Flow of an Eyring-Powell Model Fluid between Coaxial Cylinders with Variable Viscosity

We consider the flow of Eyring-Powell model fluid in the annulus between two cylinders whose viscosity depends upon the temperature. We consider the steady flow in the annulus due to the motion of inner cylinder and constant pressure gradient. In the problem considered the flow is found to be remarkedly different from that for the incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid with constant viscosity. An analytical solution of the nonlinear problem is obtained using homotopy analysis method. The behavior of pertinent parameters is analyzed and depicted through graphs.


Introduction
The analysis of the behaviour of the fluid motion of the non-Newtonian fluids becomes much complicated and subtle as compared to Newtonian fluids due to the fact that non-Newtonian fluids do not exhibit the linear relationship between stress and strain.Rivlin and Ericksen [1] and Truesdell and Noll [2] classified viscoelastic fluids with the help of constitutive relations for the stress tensor as a function of the symmetric part of the velocity gradient and its higher (total) derivatives.In recent years, there have been several studies [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] on flows of non-Newtonian fluids.It is a well-known fact that it is not possible to obtain a single constitutive equation exhibiting all properties of all non-Newtonian fluids from the available literature.That is why several models of non-Newtonian fluids have been proposed in the literature.Eyring-Powell model fluid is one of these models.Eyring-Powell model was first introduced by Powell and Eyring in 1944.However, the literature survey indicates that very low energy has been devoted to the flows of Eyring-Powell model fluid with variable viscosity.Massoudi and Christie [13] have considered the effects of variable viscosity and viscous dissipation on the flow of a third grade fluid in a uniform pipe.Massoudi and Christie [13] found the numerical solutions with the help of straight forward finite difference method.They also discussed that the flow of a fluid-solid mixture is very complicated and may depend on many variables such as physical properties of each phase and size and shape of solid particles.Later on, the influence of constant and space dependent viscosity on the flow of a third grade fluid in a pipe has been discussed analytically by Hayat et al. [14].The approximate and analytical solution of non-Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity has been analyzed by Yürüsoy and Pakdermirli [15] and Pakdemirli and Yilbas [16].The pipe flow of non-Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity keeping no slip and partial slip has been discussed analytically by Nadeem and Ali [17] and Nadeem et al. [18].More recently, Nadeem and Akbar [19] studied the effects of temperature dependent viscosity on peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey-six constant fluid in a uniform vertical tube.The main aim of the present study is to venture further in the regime of Eyring-Powell model fluid with variable viscosity.To the best of the authors knowledge no attempt has been made to investigate Eyring-Powell model fluid in the annulus between two cylinders whose viscosity depends upon the temperature.The governing equations for Eyring-Powell model fluid are formulated considering cylindrical coordinates system.The equations are simplified using the assumptions of long wave length and low Reynolds number approximation.The obtained non-linear problem is solved using homotopy analysis method [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].The effects of the emerging parameters are analyzed and depicted through graphs.

Mathematical Model
The constitutive equation for a Cauchy stress in an Eyring-Powell model fluid is given by where  is the velocity, S is the Cauchy stress tensor,  is the coefficient of shear viscosity, and  and  are the material constants.We take the velocity and stress as

Physical Model
Consider the steady flow of an Eyring-Powell model fluid with variable temperature dependent viscosity between coaxial cylinders.The motion is caused due to a constant pressure gradient and by the motion of the inner cylinder parallel to its length, whereas the outer cylinder is kept stationary.The heat transfer analysis is also taken into account.The dimensionless problem which can describe the flow is whence where  * ,   ,  0 and Γ are, respectively, the reference viscosity, a reference temperature (the bulk mean fluid temperature), and reference velocity Γ is related to the Prandtl number and Eckert number.

Series Solutions for Reynolds' Model
Here the viscosity is expressed in the form which by Maclaurin's series can be written as Note that  = 0 corresponds to the case of constant viscosity.
Invoking the above equation into (3) one has For HAM solution, we choose the following initial guesses: The auxiliary linear operators are in the form £  () =   (11) which satisfy where  1 ,  2 ,  1 , and  2 are the constants.
If  ∈ [0, 1] is an embedding parameter and ℎ V and ℎ  are auxiliary parameters, then the problems at the zero and th order are, respectively, given by V (, ) =  (, ) = 0,  = .
The boundary conditions at the th order are In ( 11)-( 13) By Mathematica the solutions of ( 21) can be written as where  , and  , are constants which can be determined on substituting (22) into ( 15) and ( 16).

Series Solutions for Vogel's Model
Here  which by Maclaurin's series reduces to Invoking the above expressions, (1) become With the following initial guesses and auxiliary linear operators the th-order deformation problems are

Graphical Results and Discussion
In order to report the convergence of the obtained series solutions and the effects of sundry parameters in the present investigation we plotted Figures 1-13.Figures 1-4 are prepared to see the convergence region.Figures 1 and 2 correspond to Reynolds' model whereas Figures 3 and 4 relate to Vogel's model.Figure 5 shows the temperature variation for different values of  for Reynolds' model.It can be seen that temperature decreases as  increases.Figure 6 depicts the velocity variation for Reynolds' model for different values of .Velocity also decreases as  increases.Figure 7 shows the velocity variation for different values of  for Reynolds' model.It can be seen that velocity increases as  increases.Figure 8 is plotted in order to see the temperature variation for Reynolds' model for different values of Γ; it is depicted that temperature increases as Γ increases.Figures 9-13 correspond to Vogel's model.Figure 9 depicts temperature variation for Vogel's model for different values of .It is seen that temperature increases as  increases.Figure 10 shows the velocity variation for Vogel's model for different values of .It is observed that velocity decreases as  increases.Figure 11 is prepared to observe the temperature variation for Vogel's model for different values of Γ.It is observed that temperature decreases as Γ increases.Figure 12 is plotted to see the the velocity variation for Vogel's model for different values of .It is observed that velocity decreases as  increases.Figure 13 depicts the velocity variation for Vogel's model for different values of .It is observed that velocity decreases as  increases.

Conclusions
In this paper, we consider the flow of Eyring-Powell model fluid in the annulus between two cylinders whose viscosity depends upon the temperature.We discussed the steady flow in the annulus due to the motion of inner cylinder and constant pressure gradient.In the problem considered the flow is found to be remarkedly different from that for the incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid with constant viscosity.The behavior of pertinent parameters is analyzed and depicted through graphs.Using usual similarity transformations the governing equations have been transformed into non-linear ordinary differential equations.The highly nonlinear problem is then solved by homotopy analysis method.Effects of the various parameters on velocity and temperature profiles are examined.

1 Figure 9 : 1 Figure 10 :
Figure 9: Temperature profile for Vogel's model for different values of .

1 Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Temperature profile for Vogel's model for different values of Γ.

1 Figure 12 :
Figure 12: Velocity profile for Vogel's model for different values of .

1 Figure 13 :
Figure 13: Velocity profile for Vogel's model for different values of .