ISRN Infectious Diseases

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 639275, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/639275

Research Article

Chemical Composition and Trypanocidal Activity of the Essential Oils from Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae)

Danilo Fernando Rodrigues,1,2 Angela María Arenas Velásquez,1,2 Carlos Cavaleiro,³ Lígia Salgueiro,³ Gilmárcio Zimmermann Martins,⁴ Nathália Oliveira Magalhães,⁴ Maria Bernadete Gonçalves Martins,⁵ Regina Maria Barretto Cicarelli,1,2 and Raquel Regina Duarte Moreira⁴

¹Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil

²Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil

³Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal

⁴Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil

⁵UNESP, São Paulo State University, Coast Campus, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil

Received 31 May 2013; Accepted 20 June 2013

Academic Editors: M. A. De Souza and H. Hisaeda

Copyright © 2013 Danilo Fernando Rodrigues et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The composition of the essential oils (EO) from leaves and rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium was analyzed both by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Thirty and thirty-nine compounds were identified, respectively, in the oils from leaves and rhizomes, representing 88% and 86.1% of the whole compositions. Caryophyllene oxide is the major component in rhizomes while 1,8-cineole predominates in leaves oil. Essential oils and major components were tested for trypanocidal activity using procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei (427 and 29-13 strains). The cytotoxicity index (CI₅₀), using the MTT colorimetric method, showed that essential oils and 1,8-cineole were inactive (>100 μg·mL⁻¹. Nevertheless, caryophyllene oxide revealed a remarkable activity against both T. brucei strains (CI₅₀ = 65.77 μg·mL⁻¹ and 24.53 μg·mL⁻¹, resp.), and the synergism between caryophyllene oxide plus pentamidine (1 : 1, v/v) highly increased the trypanocidal activity (<1.0 μg·mL⁻¹).

1. Introduction

As part of our ongoing research, exploring the potential of the Brazilian plant biodiversity as a source of bioactive compounds, we looked now for the trypanocidal proprieties of the essential oils isolated from Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae). H. coronarium is a monocotyledon from the tropical Asia, well adapted in South-America, especially in Brazil, where it is popularly named “lírio-do-brejo” or “gengibre-branco” [1–3]. It is an invasive weed used by locals for healing bruise injuries, infections, sore throats, rheumatism, diabetes, headaches, and severe pain [1–3].

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, a flagellate protozoan transmitted by flies of Glossina genus, known as tsetse flies. Trypanosome has two hosts—the insect vector and mammalian host [4]. Due to the great differences among the hosts, the parasite undergoes complex changes during the life cycle that facilitate its survival inside the insect gut or inside the mammalian bloodstream [5]. It also features a unique and notable variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat that protects the parasite from the host's immune system. These characteristics contribute to the extraordinary resistance of the trypanosome which contributes to the difficult or ineffective therapies of trypanosomiasis [6].

There are several therapeutic approaches for the disease, however, not entirely efficient, causing severe adverse effects and leading to resistance. Patients usually need to be examined in subsequent years after treatments to certify that parasites were deleted and no resistant strains overcame [7]. The treatment with pentamidine is assumed to be the most effective in the acute infection but it can cause allergic and toxic side effects, most commonly affecting pancreas, with serious hypoglycemia, which, in part, depends on the daily and/or cumulative dose. In cases of brain impairment caused by the parasite, the condition may be irreversible [8]. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of new effective and safe therapies for trypanosomiasis.

Aiming at developing of novel drugs, natural products emerge as good alternatives for the search of  hits and new leading compounds. The ethanolic extract of Hedychium coronarium from the Yanesha (Peru) was proved to be active (IC₅₀ < 10 μg/mL) on Leishmania amazonensis amastigote stages [9]. Essential oils and essential oil constituents have been studied, in the last years, for their activity on several pathogenic protozoan as Giardia sp. [10–12], Leishmania sp. [13, 14], and Trypanosoma sp. [15–20]. Mechanisms for such activities were not definitively elucidated. However, the impairment of membranes and other protozoa structures and the interference in the redox balance, targeting crucial metabolic pathways and leading to autophagic processes, were suggested as consistent mechanisms to explain the activity of essential oils and some of their constituents.

The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves and rhizomes of H. coronarium was established and the trypanocidal effects of the oils and their major components, were tested on procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei (427 and 29-13 strains). As far as we know, this is the first study dealing with the activity of the essential oils of H. coronarium and its constituents against T. brucei.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Plant Material

Leaves and rhizomes of H. coronarium were collected in the Ecological Station “Juréia-Itatins” by Dr. Maria Bernadette G. Martins on March 15, 2011, and the specimens were identified by Dr. Vinicius Castro Souza. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the College of Agriculture, with ESA/USP having registeration number 93272 ESA.

2.2. Preparation of Essential Oils

Leaves and rhizomes were submitted to gentle air drying at room temperature and then processed independently, leaves were coarsely divided, and rhizomes were cut and crushed. Essential oils were then prepared by hydrodistillation of plant material for 4 hours, using a Clevenger apparatus. Oils were stored at the dark at 4°C until used.

Caryophyllene oxide and 1.8-cineole were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich.

2.3. Essential Oil Analysis

Compositions of essential oils were accessed by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Analytical GC was carried out in a Hewlett-Packard 6890 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) gas chromatograph with HP GC ChemStation Rev. A.05.04 data handling system, equipped with a single injector and two flame ionization detection (FID) systems. The Graphpak divider (Agilent Technologies, part no. 5021-7148) was used for simultaneous sampling to two Supelco (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) fused silica capillary columns with different stationary phases: SPB-1 (polydimethylsiloxane 30 m × 0.20 mm id, film thickness 0.20 μm) and Supelcowax-10 (polyethyleneglycol 30 m × 0.20 mm id, film thickness 0.20 μm). Oven temperature program is 70–220°C (3°C·min⁻¹), 220°C (15 min), with injector temperature: 250°C, carrier gas: helium, adjusted to a linear velocity of 30 cm·s⁻¹; splitting ratio 1 : 40; detectors temperature: 250°C. GC-MS was carried out in a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph fitted with an HP1-fused silica column (polydimethylsiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) interfaced with a Hewlett-Packard 5973 mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies) operated by HP Enhanced ChemStation software, version A.03.00. GC parameters are described above, with interface temperature: 250°C, MS source temperature: 230°C, MS quadrupole temperature: 150°C, ionization energy: 70 eV, ionization current: 60 mA, scan range: 35–350 units, and scans·s⁻¹: 4.51.

Essential oil components were identified by their retention indices on both SPB-1 and Supelcowax-10 columns and from their mass spectra. Retention indices, calculated by linear interpolation relative to retention times of C8–C23 of n-alkanes, were compared with those of reference samples included in the Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra database. Acquired mass spectra were compared with reference spectra from laboratory database, Wiley/NIST library [21], and literature data [22, 23]. Relative amounts of individual components were calculated based on GC raw data areas without FID response factor correction.

2.4. Trypanocidal Activity

Procyclic forms of T. brucei strains—427 [24] and 29-13 [25]—were grown at 28°C in SDM-79 medium [26] containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), penicillin (Sigma-Aldrich), and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich). Procyclic forms cultures were carried out to obtain the exponential growth phase (1 × 10⁶ parasites/mL). Log phase procyclic parasites were frozen at −80°C with 10% glycerol for storage.

2.5. MTT Colorimetric Assay of T. brucei Strains

Procyclic forms of T. brucei (427 and 29-13 strains) were incubated for 24 hours with the essential oils or with pure compounds for determination of cytotoxicity index (CI₅₀) accessed by the MTT colorimetric assay. This assay is based on the determination of the ability of living cells to reduce 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to the corresponding formazan. Assays were performed in 96-well plates, according to the methodology described by Mosmann (1983) [27] and modified by Cotinguiba and colaborators (2009) [28]. Each test was made in triplicate. The essential oils and isolated compounds were solubilized in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) (Synth), and at the time of use dilutions were made in different concentrations using SDM-79 medium; the final concentration of the solutions reached 3% DMSO, which does not affect the viability of the parasites. Pentamidine and SDM-79 medium were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

The compositions of the essential oils from leaves and from rhizomes of H. coronarium are described in Table 1, where compounds are listed in the order of their retention on the SBP-1 column (Figures 1 and 2).

Table 1: Composition of the volatile oils of leaves and rhizomes of Hedychium  coronarium from Brazil.

RIa
RIb
Compound
Percent in samples (%)

Leaves
Rhizome

921
n.d.
α-Thujene
—
0.1

928
1025
α-Pinene
0.2
1.9

941
1072
Camphene
—
0.3

963
1124
Sabinene
t
0.2

968
1115
β-Pinene
1.1
11.7

980
1159
Myrcene
—
0.4

997
1167
α-Phellandrene
—
0.1

1005
1150
-3-Carene
—
0.2

1008
n.d.
α-Terpinene
t
—

1012
1272
p-Cymene
0.2
1.4

1019
1204
Limonene*
t
2.4

1020
1212
1,8-Cineole*
0.7
31.7

1025
n.d.
Z-Ocimene
—
0.3

1046
1246
γ-Terpinene
—
0.5

1051
1457
E-Sabinene hydrate
—
0.5

1077
1284
Terpinolene
—
0.3

1082
1542
Z-Sabinene hydrate
0.2
0.4

1084
1539
Linalool
—
0.7

1105
n.d.
Fenchol
—
0.2

1106
1488
α-Campholenal
0.3
0.2

1109
n.d.
Z-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol
—
0.2

1119
1514
Camphor
—
0.1

1120
n.d.
Nopinone
t
—

1122
1645
E-Pinocarveol
1.3
0.4

1123
1645
Z-Verbenol
—
0.3

1129
1668
E-Verbenol
0.4
—

1136
1564
Pinocarvone
1.3
0.4

1145
1691
Borneol
t
3.1

1160
1594
Terpinene-4-ol
1.0
6.8

1164
1622
Myrtenal
1.4
0.1

1171
1687
α-Terpineol
0.6
12.0

1178
1780
Myrtenol
1.4
—

1186
n.d.
E-Piperitol
—
0.4

1191
n.d.
E-Carveol
—
0.2

1329
1688
α-Terpinyl acetate
—
1.2

1403
1840
α-Ionone
0.2
—

1407
1591
E-Caryophyllene
12.1
1.3

1440
1661
α-Humulene
0.8
0.2

1446
1659
E-β-Farnesene
t
0.2

1460
1927
β-Ionone
0.6
—

1469
n.d.
β-Selinene
—
0.2

1502
1752
γ-Cadinene
—
0.4

1559
1971
Caryophyllene oxide
43.9
1.1

1569
2078
Caryophylla-2(12),6(13)-dien-5-one
0.4
—

1582
2026
Humulene epoxide II
2.8
0.2

1607
2277
Caryophylla-2(12),6(13)-dien-5-beta-ol
1.8
—

1609
2283
Caryophylla-2(12),6(13)-dien-5-alpha-ol
7.7
—

1631
2270
Caryophylla-2(12),6-dien-5 alpha-ol
2.0
—

1645
2360
Caryophylla-2(12),6-dien-5 beta-ol
5.6
—

2091
n.d.
Coronarin E#
—
14.1

Monoterpene hydrocarbons
1.5
19.5

Oxygen containing monoterpenes
8.6
58.8

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
12.9
2.4

Oxygen containing sesquiterpenes
64.2
1.3

Other compounds
0.8
14.1

Total identified
88.0
86.1

Compounds listed in the order of their elution on the SPB-1 column; t: traces; n.d.: not determined. Experimental retention indices on the SPB-1 column relative to C8–C24 n-alkanes. Experimental retention indices on the Supelcowax-10 column relative to C8 to C24 n-alkanes. Quantification based on peak areas from Supelcowax-10 chromatogram. Identity proposed on the basis of mass spectra: m/z  (relative intensity) 284 [M + ] (78), 147 (100), 81 (45), 55 (39), 41 (34), 91 (34), 95 (33), 137 (31), 69 (25), 77 (24), 131 (23), 148 (23), 117 (22), 129 (22), 79 (21), 115 (21).

Figure 1: Chromatogram of Hedychium coronarium leaves essential oil (SBP-1 column).

Figure 2: Chromatogram of Hedychium coronarium rhizomes essential oil (SBP-1 column).

Thirty-nine components were identified in the oil from rhizomes, representing 86.1% of the whole composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygen containing monoterpenes prevail in the rhizomes oil, with 1,8-cineole (31.7%), α-terpineol (12.0%), β-pinene (11.0%), and terpinen-4-ol (6.8%) as the major constituents. The occurrence of these compounds was previously described [29–31]. Additionally, the labdane diterpenoid coronarin E was also found at the concentration of 14.1%. The occurrence of diterpenoids in the composition of the rhizomes oil of H. coronarium was never reported.

In the leaves oil, thirty components were identified, representing 88% of the whole composition. The oil is mainly composed by sesquiterpenoids, particularly caryophyllene derivatives (73.5%), with caryophyllene oxide (43.9%), E-caryophyllene (12.1%), caryophylladienol I (7.7%), caryophyllenol II (5.6%), caryophyllenol I (2.0%), and caryophylladienol II (1.8%) as the most representative. This composition is different from those reported by Ali et al. (2002) [30] and Dos Santos et al. (2010) [29]. Ali et al. (2002) describe plants growing in Fiji islands composed by monoterpenes (β-pinene, 53.6%) and sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, 17.7%); Dos Santos et al. (2010) report β-caryophyllene (43.0%), caryophyllene oxide (12.1%), and α-humulene (2.2%) as the major constituents of an oil from plants growing in Brazil. Table 2 summarizes the results of the trypanocidal effects of the essential oils and pure compounds.

Table 2: In  vitro trypanocidal activity of essential oils and major components of  Hedychium  coronarium against Trypanosoma  brucei procyclic forms.

Compounds
T.  brucei (427 strain) μg·mL⁻¹
T.  brucei (29-13 strain) μg·mL⁻¹

Essential oil from leaves
>100
>100

Essential oil from rhizomes
>100
>100

1,8-Cineol
>100
>100

Caryophyllene oxide
65.77
24.53

Caryophyllene oxide + pentamidine
<1.0
<1.0

Pentamidine
2.19
2.19

Cytotoxicity index (CI₅₀) values of the crude essential oils (>100 μg·mL⁻¹), as well as of 1,8-cineole, the major constituent of the rhizomes oil, indicated no trypanocidal activity (CI₅₀ value of pentamidine, used as positive control, was estimated as 2.19 μg·mL⁻¹). Nevertheless, caryophyllene oxide, the major constituent of the essential oil from leaves, revealed a remarkable activity against both T. brucei strains, 427 (CI₅₀  =  65.77 μg·mL⁻¹) and 29-13 (CI₅₀  =  24.53 μg·mL⁻¹). The mixture caryophyllene oxide, pentamidine (1 : 1, v/v), revealed a stronger activity (CI₅₀  =  <1.0 μg·mL⁻¹), similar to both Trypanosoma strains, indicating a probable synergic effect. Caryophyllene oxide was previously recognised as one of the key ingredients for the activity of the hexane extract of Serjania yucatanensis against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi [32]. Furthermore, cytotoxic effects of caryophyllene oxide on several cellular models due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain [33] and apoptosis induction [34] can also explain our results.

4. Conclusions

The compositions of the essential oils from leaves and from rhizomes of H. coronarium from Brazil were established. Despite the lack or the feeble trypanocidal activity of these essential oils, the major constituent of the leaves oil, caryophyllene oxide, revealed remarkable potential trypanocidal activity. This activity was strain dependent since it is higher on T. brucei 29-13. Interestingly, a potential synergism between caryophyllene oxide and pentamidine was demonstrated in this study. This can be an issue for further studies using natural compounds as an alternative treatment of chronic parasite diseases.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), POCI 2010/FEDER, Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Unesp (FUNDUNESP), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for financial support.

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