Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Anisaldehyde with Some Alcoxyethanols at Different Temperatures

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of anisaldehyde with alcoxyethanols like methoxyethanol (MOE), ethoxyethanol (EOE), and butoxyethanol (BOE) have been measured at temperatures 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K over the entire composition range of mole fractions. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using Nomoto’s relation (UNR), impedance relation (UIR), ideal mixing relation (UIMR), Jungie’s relation (UJR), and Rao’s specific velocity relation (UR). The molecular interaction parameter (χ) has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.


Introduction
In recent years measurement of ultrasonic investigations found extensive applications in determining the Physicochemical behavior of liquid mixtures [1][2][3][4][5].Several researchers [6][7][8][9] carried out ultrasonic investigations and correlated the experimental results of ultrasonic velocity with the theoretical relations of Nomoto [10,11], van Deal and Vangeel ideal mix relations [12] impedance relation [13] Rao's Specific velocity [14] and Junjie [15] and interpreted the results in terms of molecular interactions.There has been an increasing interest in the study of intermolecular interactions in the last two decades and numbers of experimental techniques have been used to investigate the interactions between the binary liquid mixture components.ultrasonic study of liquid mixtures, due to its nondestructive nature, has been extensively carried out in different branches of science to measure the thermodynamic properties to predict the nature of molecular interaction between the molecules in a medium.The ultrasonic sound velocity and the thermodynamic parameters derived from it have been widely used to interpret the interactions between unlike molecules in the binary liquid mixtures.
Longeman and Correy [16] discussed sound velocity in a liquid as the sum of bond velocities.Rendall [17] has shown a close agreement between the experimental and theoretical values calculated from the adiabatic compressibility measurements.Auslander and Onitni [18], Samal and Misra [19], Aziz et al. [20,21], and Younglove [22] showed that there is close relation between sound velocity and thermodynamic properties.
This investigation presents the evaluation of ultrasonic velocity using Nomoto's relation, ideal mixtures relation, impedance relation, Rao's specific velocity relation, and Junjie's relation for anisaldehyde and methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol and butoxyethanol at temperatures of 303.15-318.15K with intervals of 5 K.An attempt has been made to study the molecular interactions from the deviation values in U 2 /U 2 imix from unity based on earlier studies [23,24].

Experimental
Anisaldehyde (Merck India >0.995 purity) was distilled at low pressure and over freshly activated 0.3 nm molecular sieves [25].The alcoxyethanols under study mentioned above (SD Fine Chemicals, India, with purity >0.995) were purified by methods described in the literature [26].The purity of the chemicals was verified further by measuring the densities and ultrasonic velocities which are in good agreement with the literature values.

Apparatus and Procedure
The ultrasonic velocity of sound (U) is measured using an ultrasonic interferometer (Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi model F05) operating at 2 MHz.The measured speeds of sound have a precision of 0.8 m•sec −1 and an uncertainty less than ±0.1 m•sec −1 .The temperature stability was maintained within ±0.01 K.By circulating water bath around the measuring cell through a pump.
The densities, ρ, of pure liquids and their mixtures are determined using a 10 −5 m 3 double-arm pycnometer, and the values from triplicate replication at each temperature are reproducible within 2 × 10 −1 kg m 3 and the uncertainty in the measurement of density is found to be 2 parts in 10 4 parts.The reproducibility in mole fractions was within ±0.0002.

Theory
Comparison of theoretical values of ultrasonic velocities with those obtained experimentally in the present binary liquid mixtures is expected to reveal the nature of interaction between component molecules in the mixture.Such theoretical study is useful in finding the comprehensive theoretical model for the liquid mixtures.

Nomoto's Relation (U NR )
On assuming the additivity of molar sound velocity (R) and no volume change on mixing, Nomoto established the following relation for the ultrasonic velocity of binary liquid mixtures: where U and ρ are determined experimentally, and M is the mean molecular weight in a binary liquid mixture: where M 1 and M 2 are molecular weights of constituent components.
Simple manipulation yields the following relation: (3)

The Impedance Relation (U IR )
Impedance is the product of ultrasonic velocity (U) and the density (ρ) of a liquid mixture.Hence the impedance relation predicts the ultrasonic velocity of the given mixture by simply using the values of impedance (Z i ) and the density (ρ) values.Impedance relation is given as where X i mole fraction, ρ i , is the density of the mixture and Z i is the acoustic impedance.

The Jungie Equation (U J )
The Junjie equation is given as where M 1 , M 2 are molecular weights of constituent components.ρ 1 and ρ 2 are the densities of constituent components.

The Rao's Specific Velocity Method Relation (U R )
Rao's specific velocity method [12] is given as where X i is the mole fraction, U i the ultrasonic velocity, and ρ i the density of the mixture.r i is the Rao's specific sound velocity, which is given by r i = U 1/3 i /ρ i , and Z i is the acoustic impedance.

Ideal Mixing Relation (U IMR )
Van Deal and Vangeel [27] suggested the following relation for the velocity of sound: where U imix is the ideal mixing ultrasonic velocity in liquid mixture, and U 1 and U 2 are the velocities of the individual components.
The degree of molecular interaction given as interaction parameter (χ) by

Results and Discussions
As applied to basic chemistry, a polar protic solvent has a hydrogen atom attached to a strongly electronegative element (e.g., oxygen) that forms hydrogen bonds, On the other hand; polar aprotic solvents are those solvents whose molecules do not have a hydrogen atom that's attached to an atom of an electronegative element.Polar protic solvent solvate cations and anions effectively while aprotic solvents do not solvate anions to any appreciable extend.In our study, the alkoxyethanols are polar protic solvents, and try to form hydrogen bond easily as one can expect, and anisaldehyde comes under polar aprotic solvent, since it has a carbonyl group -CHO in which the hydrogen is attached to the carbon atom which is less electronegative than the oxygen atom.Still bonding in carbonyl group of anisaldehyde is polar, since oxygen is far more electronegative than carbon and so has a strong tendency to pull electrons in a carbon-oxygen bond towards itself.One of the two pairs of electrons that make up a carbon-oxygen double bond is even more easily pulled towards the oxygen, which makes the carbon-oxygen double bond very highly polar (see Scheme 1).This polarity with a dipole moment of 3.7855 [28] further tries to pull the hydrogen from oxyethanol molecules (protonators), which are already self-associated.This is the key phenomenon occurring in new hydrogen bond formation between heteromolecules.As the carbon chain length increases from methoxyethanol to butoxy ethanol, the tendency to form hydrogen bond decreases owing to stearic hindrance of long carbon chain, and hence, weakening of associations between dissimilar molecules is expected.
The validity of various theoretical approaches of liquids has been tested for the binary systems of Anisaldehyde + methoxyethanol (MOE) + Ethoxyethanol (EOE) + butoxyethanol (BOE) by comparing theoretical sound speeds with those experimentally determined in the temperature range 303-318 K.The experimental values of sound speed for the system along with theoretical values and percentage deviations for Nomoto's Relation (U NR ), Vandeal Vangael Ideal Mixing Relation (U imix ), Impedance Dependence Relation (U IR ), Rao's specific velocity method (U R ), and Junjie's relation (U J ) are compared for all the three binaries.
It is assumed that all the molecules are spherical in shape, which is not true every time.In Nomoto's theory, it is supposed that the volume does not change on mixing.Therefore, no interaction between the components of liquid mixtures has been taken into account.The assumption for the formation of ideal mixing relation is that the ratio of specific heats of ideal mixtures and the volumes are also equal.Again, no molecular interaction is taken into account.Similarly, as per the assumption for the collision factor theory, the molecules are treated as real nonelastic substances, which is not really the case.But on mixing two liquids, the interaction between the molecules of the two liquids takes place because of presence of various types of forces such as dispersion forces, charge transfer, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and dipole-induced dipole interactions.Thus, the observed deviation of theoretical values of velocity from the experimental values shows that the molecular interaction is taking place between the unlike molecules in the liquid mixture.It can be seen from Tables 1, 2, and 3 that the theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity computed by various theories show deviations from experimental values.The limitations and approximations incorporated in these theories are responsible for it.
In general, the predictive ability of various ultrasonic theories depends upon the strength of interactions that exist in a binary system.In case strong interactions exist between the molecules of the mixtures, there is much deviation in theoretical prediction of velocity than the molecules of the mixture where less interactions are present.
Data reveal that the sound speed computed from impedance relation, U IR exhibit more satisfactory agreement with the experimental values in the temperature range 303.15 K-318.15K than other approaches in the binary systems AA+EOE and AA+BOE, but in case of AA+MOE, it's by Nomoto (U NR ).
Table 1 shows that in the system of anisaldehyde + moethxyethanol, there is good agreement between experimental and theoretical values calculated by impedance and Nomoto relations.Here Nomoto relation provides the best result than the result of impedence relation at all the temperatures.However, higher deviations are observed in Rao's specific and slight variations in Junjie's theories.Anisaldehyde + ethoxyethanol system, as described in Table 2, there is good agreement between experimental and theoretical values in Nomoto relation followed by impedance relations where as higher deviations are observed in van Dael ideal mixing relation, Rao's specific velocity method, and Junjie's relation.
Anisaldehyde and Butoxyethanol showed good agreement between experimental and theoretical values calculated by Rao's specific velocity method and impedance relation.Here Rao's specific velocity method provides the best result than the result of impedance relation at all temperatures.However, higher deviations are observed in Nomoto's relation, van Dael ideal mixing relation and Junjie's theory.
The percentage deviations of the ultrasonic velocity are both negative and positive.Such deviations indicate the nonideal behavior of liquid mixtures.The ratio U 2 exp /U 2 imix is used as an important tool to measure the nonideality in the mixtures, especially in these cases where the properties other than sound velocity are not known.A perusal of Tables 1, 2, and 3 indicate small deviations from ideality, which may be due to the existence of weak tendency for the formation of association in liquid mixtures.
Looking into the behavior of all three binary mixtures, it can be understood that, positive deviation in velocity are attributed to the molecular associations, complex formations, whereas negative deviations indicate molecular dissociations of an associated species by the addition of solvent.
In our investigation, maximum positive values are observed for U 2 exp /U 2 imix values for AA+MOE (1.178), than AA+EOE (1.095) at nearly equimolar composition at all measured temperatures due to more complex formations between unlike molecules through hydrogen bonding, where as for AA+BOE system, it is observed that the values are very less at the same composition (0.988), and the graph showed negative deviation indicating dominance of ), theoretical velocities (U x /m•sec −1 ), percentage deviations, and interaction parameters (χ) for the system anisaldehyde (AA) + methoxyethanol (MOE).

Theoretical velocities
Percentage Deviations

Theoretical velocities
Percentage Deviations

Theoretical velocities
Percentage Deviations

Theoretical velocities
Percentage Deviations dispersion forces more than associations.Same is observed in our thermodynamic and FTIR analysis, discussed in our separate paper.The U 2 exp /U 2 imix values of all three binaries have been shown in Table 4.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 represent the variation of U 2 exp /U 2 imix with mole fraction of anisaldehyde with all three alkoxyethanols.It is observed that in anisaldehyde + methoxyethanol anisaldehyde + ethoxyethanol systems it is maximum at approximately 0.52 M and in the case of and anisaldehyde and butoxyethanol systems it is minimum at approximately 0.522 M at all the temperatures.The interaction parameter characterizing a system varies with the compostion, molar mass, and temperature.It is employed to account for the contribution of noncombinatorial entropy of mixing and the enthalpy of mixing to the Gibbs energy of mixing.When the values of interaction parameters show positive sign, it represents strong interaction between the mixing molecules.In systems studied, we observed that the interaction parameters are negative for all the given mixtures, indicating weaker interactions, though hydrogen bonding is present, which decrease from MOE to BOE.
The deviations between theoretical and experimental value of ultrasonic velocities decrease with increase of temperature due to breaking of hetero-and homomolecular clusters at higher temperatures [29].On increasing the temperature, the ultrasonic velocity values decrease in the three binary liquid mixtures.This is probably due to the fact that the thermal energy activates the molecule, which would increase the rate of association of unlike molecules.

Conclusions
It may be concluded that out of five theories and relations discussed above the Nomoto's relation, van Deal ideal mixing relation and Impedance relation provided good results.Thus, the linearity of molar sound velocity and additivity of molar volumes, as suggested by Nomoto Van Dael and Vangeel, and Impedance relation, in deriving the empirical relations have been truly observed in the aforementioned binary liquid mixtures.The success of Nomoto's relation in predicting the experimental ultrasonic velocities for non-polar-polar liquid mixtures has also been emphasized by others [30,31].