ISRN Electronics

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 987867, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/987867

Research Article

New Voltage Mode Universal Filters Using Only Two CDBAs

J. K. Pathak,¹ A. K. Singh,² and Raj Senani³

¹Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Echelon Institute of Technology, Kabulpur, Jasana-Manjawali Road, Faridabad, Haryana 121101, India

²Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, HRCT Group of Institutions, 7th Km Stone, Meerut Road, Morta, Ghaziabad 201001, India

³Division of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Sector-3, Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110078, India

Received 13 November 2012; Accepted 13 December 2012

Academic Editors: E. I. El-Masry, R. Luzzi, L.-F. Mao, and Y. Takahashi

Copyright © 2013 J. K. Pathak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Two new configurations for voltage mode universal filters (VMUFs) using only two current differencing buffered amplifiers (CDBAs) are proposed. Both of the new configurations can realize all the five standard types of the filters, namely, low pass (LP), high pass (HP), band pass (BP), band stop (BS), and all pass (AP), from the same topology. In contrast to previously known CDBA-based VMUFs, the new configurations do not need an additional active device for voltage inversion to realize all pass functions. The proposed configurations offer the tunability of the natural angular frequency , quality factor , or the bandwidth (BW) through separate virtually grounded resistors. Moreover, both circuits have resistive input impedance (which can be made high) and a low output impedance to facilitate easy cascading without additional buffers. PSPICE simulation results, based upon commercially available AD844 ICs to implement the CDBA, are included which confirm the practical workability of the new VMUF configurations.

1. Introduction

Analog filters are widely used for continuous-time signal processing in communication, measurement, instrumentation, and control systems [1]. Universal biquadratic filters are particularly attractive since they can realize all the five standard types of the filters, namely, low pass (LP), high pass (HP), band pass (BP), band stop (BS), and all pass (AP), from the same topology.

Whereas universal voltage mode filters using current conveyors (CCs) or current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) have received considerable attention in the technical literature, many of the reported circuits suffer from the drawbacks of requiring a large number of active and/or passive components and/or nonavailability of tuning of filter parameters [2].

Traditionally, the analog signal processing operations have been accomplished employing the voltage as signal variable. On the other hand, it has also been recognized that current mode circuits can achieve significant improvement in bandwidth, simplification of circuitry, power consumption, and dynamic range [3]. In order to maintain compatibility with existing voltage processing circuits as well as taking advantages of current mode circuits, a new active element called current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA) was introduced in [4]. CDBA is suitable for IC implementation in both bipolar and CMOS technologies [4, 5]. Since a CDBA operates in both current mode and voltage mode, along with current differencing feature, CDBA has been shown to offer a lot of flexibility in circuit design; for instance, see [5–26] and the references cited therein.

In this paper, two new CDBA-based voltage mode universal filters (VMUFs) are proposed which not only enlarge the previously known class of two CDBA-based VMUFs but also provide a number of advantages over the previously reported circuits. The workability of the proposed circuits has been demonstrated through PSPICE simulations.

2. The Proposed New VMUF Configurations

The circuit symbol of the CDBA is shown in Figure 1. The terminals characteristics of the CDBA are given by

Figure 1: The symbolic notation of the CDBA.

The CDBA can be implemented in a number of ways; however, a popular realization [6, 7] based on the use of two commercially available CFOAs is shown here in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Implementation of the CDBA using commercially available CFOAs.

Figure 3 shows the proposed VMUF circuits based on CDBAs. From a straight forward circuit analysis, the output voltage function, natural angular frequency , quality factor , bandwidth (BW), gain factor, and the conditions required to realize different filters are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Results of the analysis of the proposed VMUF configurations.

Parameters/functions
Circuit 1
Circuit 2

For

    LP
,  ,  
,  ,  

    HP

    BP

    BS

    AP

BW

(a) Circuit 1

(b) Circuit 2

Figure 3: The proposed CDBA-based VMUF circuit configurations.

From Table 1, it is clear that both circuits can be used as a voltage mode three-input single-output universal filter that can realize all the standard types of filter functions. It is seen from Table 1 that resistive matching is required to realize only band stop and all pass filters.

Both circuits enjoy tuning of filter parameters by first adjusting by and/or then or BW by after which gain factor (in case of LP and BP) can be controlled by adjusting .

It may be noted that in contrast to previously known CDBA-based circuit [6], in the proposed circuits, any additional voltage inversion is not required to realize all pass function, thus resulting in the saving of one active element.

3. Effects of the CDBA Nonidealities and Their Parasitic Impedances

A practical CDBA can be described by the following relationships that take into account the nonidealities of the device:

where and is the current tracking error from -terminal to -terminal, and is the current tracking error from -terminal to -terminal, and and is the voltage tracking error from -terminal to -terminal of the CDBA.

In addition to the aforementioned, if we also consider parasitic impedances at -terminal of CDBA as shown in Figure 4 and reanalyze VMUF circuits of Figure 3, we get the following results.

Figure 4: Nonideal CDBA showing its parasitic impedances.

Circuit 1. The nonideal expression for the output voltage is found to be

From (3), the filter parameters and are given by

Circuit 2. The nonideal expression for the output voltage is found to be

From (5), the filter parameters and are given by

From the previous nonideal expressions, the following may now be noted that due to nonunity of current and voltage gains and parasitic capacitances, the practically realized and will be somewhat different than their ideal values as is evident from (4) and (6). The errors on these parameters can be kept small by choosing the external capacitances , , and external resistors , , , . Alternatively, if the values of current gains and voltage gain and parasitic elements and are known, then (4) and (6) can be used to achieve a predistorted design.

4. Spice Simulation Results

To verify the theoretical results, both of the proposed CDBA-based VMUF circuits of Figure 3 have been simulated in PSPICE using macro model of commercially available AD844 ICs employed to construct the CDBAs according to the schematic of Figure 2 with DC bias supply voltages of ±12 V. Both circuits have been found to function as predicted by theory.

To conserve space, we present here simulation results of only Circuit 1 of Figure 3 (shown in Figure 5) with passive components values chosen as  pF (in all responses), kΩ (LP, HP, BP, BS),  kΩ (AP),  kΩ (LP, HP, BP),  kΩ (BS),  kΩ (AP),  kΩ (in all responses),  kΩ (LP, HP),  kΩ (BP, AP), and  kΩ (BS). The simulation results, thus, confirm the validity of the theoretical formulations.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5: SPICE simulation results of the frequency response of proposed VMUF Circuit 1. (a) Magnitude response of LP, HP, BP, and BS filters. (b) Magnitude response of AP filter (c) Phase response of AP.

5. Concluding Remarks

Two new three-input single-output VMUFs using two CDBAs have been proposed which can realize all the five standard types filter functions with a minimum number of passive components to enable sequential tuning of various filter parameters. The proposed circuits have external resistors going to the input terminals of CDBAs, due to which all the parasitic input resistances of the CDBAs can be easily merged in the external resistors. On the other hand, in both cases, input resistance can be made high by choosing input resistors to be high valued, whereas the output is available from a low output impedance node. In contrast to previously known CDBA-based circuit of [6], in the proposed circuits, any additional voltage inversion is not required to realize all pass function, thus resulting in the saving of one active element. PSPICE simulations have verified the workability of the proposed circuits, and exemplary simulation results of one of the proposed configurations have been presented.

Acknowledgment

This work was performed at Analog Signal Processing Research Lab, NSIT, New Delhi, India.

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