ISRN Computational Mathematics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 716279, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/716279

Research Article

Soliton Solutions of the Klein-Gordon-Zakharov Equation with Power Law Nonlinearity

Mehmet Ekici,¹ Durgun Duran,² and Abdullah Sonmezoglu¹

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey

²Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey

Received 30 August 2013; Accepted 8 October 2013

Academic Editors: L. Pan, V. Rai, and B. Tadić

Copyright © 2013 Mehmet Ekici et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We introduce a new version of the trial equation method for solving nonintegrable partial differential equations in mathematical physics. Some exact solutions including soliton solutions and rational and elliptic function solutions to the Klein-Gordon-Zakharov equation with power law nonlinearity in (1 + 2) dimensions are obtained by this method.

1. Introduction

In recent years there have been many works on the qualitative research of the global solutions for the Klein-Gordon-Zakharov (KGZ) equations [1–4]. Chen considered orbital stability of solitary waves for the KGZ equations in [5]. More recently, some exact solutions for the Zakharov equations are obtained by using different methods [6–9]. These solutions are not general and by no means exhaust all possibilities. They are only some particular solutions within some specific parameters choices.

The aim of this paper is to find the new and more general explicit and exact special solutions of the KGZ equations. We obtain various of explicit and exact special solutions of the KGZ equations by using the extended trial equation method. These solutions include that of the solitary wave solutions of the singular traveling wave solutions and solitary wave solutions of rational function type.

Solving nonlinear evolution equations has become a valuable task in many scientific areas including applied mathematics as well as the physical sciences and engineering. Many powerful methods, such as the Backlund transformation, the inverse scattering method [10], bilinear transformation, the tanh-sech method [11], the extended tanh method, the pseudospectral method [12], the trial function and the sine-cosine method [13], Hirota method [14], tanh-coth method [15, 16], the exponential function method [17], -expansion method [18, 19], homogeneous balance method [20], and the trial equation method [21–30] have been used to investigate nonlinear partial differential equations problems. There are a lot of nonlinear evolution equations that are integrated using these and other mathematical methods.

In this paper, KGZ equations will be studied by extended trial equation. By virtue of the solitary wave ansatz method, an exact soliton solution will be obtained. The extended trial equation method will be employed to back up our analysis in obtaining exact solutions with distinct physical structures.

2. The Extended Trial Equation Method

The main steps of an extended trial equation method for the nonlinear partial differential equations with higher order nonlinearity are outlined as follows.

Step 1. For a given nonlinear partial differential equation with rank inhomogeneous

take the wave transformation

where and . Substituting (2) into (1) yields a nonlinear ordinary differential equation

Step 2. Take transformation and trial equation as follows:

in which

where , , and are constants. Using the relations (4) and (5), we can find

where and are polynomials. Substituting these terms into (3) yields an equation of polynomial of as follows:

According to the balance principle we can determine a relation of , , and . We can take some values of , , and .

Step 3. Let the coefficients of all be zero, this will yield the following algebraic equations system:

Solving this equation system (8), we will determine the values of ; , and .

Step 4. Reduce (5) to the elementary integral form as follows:

Using a complete discrimination system for polynomial to classify the roots of , we solve the infinite integral (9) and obtain the exact solutions to (3). Furthermore, we can write the exact traveling wave solutions to (1), respectively.

3. Mathematical Analysis

We introduce the KGZ equation with power law nonlinearity in dimensions and its soliton solution by extended trial equation method and show its numerical solution at a fixed point.

3.1. The KGZ Equation in (1 + 2) Dimensions

The dimensionless form of the KGZ equation in dimensions that will be studied in this subsection is given by [31]

Here, the dependent variables are and , while the independent variables are , , and which are, respectively, referred to as the spatial variables and temporal variable. Power law nonlinearity arises in nonlinear plasmas that solves the problem of small K-condensation in weak turbulence theory. It also arises in the context of nonlinear optics. The parameter dictates the power law nonlinearity, while and are constants. Here, in (10) and (11), is a complex valued function while is a real valued function. Equations (10) and (11) together appear in the area of Plasma Physics. They describe the interaction of Langmuir waves and ion-acoustic waves in plasmas [32, 33]. For solving (10) and (11) with the trial equation method, using the wave variables

where , , , , , , and are real constants, (10) and (11) are converted to the system of ODEs

where primes denote the derivatives with respect to . Equation (15) is then integrated term by term two times where integration constants are considered zero. This converts it into

Substituting (16) into (14) gives

Equation (17), with the transformation

reduces to

where

Substituting (6) into (19) and using balance principle yields . If we take , , and , then

where and . Solving the algebraic equation system (8) yields

Also from (13), it can be seen that . Substituting these results into (5) and (9), we can write

where

Integrating (23), we obtain the solutions to (10) and (11) as follows:

where

Also , , , and are the roots of the polynomial equation

Substituting the solutions (25)–(28) into (4) and (18), we obtain, respectively,

If we take and , then the solutions (32)–(41) can reduce to rational function solutions

traveling wave solutions

and soliton solutions

where

Here, and are the amplitudes of the solitons, and are the inverse widths of the solitons in the - and -directions, respectively, while is the velocity of the soliton. Also, and are the soliton frequencies in the - and -directions, respectively, and is the soliton wave number, while is the phase constant. Thus, we can say that the solitons exist for .

Remark.  Ismail and Biswas obtained 1-soliton solution of KGZ equation in [31], we obtained soliton solution of this equation. In case , our soliton solutions in (44) and (45) reduce to 1-soliton solutions in [31].

In Figures 1, 2, and 3, we give profiles of numerical soliton solutions of (44) and (45) for various values of parameters.

Figure 1: Profile of a numerical solution of (44) at , , , , and , while .

Figure 2: Profile of a numerical solution of (45) at , , , , and , while .

Figure 3: Profile of a numerical solution of (45) at , , , , and , while .

4. Conclusion

We adopt the extended trial equation method to obtain soliton solutions of the KGZ equations in plasma physics. We obtain some more general solitary wave solutions of the KGZ equations. It not only produces the same solutions but also can pick up what we believe to be new solutions missed by other authors. The results indicate the KGZ equations admit soliton solutions with some arbitrary parameters. The type of exact solitary wave solution is different along with different value of arbitrary parameters. So we can choose appropriate parameter value to obtain solutions which we need in applications. The method can also be employed to solve a large number of other nonlinear evolution equations, such as nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation, the long-short wave resonance equation, the shallow water wave equation, Whitham-Broer-Kaup equation, variant Boussinesq equation, double Sine-Gardon equation, and Dodd-Bullough-Mikhailov equation.

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