exhibits two bands at 12.0 kK and 22.2 kK, typical of a tetrahedral geometry and are assigned to ⁶A₁ → ⁴E₁ () and ⁶A₁ → ⁴A₁ () transition [24]. Regular tetrahedral Copper(II) complexes have a single broad band below 10.0 kK, while square-planar complexes usually absorb in the range 10.0–20.0 kK. The observance of two bands at 13.89 kK and 22.52 kK in [CuL₂] supports the assignment of the bands to ²B1g²A1g and ²B1g → ²E1g transitions in a square planar environment [6]. [ZnL₂] has a single band at 21.50 kK due to ML CT transitions which confirms its tetrahedral geometry [14]. The spectrum of [PdL₂] expectedly shows transitions typical of square-planar geometry at 14.79 kK and 22.37 kK, which are assigned to ¹A1g → ¹B1g and ¹A1g → ¹E2g transitions [25]. The bands in the ranges 31.71–39.29 kK and 40.08–46.73 kK in the ligand and its metal complexes are assigned to π→π* and CT transitions, respectively.

The phenolic proton in HL is observed at 15.0 ppm, while the imine proton is seen as a singlet at 8.78 ppm. The protons on C³, C⁴, and C⁶ resonate as a multiplet at 8.42–8.22 ppm. The protons at , , and in indane ring are observed as a multiplet at 7.29–7.06 ppm. The 2H at are seen as a triplet centered at 3.02 ppm while those at resonate as a quintet centered at 2.15 ppm. Finally, the 2H at resonate as a triplet centered at 3.05 ppm. [ZnL₂] spectrum shows the absence of phenolic proton at 15.0 ppm, which confirms coordination through the phenolic O atom. The imine proton is seen as a singlet at 8.76 ppm. The protons at C³, C⁴, and C⁶ resonate as a multiplet at 8.41–8.19 ppm and are downshifted. Similarly, those at , , and in indane ring also resonate as a multiplet and are downshifted to 7.00–7.14 ppm. Likewise, the 2H at are seen as a triplet centered at 3.00 ppm and are downshifted. The 2H protons at and resonate as quintet and triplet centered at 2.16 ppm and 3.06 ppm and are upshifted, respectively. These shifts are indicative of coordination through the imine N atom [14]. Similarly, the spectrum of [PdL₂] shows the absence of the phenolic proton at 15.0 ppm, which confirms coordination through the phenolic O atom. The imine proton is seen as a singlet at 8.70 ppm. The protons at C³, C⁴, and C⁶, and those at , , and in indane ring resonate as multiplets at 7.70–7.95 and 6.95–7.32 ppm, respectively, and are downshifted. The 2H at and are upshifted and seen as a triplet each centered at 3.03 ppm and 3.08 ppm, respectively, while 2H at are seen as a quintet at 2.06 ppm and are downshifted. These shifts are indicative of coordination through the imine N atom [25].

3.1. Antiproliferative Effects

The results of the anticancer activities of selected complexes and HL are presented in Table 1. Generally, MCF-7 cells are more sensitive towards exposure to the compounds than HT-29 cells. MCF-7 cells are also sensitive to the metal free ligand with an IC₅₀ of 33.3 μM Whereas the activity of [CuL₂] and [ZnL₂] is comparable to that of the free ligand or even decreased. [PdL₂] exhibits an enhanced activity with an IC₅₀ value of 5.9 μM in MCF-7 cells, which is close to that of the established metal anticancer drug cisplatin (IC₅₀ value of 2.0 μM in the same assay) [26]. HT-29 cells are only moderately sensitive towards [ZnL₂]. The increased activity of [PdL₂] against the growth of MCF-7 cells is of interest concerning the development of selective tumor therapeutics and suggests further investigations in this area.

Table 1: IC₅₀ values of the ligand and its Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II) complexes against MCF-7 and HT-29 cells.

Compounds
MCF-7 (μM)a
HT-29 (μM)a

HL

>100

>100

H₂O

0.25H₂O

>100

aResults are expressed as means (± error) of at least 2 independent experiments.

3.2. Antimicrobial activity

The results of antimicrobial activities are presented in Table 2 and shown in Figure 2. The ligand and the Zn(II) complex are active against all the organisms used, That is, S. thyphi, P. mirabilis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, P. aeuriginosa and C. albicans with inhibitory zone ranges of 10.0–20.0 and 10.0–17.0 mm, respectively. The Pd(II) complex is active against all the organisms used with the exception of S. thyphi with inhibitory zones range of 7.0–16.0 mm, while Mn(II) complex has activity against P. aeuriginosa, P. mirabilis, and B. subtilis with inhibitory zones of 8.0–9.0 mm.

Table 2: Zones of inhibition (in mm) of the compounds against various microbes.

Complexes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus mirabilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus cereus
Samonella typhi
Candida albicans

HL

2H₂0

8.0 ± 0
IA
IA
IA

H₂0
10.0 ± 0

10.0 ± 0

0.25H₂0

IA

Gentamycin

Abbreviations: IA: inactive.

Figure 2: The comparative activities of the complexes against microbes and gentamycin.

Furthermore, the metal(II) complexes are mostly unexpectedly less effective than the free ligand, contrary to chelation theory (which states that chelation increases antimicrobial activity, because of partial sharing of its positive charge with donor groups of the ligand and possible π-electron delocalisation which increased the lipophilic character) with exceptions of Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes with same activity of 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm as the ligand against Bacillus species, respectively [27]. The lower activity of the metal complexes is attributed to lower lipophilicity of the complexes, which decreases the penetration of the complexes through the lipid membrane [28].

Gentamycin activities (18.0–24.0 mm) against the various isolates relative to the metal complexes (7.0–17.0 mm) show that the activities of the latter are much lower, with the optimum activities being about the same as gentamycin in Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes against C. albicans and B. cereus, and three quarters the activity of gentamycin in Zn(II) complex against P. mirabilis. Moreover, the ligand and Zn(II) complex exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, like gentamycin, with inhibitory zones ranges of 10.0–20.0 and 10.0–17.0 mm. Thus, proving their usefulness as potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.

4. Conclusion

The ligand coordinates to the Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pd(II) ions using the azomethine and phenol atoms. The assignment of a 4-coordinate, square-planar/tetrahedral geometry for the Mn(II), Cu(II), Pd(II), and Zn(II) complexes is corroborated by electronic spectral measurements. The in vitro biological studies show that the Pd(II) complex has the best anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ of 5.9 μM, which is close to the activity of cis platin. Additionally, the Zn(II) complex and the ligand have broad-spectrum activity like gentamycin, although much smaller against P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. typhi and C. albicans with inhibitory zone ranges of 10.0–20.0 and 10.0–17.0 mm, respectively.

Acknowledgments

A. A. Osowole thanks TWAS (The Academy of Sciences for The Developing World) and DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) for the award of a fellowship.

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