Simultaneous Determination of Glycyrrhizin and 15 Flavonoids in Licorice and Blood by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detector

Licorice is the most frequently used herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with versatile functions. It is also a popular natural dietary supplement. While the dosages is very important for there are some side effects caused by licorice.The composition of licorice, its products should be well determined thereof. A simple method for simultaneous determining sixteen compounds in vary high dynamic range of content has been established. This method based on the detection at the characteristic ultraviolet spectra of different types of compounds in licorice. Glycyrrhizin and fifteen flavonoids were well measured. All of these compounds can be precisely quantified at their characteristic wavelengths.Thismethod has been successfully applied to the analyses of different licorices, Sini Tang decoction, and rat plasma after oral administration of Sini Tang decoction. These compounds were found to be over 3000 times in content (from 0.01 μg/g to 34.5 μg/g) in some samples.


Introduction
It is well known that herbal prescription is becoming increasingly popular as supplementary and alternative medicine in recent years.The herbal medicines are believed to be multitarget therapies in modern medicine [1][2][3][4].Herbal drugs usually consist of a large number of ingredients [5].These ingredients might interact with each other during the process of decoction, absorption, metabolism, or at physiological processes [6][7][8][9].Multiconstituent detection is very important to uncover these interactions during the process of the herb application.It is also important to summarize the common behavior of some constituents with similar structure during some bioprocesses, which is a crucial method to unveil the bioactive mechanism of a herbal drug [10].However, there are two kinds of obstacles that should be succeeded for multiple compounds detection.The first is the large number of compounds in the herb.The second is the high dynamic range of their contents.High resolution and peak capacity are needed to resolve the overlaid signals of these compounds.
In order to estimate the different concentrations of them, detector with very long-range linearity and good selectivity of the detector response should be employed.
Licorice is an important herb in oriental medicine.It is widely used to treat gastric ulcer, hepatitis C and pulmonary and skin diseases [11][12][13][14][15]. Licorice is also a popular natural dietary supplement [16].According to a statistic investigation [17] on Chinese herbal prescription, licorice is the most frequently used herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).It has been proved that flavonoids and triterpenoids are the main bioactive ingredients in licorice, whereas licorice was proved to have side effects, that is, hypertension [18][19][20][21][22], salt and water retention [23], and low potassium levels [24,25] if it is overdosed.The major side effect of licorice is due to the cortisol-like structure of triterpenoids [7,26].The phenolic compounds in licorice were also proved to play a dual role [27].Isoliquiritigenin has also been found to have dual effect in regulating gastrointestinal motility.It showed spasmogenic and spasmolytic effects in different dosages [27].The contents of these compounds in licorice and its productions as well their dosages, should be well controlled thereof.On the other hand, phenolic compounds interfere with the metabolism of triterpenoids.Phenolic compounds in licorice extract can decrease the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin (G) [7,8] and increase the excretion of G into bile in a rat [7].Phenolic compounds in licorice can also decrease the hydrolyzation of G in intestine [6].Pure G and Glycyrrhetic acid (GA) have much higher risk of hypertension than the total extract of licorice [7].This is due to the metabolic interaction of phenolic compounds and triterpenoids in the extract.Determination of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic interaction among these compounds is very important for the guidance of licorice application.Simultaneous quantification of phenolic compounds and triterpenoids is therefore strongly needed for researches on pharmaceutical mechanism of licorice and quality control of its preparations.Several attempts have been made to satisfy this requirement.These great jobs have been well summarized by Zhang and Ye [28].HPLC is usually the most popular tool for natural products analysis.Three flavonoids and four triterpenoids in licorice have been determined by using a method of HPLC with UV detection, but had very long run time (more than 140 min for one run) [29].Mass spectrometer is always combined with HPLC for complex sample analysis.This kind of approach is much more sensitive and selective.42 compounds have been successfully identified by a method of HPLC UV TOF MS, but only three phenolic compounds and one triterpenoid among them were identified unambiguously [30].Eight flavonoids have been successfully determined quantitatively by another HPLC MS/MS method [31].HPLC MS is a relatively expensive instrument.The response range of electrospray ionization ion source (ESI) and some mass analyzers are sometimes not so broadened for quantification of multiple compounds with long dynamic range in contents, whereas in order to understand the mechanism of interactions among the ingredients of licorice during the process of decoction, absorption, metabolism, or at the physiological process, alternations of a series of compounds with similar structure in these processes were needed.More efficient methods that can quantify more compounds simultaneously are needed to satisfy this requirement.
Herein, a simple HPLC method, based on the different UV characters of triterpenoids, flavones, flavans, and chalcones, for simultaneous determination of glycyrrhizin and 15 flavonoids was developed and validated.Their contents in two wild licorices, prepared licorice, Sini Tang decoction, and the rat plasma after oral administration of Sini Tang decoction were estimated as a proof application.

Materials and Sample Preparation.
Two wild licorice samples were collected from different environments in northeast of Inner Mongolia by Professor Lijun Han, from Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province.Both of them were identified to be the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.The wild licorice samples were dried under ambient temperature.Approximately 2 g powder of licorice was immersed in 20 mL of methanol at ambient temperature overnight before 30 minutes of treatment by an ultrasonic.The suspensions were filtered through 0.45 m pore size membrane and then.20 L of filtration was finally applied to the HPLC analysis.
Honey-roasted licorice was bought from Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd.It was identified to be the root of G. uralensis Fisch.The slice of the licorice was smashed to small pieces.The smashed honey-roasted-licorice was then processed in the same procedure with wild licorice.
Sini Tang decoction was composed and prepared according to the method described by Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition) [32].It consisted of honey-roasted-licorice, Radix Aconiti Carmichaeli, and Rhizoma Zingiberis with a ratio of 3 : 3 : 2. Both aconite and ginger were bought from China National Group Crop of Traditional and Herbal Medicine.Licorice is the same source as the previous.The decoction was made by three steps.The first step is the decoction of aconite and licorice together.300 g aconite and 300 g licorice were mixed and immersed into 4000 mL water for 30 minutes.Approximately 1500 mL supernatant was taken out from the mixture after 120 minutes of boiling.The same volume of water was added into the residue then.About 1600 mL supernatant was taken out after the mixture was boiled for another 90 minutes.The second step is the decoction of zinger.200 g dehydrated zinger was immersed into 1200 mL water for about 1 hour in a 2500 mL flask.The mixture was refluxed for 120 minutes to collect the volatile oil.Approximately 500 mL supernatant was taken out from the flask at the same time.500 mL water was added into the zinger residue after that.All supernatants were taken out after another 90 minutes of boiling.The third step is Sini Tang decoction composing.All supernatants were mixed together, except the volatile oil which was added in to the mixture after it has been further treated.The mixture was concentrated to a volume of about 400 mL before 1200 mL alcohol (95% ethanol) was mixed into the slurry.The precipitate was removed by filtration after about 24 hours.Alcohol was removed by distillation under reduced pressure then.The volatile oil was finally mixed into the extract, and then its volume was adjusted to 800 mL by water to make the final decoction.200 L decoction was diluted to 5 mL for analysis.The diluted solution was filtered through a 0.45 m pore size membrane.20 L of filtration was applied to HPLC analysis.
Plasma sample was kindly offered by Dr. Honhxia Liu.The plasma was collected from male Wistar rats, about 350 g weight.The rats had been subjected to an overnight fast.The blood was collected after 6 hours [33] of oral administration of Sini Tang decoction (10 mL/kg body weight, equal to 10 g herb per kg body weight).1000 L of plasma was diluted with 3000 L of methanol.The precipitate of proteins in the plasma was removed by a centrifuge at a speed of 10000 rounds per minute (rpm).The supernatant was dried under a flow of nitrogen at ambient temperature.The residue was dissolved in 120 L methanol.20 L of solution was applied to HPLC analysis.1 were isolated and purified by Dr. Hongxia Liu [34,35].The purities of them are all not less then ESI MS/MS analysis was acquired in negative mode.The fluent was split; about 200 L of eluent was introduced into the mass spectrometer per minute.The pressure of nebulizer gas was 0.21 mega-Pascal (MPa).The flow rate of dry gas was 8 L/min, and its temperature was 325 ∘ C. The scan range of MS was from 100 to 1200 atom mass unit (amu).The target ion accumulated in the trap was 30000 counts.The maximum accumulation time was 50 milliseconds.The parameter of the trap was set in a smart mode.The target ion was / 350; the compound stability was 100%; the trap drive level was 80%.An auto MS2 mode was applied to obtain MS/MS spectra of different compounds.The MS/MS parameter was set as follows: mass range of parent ion was from 100 to 1200 amu; 1 precursor was selected each cycle; each precursor would be excluded after 3 spectra; the release time was 0.5 minutes; the fragmentation voltage was optimized automatically from 0.3 to 2.0 electrical volt; the fragmentation time was 20 milliseconds; the activation width was 10 amu; the cutoff for daughter ion range was 27%.

Results and Discussion
3.1.UV Spectrum Characters of the Target Analytes.All target analytes are shown in Table 1.These compounds can be divided into three groups according to their characters of UV spectroscopy.Their representative of UV spectra is also shown in Table 1.The representative ultraviolet spectrum of each type is shown in Figure 1.The first group consists of Formononetin (13) and Glycyrrhizin (14) (spectra A and B).Their absorption peaks are both at approximately 254 nm.The following seven compounds can be included in the second group: Sophoraflavone B (2) and Kumatakenin B (9),  Isoliquiritin apioside (7), Isoliquiritin (8), Isoliquiritigenin (12), Neoglycyrol (15), and Isoglycyrol ( 16) (2 and 9 spectra C; 7, 8, and 12 spectra D; 15 and 16 spectra E).The maximum UV absorption of these compounds ranged from 330 nm to 370 nm, at a much longer wavelength, where the compounds from the other two groups have no absorbance.Additionally, all compounds in the second group have an absorption valley at about 280 nm.The third group includes mainly liquiritigenin and its derivatives (1, 3∼6, and 11), and a flavan (Medicarpin-3-O-glucoside 10).These compounds have maximum a absorption at about 280 nm, the absorption valley of compounds in group two as well as an absorption valley at approximately 254 nm, the maximum absorption of compounds in group one.In view of this, compounds from different groups can be distinguished from each other by detecting at different wavelengths, 254, 280, and 355 nm, when they are coeluted.

Separation and Selectivity.
Representative chromatogram of all 16 target analytes in licorice is shown in Figure 2. All 16 compounds can be the baseline separated from the background constituents in licorice in a related short run time (60 min) when the detector response was recorded at a certain wavelength for each type of compound.The selectivity of the method was further proved by HPLC ESI MS analysis and purity analyses of HPLC UV peaks.The MS/MS data of 16 target analytes is shown in Table 1.Peak purities of all target analytes were larger than 950 at the range of their detection wavelengths.Peak purities of compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, and 16 were also proved by the MS spectra obtained at the range of the peaks.Compound 1 was coeluted with a flavone-C-glycoside (according to its MS/MS data [36,37]).The ultraviolet spectrum of a flavone is C type (Figure 1), which may interfere with the detection of compound 1 (spectrum F) theoretically.However, the purity analysis of chromatographic peak of compound 1 indicated that all spectra in the range of the peak were well overlapped.The purity of the chromatographic peak of compound 1 was tested at wave width that ranged from 200 to 400 nm with a purity factor of more than 950.The coeluted flavone-Cglycoside did not affect the detection.This may be because the concentration of the coeluted flavone was very low.compound 1 can be precisely determined in this distance.compounds 3 and 5 may interfere with the detection of compound 4 a little.The UV spectrum of compound 4 is the same as them; so it is not able to be distinguished from compounds 3 and 5 by detecting at different wavelengths.But they exhibited near the baseline separation.The resolution factors of compounds 4 to 3 and 5 are 1.41∼1.52 and 2.43∼ 2.44, respectively.The chromatographic peaks of compounds 12 and 13 were partly overlapped with that of compound 14 (glycyrrhizin).Compounds 12 and 13 can be precisely quantitatively determined without interference from compound 14 by detecting at 355 and 310 nm, where compound 14 has no absorbance.Concentration of compound 14 was much higher in the samples than the other two; the estimation of its content was not affected by coeluted compounds 12 and 13.Ions represent glycyrrhizin type compounds (the production of a daughter ion / 351, which represents the structure of the glycoside chain [38]) that were recognized in the MS spectra of compounds 9 (/ 823, 837, 969, and 989), 10 (/ 809, 821, and 983), 11 (/ 821 and 983), but the detection of these compounds was not interfered by the coeluted constituents by detecting at 355 nm, 280 nm, and 280 nm, respectively.However, Medicarpin-3-O-glucoside (10) was estimated with its detector response at 205 nm because its detector response at 280 nm is too weak to be recognized in real samples for its low concentration.The representative chromatogram for 10 as well as its peak purity analysis is shown in Figure 3.

Linearity, Recovery, and Precision.
The detector response against compound mass perinjection was used to establish the linearity of the method.Due to the large dynamic content range of those compounds in licorice, the linearity covered ranges for different compounds were quite a little different from each other.The linearity experiment for each analyte was triplicate.The fit of linearity for each compound was good.The linearity correlation coefficients ( 2 ) of all 16 target analytes varied from 0.9896 to 0.9998, with standard derivations ranging from 0.000% to 0.107%, respectively (shown in Table 2).The slope of each compound was stable (RSD, 0.019%∼6.281%, = 3).
The recovery of the methanol extracting method was estimated by adding known amounts of compounds into the powder of licorice.The difference between spiked licorice and nonspiked licorice was used to define the recovery of the method.The recoveries of all 16 target analytes are also shown in Table 2.The average recoveries were quite close to 100% for each compound at the detected amount.
The relative standard derivation (RSD) of the three analyses of the mixture of 16 compounds was used for determining the precision of the method.According to the results shown in Table 2, the precision of the method was good.None of them was more than 6.3% when the injected amounts for compounds 1 to 16 were 0.122, 0.270, 2.750, 0.372, 1.410, 0.166, 0.480, 1.475, 0.135, 0.263, 0.265, 1.300, 0.100, 2.460, 0.097, and 0.028 g per injection, respectively.

Determination of 16 Target Analytes in Licorices and
Sini Tang Decoction.Figure 3 shows the representative chromatograms of different licorices.The separation and selectivity of the detection are stated in Section 3.2.The concentrations of these compounds were determined by comparing with the external references.The contents of all 16 compounds in two wild licorices, prepared licorice, and Sini Tang decoction are shown in Table 3.The highest content is glycyrrhizin in one of the wild licorices.The minimum content detected is Formononetin in Sini Tang decoction.The amount of glycyrrhizin in wild licorice was consistent with the results in the literature [29,39].

Determination of Constituents from Licorice in Rat
Plasma.The constituent from licorice in rat plasma, which was orally administered Sini Tang decoction, was also estimated in this work.The experiment was carried out only one time.Seven constituents, including Liquiritin apioside (3), Liquiritin (5), Isoliquiritin apioside (7), Isoliquiritin (8), Liquiritigenin (11), Isoliquiritigenin (12), and, Glycyrrhizin (14), were unambiguously detected (Figure 4).Their concentrations were estimated by comparing to the external references (shown in Table 3).Nine of 16 target analytes had not been detected in the plasma.This may be because the dose administered should be a little low for plasma metabolites analysis requirements according to the previous work [5,33].But this work provided a stable proof in which this method can be used for simultaneous determination of the above mentioned compounds in biosample.

Conclusion
A simple and reproducible HPLC UV method was reported for simultaneous determination of sixteen constituents in licorice and its products.This method was proved to be fit for biosample analysis.It will provide a tool for chemical and pharmacological studies of licorice.

Table 1 :
Glycyrrhizin and 15 flavonoids, their electrospray ionization mass and ultraviolet spectra data.
90%.Acetonitrile and methanol (both HPLC grade) were produced by Fisher, USA.Analytical grade formic acid was purchased from Beijing Chemical Factory.2.3.Chromatography and ESI MS Analysis.HPLC UV ESIMS/MS was carried on an Agilent 1100 series LC MSD Trap, equipped with a diode array detector, a binary pump, a degasser, an Rheodyne valve manual sampler, and an ESI Trap MS.A gradient mobile phase was applied on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 m) for separation.The mobile phase consisted of water (with 0.1% formic acid, A) and acetonitrile (with 0.1% formic acid, B).The gradient was 0% B at 0 to 3 minutes the ratio of B increased linearly to 100% in 57 minutes then.The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min.HPLC chromatograms were recorded at 205 nm, 254 nm, 280 nm, 310 nm, and 355 nm with a gate width of 16 nm simultaneously in each run.UV spectra were obtained from 190 to 400 nm.

Table 2 :
Linearity and recovery of all target analytes.

Table 3 :
Contents of all 16 compounds in different sample ( = 3).Contents were estimated based on the mass of licorice in the mixture; R-licorice, honey-roasted-licorice; Sini-D, decoction of Sini Tang. *