ISRN Nanomaterials

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 492109, 6 pages

doi:10.5402/2012/492109

Research Article

An Attempt to Optimize ZnO-Like TCO Nanolayered Compound Thickness in Terms of a BPES-Related Physical Parameters Pondering

A. Boukhachem,¹ A. Amlouk,¹ K. Boubaker,² M. Bouhafs,³ and M. Amlouk¹

¹Unité de Physique des Dispositifs à Semi-Conducteurs, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia

²Unité de Recherche MA2I, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs, ENIT, BP 37, Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia

³École Supérieure de Sciences et Techniques de Tunis (E.S.S.T.T), 63 Rue Sidi Jabeur, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia

Received 19 July 2012; Accepted 3 August 2012

Academic Editors: S.-H. Kim and W. W. Shu

Copyright © 2012 A. Boukhachem et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Recently, metal oxide nanolayered semiconductors revealed their increasing usefulness as UV detectors and transparent conductors in optoelectronic devices. In the present paper, a simple fabrication process has been carried out to prepare layered TCO compounds with different controlled thicknesses. Conjoint physical investigations allowed discussion of the validity of optimality in terms of geometrical parameters. A synthetic function based on pondered physical parameters was a practical guide to reach optimality.

1. Introduction

Recently, several nanolayered transparent conducting oxides TCO have been investigated [1–20] for their interesting optical, mechanical, and electrical performance and besides all their high optical transparence in the visible domain. Commonly, these oxides could be synthesized using several methods [21, 22] like reactive evaporation, electron beam evaporation (EBE), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel coating, and chemical spray pyrolysis.

In this study, TCO have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using, as main precursor, a solution of zinc acetate dissolved in deionized water. Several characterization techniques such as XRD, optical spectra, and hardness investigations have been applied to differently thick obtained samples [23–26]. The thickness-dependent performance of the different as-grown layers has been additionally investigated in terms of mechanical, optothermal and microhardness behaviours. The existence of an optimal thickness was investigated using the BPES protocol and compared to some recently published results [27].

2. Experiment

2.1. ZnO Layers Elaboration

ZnO thin layers have been prepared by the technique of chemical reactive technique in liquid phase spray. The obtained layers’ structural and morphological properties, as well as synthesising details, have been recently published [23–26].

ZnO thin films having different thicknesses were obtained on 20 × 10 × 3 mm³ Pyrex glass substrates by spraying an aqueous solution (mixture of water and Propanol 2) containing zinc acetate (Zn (CH₃CO₂)₂) and a small amount of acetic acid, in order to avoid the precipitation of zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)₂. The solution and gas (Nitrogen) flow rates were kept constant at 2 cm³·min⁻¹ and 4.0 l min⁻¹, respectively, corresponding to a minispray pyrolysis. The substrate temperature Ts, of the order of 460°C (optimal value under the given experimental conditions, as already confirmed by A. Amlouk et al. [23, 24]), was used to prepare these films according to in-room precedent successful attempts of deposition by the spray pyrolysis process [28–34]. Six samples have been elaborated: with thicknesses , 0.4, 0.58, 0.64, 0.84, and 1.03 μm, respectively.

2.2. Characterization Techniques

Precedent X-ray diffraction analyses of the prepared layers were performed by a copper-source diffractometer (Analytical X Pert PROMPD), with the wavelength (λ = 1.54056 Å). The optical transmission and reflection measures have been achieved using a common spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV 3100S) equipped with an integrating sphere (LISR 3200). The spectrophotometer consists of double-beam monochromator (UV-2OOS, Shimazdu apparatus) with monochromatization performed by two flat silicon crystals in Laue diffraction on the (111) plane and enough energy to make several types of accurate measures in a wide wave-length range (220–1800 nm). The load-independent hardness measurements have been performed by a standard Microhardness Vickers (Hv) apparatus.

3. Already Achieved Analyses and Discussion

XRD diagram analysis (Figure 1) shows that the thinner layers ( μm) develop an exclusive preferred orientation of the crystallites with respect to the (002) reflection. Differently, the thicker ones, are identified, beyond the (002) peak, by an extra XRD peak: (101).

Figure 1: XRD Diagrams (ZnO layers , 0.4, 0.58, 0.64, 0.84, and 1.03 μm).

These features correspond to the hexagonal würtzite system (JCPDS card, file n° : 361451 ), which is generally associated, as stated by Dubey et al. [35], Kumar et al. [34] and Paraguay et al. [36], with the appearance of irregularly spaced pores. This structure results in an increasing level of surface roughness [37, 38]. It seems that a minimal thickness is needed for the stability of a regular hexagonal würtzite system. Beyond this minimal thicknesses, the epitaxial growth seems to occur with no alteration in the lattice parameters, as discussed earlier by Kaeble [38].

The already published reflection R(λ) spectra [27] presented an accurate guide for estimating the thickness of each sample. In fact, the oscillating behavior of the λ-dependent reflection in the visible domain traduces the fact that the reflectance reaches discrete p-indexed maximal values for some particular p-indexed values of the wavelength [39–42].

These p occurrences are traduced by the following equations:

where is the substrate optical index () and is the layer λ-dependent optical index deduced from the optical transmission-reflection spectra.

The knowledge of two successive couples of maximal values [40, 41] allows calculating the film’s thickness d:

4. Additional Mechanical Moh’s Hardness and Optothermal Investigations

Hardness is the resistance offered by a material to localized plastic deformation caused by scratching or indentation. Load-independent Moh’s hardness () estimated from the scratch test is on the Moh’s scale, which could be calculated out from the Microhardness Vickers () using the formula [42]:

The set of hardness of measurements has been performed using a common diamond-pyramidal-indenter under a prefixed load. The obtained imprints dimensions have been exploited for yielding the Microhardness Vickers () of each sample as a synthetic value at room temperature using a Vickers diamond pyramidal indenter equipped with squared pyramid with 136° as summit angle (Figure 2). During experiment, it has been verified experimentally that the indenter penetration depth was always less than the layer’s thickness. The experimental values are gathered in (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Vickers test disposal.

Figure 3: The thickness-dependent Moh’s Hardness.

The differences noticed in (Figure 3) can be explained, for the thinner layers, by the hardness contribution of the Pyrex substrate. The remaining layers, develop a mean hardness varying in a narrow interval. If the contribution of the substrate can be omitted, it seems that there is a maximum hardness zone situated in the interval of thickness [0.60–0.80 μm]. This noticed feature is probably due to the establishment of the hexagonal würtzite system which is harder to demolish than unorganized structures [33, 34, 36, 37].

The effective absorptivity , as defined in precedent studies [35, 43], is the mean normalized absorbance weighted by , the solar standard irradiance:

where is the reference solar spectral irradiance, fitted using the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme BPES [44–47]: , where are the Boubaker polynomials [45, 46] minimal positive roots, are given coefficients, is a given integer, is the normalized absorbance spectrum, and is the normalised wavelength.

The normalized absorbance spectrum is deduced from the BPES by establishing a set of experimental measured values of the transmittance-reflectance vector versus the normalized wavelength . Then the system (5) is set:

where are the 4n-Boubaker polynomials minimal positive roots, is a given integer and and are coefficients determined through the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme (BPES).

The normalized absorbance spectrum is deuced from the relation:

where is the layer thickness.

The obtained value of normalized absorbance spectrum is a final guide to the determination of the effective absorptivity through (4).

The Amlouk-Boubaker optothermal expansivity is a thermophysical parameter defined in precedent studies [35, 43–49], as a 3D expansion velocity of the transmitted heat inside the material. It is expressed in m³ s⁻¹, and calculated by the following:

where is the thermal diffusivity and is the effective absorptivity.

This parameter gathers two totally different parameters: the thermal diffusivity which is a material intrinsic property, and the effective absorptivity which links the material response to the solar spectrum. The Amlouk-Boubaker optothermal expansivity presents the advantage of describing the conjoint thermal-optical response of the material to the whole spectrum, not only to monochromatic excitation.

As optimality is a complex notion when several physical parameters are involved, a synthetic aggregate is proposed on the bases of both Amlouk-Boubaker optothermal expansivity and load-independent Moh’s Hardness . For this purpose, and according to the definition of the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme (BPES) [44–47], the conjoint values of the N () obtained d-dependent optothermal expansivity and Moh’s Hardness are ordered as within the ranges and . Consecutively, the two normalized variables , and are defined as follows:

The thickness is hence expressed as follows:

where is 4q-Boubaker polynomial minimal root [45], is a prefixed integer, and are unknown coefficients. The final step consists of computing (using Matlab subroutine SSO45) the set of coefficients which minimizes the real functional :

The obtained solution , for , , is normalized then plotted in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Global optimality curve.

5. Discussion and Perspectives

A study has been recently presented by Lee et al. [48] on the thickness-related optimization inside IZO/ZnO/PET multilayered structures. The authors have prospected the TCO-induced exclusive electrical performance (carriers’ concentration, mobility…) and conjectured the existence of an eventual optimal thickness. Earlier, Shan and Yu [49] attempted to verify optimality for a thickness around 500 nm. These intriguing observations have been confirmed through the features of Figure 4. In fact, the optimality is obtained for the lowest point ( μm). This optimality is deduced by estimating the thickness which corresponds to a maximum of the load-independent Moh’s Hardness conjointly with a minimal value of Amlouk-Boubaker optothermal expansivity . For this purpose, an optimisation protocol has been established for calculating a pondered function of Moh’s Hardness and Amlouk-Boubaker optothermal expansivity with positive weights for Moh’s Hardness and negative ones for . For each value of the measured couple (Moh’s Sardness, ), the correspondent values of the thickness along with the test function were recorded. Optimality was reached for the value of which corresponded to maximum value of .

Moreover, the mechanical study revealed that, in order to reach the intrinsic hardness value of the layer (required for TCO applications in shock circumstances or aggressive mediums…), while avoiding substrate effects, one must either use a load as low as possible, or ensure a thickness exceeding the micrometer. Still, these values can be refined by using the nanohardness measurements to obtain the accurate hardness values of such thin films.

6. Conclusion

In summary, we have discussed the effects of the controlled thickness of TCO thin films prepared using a simplified and already optimized spray pyrolysis setup. Besides commonly considered parameters of the obtained layers, new and original characterization protocols have been carried out. It has been stated that an optimal ZnO thin film thickness is required for TCO purposes via simultaneous morphological-structural-physical investigations.

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