Dry-sauna is a strong thermal stimulus and is commonly used all over the world. The aim of this experiment was to comprehensively analyse cardiovascular and autonomic changes that result from an increase in core body temperature during sauna bath. The study included 9 healthy men with mean age 26.7 ± 3.0 years and comparable anthropomorphical characteristics. Each subject was exposed to one 15-minute session of dry-sauna treatment at 100°C and 30–40% humidity. The autonomic and baseline cardiovascular (i.e., hemodynamic and contractility) parameters were measured noninvasively with Task Force Monitor. Cardiovascular autonomic functions were assessed using baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) and spectral analysis of heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BPV) variability. Measurements were performed four times, at the following stages “before sauna,” “after sauna,” “sauna + 3 h,” and “sauna + 6 h.” The first recording constituted a baseline for the subsequent three measurements. The changes in core body temperature were determined with the Vital Sense telemetric measurement system. Results show that exposure to the extreme external environmental conditions of dry-sauna does not compromise homeostasis in healthy persons. The hemodynamic changes induced by heating are efficiently compensated by the cardiovascular system and do not exert negative effects upon its short-term regulatory potential.
Sauna constitutes one of the most popular and most extensively studied forms of whole-body thermal treatment. The idea of sauna originated in Scandinavian countries over a century ago and quickly gained popularity and it is now widely used worldwide [
The term “sauna,” used in medical literature, is derived from a traditional Finnish steam bath in a room heated by an electric stove. Overheating of the body takes place in a wooden room with temperatures approaching 70–100°C and low, 10–20% humidity levels. Usually, sauna duration lasts between 5 and 15 minutes [
Exposure to heat induces a number of cardiovascular and thermoregulatory changes that protect the body against overheating. Physiological responses to thermal stress involve an array of reactions aimed at efficient dispersion of excess heat. Cardiovascular responses to thermal stimulation during sauna bath have been a subject of extensive research [
The study included 9 healthy young male volunteers who satisfied all the inclusion criteria, that is, lacked any organic disease or functional disorder of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system examined with a short form for autonomic function testing. Prior to the exposure, each of the participants was examined by a physician specialized in cardiac rehabilitation. The subjects did not use any medications that could interfere with the cardiovascular or autonomic function. Prior to the sauna exposure, and during the postsauna period, the participants remained in a dedicated faculty for biological renewal procedures that included an air-conditioned room with constant ambient temperature and humidity, and their activity was limited to a necessary minimum; they were allowed only to walk across the room or watch TV and were supervised by the research team. Subjects did not participate in any activities which could influence natural core body temperature balance. All subjects were nonsmokers and were also instructed to refrain from caffeine, alcohol ingestion, and intensive physical activity on the day of investigation and ate a light breakfast only. Food intake during the experiment was also controlled by research staff. During the whole experiment, subjects were allowed to drink only water and had two light, thermoneutral meals between “after sauna”–“sauna + 3 h” and “sauna + 3 h”–“sauna + 6 h” stages; first water consumption was allowed two hours after telemetric capsule intake.
The protocol of the study was approved by the Local Bioethics Committee of the Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Basic characteristics of the study subjects are summarized in Table
Basic characteristics of the study subjects.
Characteristic | Subjects |
Range |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 26.7 ± 3.0 | 25–32 |
Body height (m) | 1.7 ± 0.02 | 1.76–1.85 |
Body weight (kg) | 81.5 ± 11.0 | 62.0–100.0 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 2.7 | 20.0–30.0 |
Body Surface Area (m2) | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 1.94–2.11 |
The autonomic and baseline cardiovascular parameters were measured noninvasively using the Task Force Monitor system (TFM, CNSystems, Medizintechnik, Graz, Austria). The fact that TFM determines and records biological signals in a completely accurate and noninvasive manner, in a beat-to-beat mode, represents the principal advantage of this system during the examination of dynamic changes in a short-term cardiovascular regulation. TFM comprises devices for continuous (contBP) and oscillometric (oscBP) blood pressure measurement, electrocardiograph (EKG), and impedance cardiograph (IKG) [
Biological signals recorded by TFM were registered continuously for a minimum of five minutes after acquired all signals stabilization, at four time points referred to as “before sauna,” “after sauna (no longer than 15 min),” “
The changes in core body temperature were determined with Vital Sense telemetric measurement system (Equivital, Hidalgo Ltd., Cambridge, UK; formerly: Philips Respironics; Mini Mitter Co. Inc., Bend Oregon, USA). The Vital Sense system for telemetric measurement of core body temperature is comprised of two components: a portable monitor and a telemetric capsule (CBTC). The function of the system is based on a registration of radiofrequency signal emitted by a sensor of core body temperature, that is, by the telemetric capsule. The participants were asked to swallow the capsule with a small amount of warm water. After about one minute, CBTC started registration of changes in core body temperature. Mean values of all measurements taken during each 1-minute interval were stored in the monitor’s memory. The continuous temperature recordings were divided into 10-minute segments, separated by 5-minute intervals. The segments that corresponded to consecutive measurements taken with TFM were subjected to a comparative analysis [
Moreover, the method of measurement was not associated with any discomfort of our participants and thus did not interfere with the recorded values of core body temperature [
The participants were subjected to one 15-minute session of dry sauna treatment at 100°C and 30–40% air humidity. The exposure was preceded by an acclimatization at a neutral temperature (23°-24°C). The treatment was not followed by cooling down under a cold shower, in order the exclude the confounding effect of the latter procedure on the dynamics of temperature changes. Furthermore, the participants were asked to refrain from consuming alcohol and coffee, smoking tobacco, and performing intensive physical exercise during 24 hours preceding the examination and treatment [
All data are presented as
Heart rate (HR) and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) were the only hemodynamic and cardiovascular parameters that showed significant changes (resp.,
Resting values of basic cardiovascular and baroreceptor parameters in the study group; all data are expressed as means ± standard deviations, and
Parameter | before_S | after_S | S_ + 3 h | S_ + 6 h |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (n/1) | 59.3 ± 5.7 | 65.0 ± 7.2 | 64.4 ± 5.9 | 59.9 ± 5.2 |
|
sBP (mmHg) | 127.9 ± 8.7 | 127.6 ± 9.6 | 129.9 ± 13.4 | 127.8 ± 10.1 | 0.7891 |
dBP (mmHg) | 78.9 ± 5.9 | 79.3 ± 6.9 | 78.6 ± 8.5 | 77 ± 4.3 | 0.7891 |
mBP (mmHg) | 94.5 ± 8.4 | 94.9 ± 8.5 | 93.9 ± 10.5 | 92.3 ± 7.1 | 0.6832 |
TAC (mL/mmHg) | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.9852 |
SV (mL) | 108.6 ± 18.2 | 104.7 ± 20.7 | 110.6 ± 17.3 | 113.2 ± 13 | 0.4663 |
SI (mL/m2) | 54.0 ± 8 | 52.3 ± 10.9 | 55.3 ± 9.4 | 56.5 ± 6.8 | 0.4662 |
EDI (mL/m2) | 89.2 ± 11.8 | 87.3 ± 16.2 | 90.6 ± 14.6 | 91.6 ± 10.8 | 0.5828 |
TFC (1/kOhm) | 36.5 ± 2.6 | 36.5 ± 3 | 37.8 ± 3.4 | 37.4 ± 2.7 | 0.0978 |
CI (L/min/m2) | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 0.1271 |
TPR (dyn*s*m2/cm5) | 1180.8 ± 193.7 | 1130.1 ± 232.2 | 1051.6 ± 172.7 | 1093.2 ± 212.6 | 0.1241 |
TPRI (dyn*s*m2/cm5) | 2369.3 ± 404.9 | 2283.8 ± 544.2 | 2112.6 ± 360.3 | 2186.5 ± 378.7 | 0.6533 |
BRS (ms/mmHg) | 32.7 ± 9.6 | 21.8 ± 7.2 | 26.7 ± 9.7 | 30.3 ± 14.7 |
|
A significant increase in Heather index (HI) values was observed 3 and 6 hours after the dry sauna bath (
Resting values of ccontractility and heart muscle cycle parameters; all data are expressed as means ± standard deviations, and
Parameter | before_S | after_S | S_ + 3 h | S_ + 6 h |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC (1000/s) | 61 ± 11.4 | 61.5 ± 17.8 | 65.7 ± 15.8 | 66.1 ± 12.7 | 0.5221 |
ACI (100/s2) | 80.5 ± 13.8 | 82.9 ± 19.1 | 87.9 ± 18.8 | 89.4 ± 17.3 | 0.1993 |
HI (1/s2) | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.34 ± 0.12 | 0.41 ± 0.17 | 0.38 ± 0.09 |
|
LVET (ms) | 320.4 ± 13 | 305.1 ± 12.9 | 307.5 ± 13.4 | 314.7 ± 13.7 |
|
PEP (ms) | 116.7 ± 12.1 | 115.1 ± 10.1 | 111 ± 11.2 | 109.2 ± 9.8 |
|
STR (%) | 36.6 ± 4.2 | 37.9 ± 3.6 | 36.2 ± 3.4 | 34.8 ± 3 | 0.1116 |
LVWI (mmHg*L/(min*m2)) | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2260 |
The sauna treatment resulted in a significant increase in core body temperature, which reached its peak values immediately after the exposure and gradually normalized 3 and 6 hours thereafter (Table
Statistical characteristics of core body temperature at the each stage of the experiment.
Measurement |
Core Body Temperature |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Minimum | Maximum | SD | |
before_S | 37.0 | 36.7 | 37.6 | 0.32 |
after_S | 37.7 | 37.5 | 37.9 | 0.21 |
S_ + 3 h | 37.3 | 36.9 | 37.6 | 0.37 |
S_ + 6 h | 37.4 | 37.2 | 37.5 | 0.18 |
The relationships between hemodynamic and cardiovascular parameters, core body temperature prior to the dry sauna treatment, and at various stages after the procedure are presented schematically in Figure
Relationships between hemodynamic and cardiovascular parameters and core body temperature at the specific stage of the experiment: before_S (before sauna), after_S (after sauna),
The dry sauna bath resulted in a significant decrease in heart rate variability parameters: HR-RRI (
Resting values of heart rate and blood pressure variability parameters; all data are expressed as means ± standard deviations, and
Parameter | before_S | after_S | S_ + 3 h | S_ + 6 h |
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rate variability | LFnu-RRI (%) | 49.2 ± 20.5 | 62.6 ± 15.4 | 54.5 ± 21.1 | 51.1 ± 21 | 0.2406 |
HFnu-RRI (%) | 50.8 ± 20.5 | 37.4 ± 15.4 | 45.5 ± 21.1 | 48.9 ± 21 | 0.2406 | |
LF-RRI (ms2) | 1587.9 ± 1221.1 | 1007.9 ± 752.8 | 931.6 ± 500.9 | 1569.4 ± 1498.4 | 0.5221 | |
HF-RRI (ms2) | 1643.8 ± 971.7 | 493.6 ± 247 | 1068.7 ± 1050.3 | 1561.5 ± 1665.6 |
|
|
PSD-RRI (ms2) | 4058.3 ± 1876.7 | 1817.2 ± 1069 | 2331.3 ± 1593.2 | 3678.9 ± 3266.9 |
|
|
LF/HF-RRI (n/1) | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 0.1543 | |
LF/HF (n/1) | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.2 ± 0.8 |
|
|
|
||||||
Diastolic blood pressure variability | LFnu-dBP (%) | 49.9 ± 13.2 | 65.4 ± 11.9 | 57.6 ± 13.1 | 44.2 ± 21 |
|
HFnu-dBP (%) | 15.3 ± 10.4 | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 13.4 ± 11 | 16.8 ± 16.9 |
|
|
LF-dBP (mmHg2) | 3.4 ± 2.4 | 10.8 ± 16.2 | 3.3 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.6822 | |
HF-dBP (mmHg2) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 1.4 |
|
|
PSD-dBP (mmHg2) | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 20.2 ± 35.6 | 5.4 ± 3.1 | 6.7 ± 2.8 | 0.4663 | |
LF/HF-dBP (n/1) | 6.1 ± 5.6 | 13.2 ± 6 | 8.5 ± 6.8 | 5.6 ± 5.1 |
|
|
|
||||||
Systolic blood pressure variability | LFnu-sBP (%) | 43.8 ± 12.8 | 55.5 ± 10.3 | 47.2 ± 17.1 | 37.1 ± 15.3 |
|
HFnu-sBP (%) | 13.9 ± 9.2 | 10.6 ± 6.8 | 9.9 ± 5.3 | 15.4 ± 12.6 | 0.1993 | |
LF-sBP (mmHg2) | 7.6 ± 8.2 | 13 ± 16.1 | 8.7 ± 6.9 | 5.9 ± 6.5 | 0.7173 | |
HF-sBP (mmHg2) | 2 ± 2.5 | 1.5 ± 1 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.6822 | |
PSD-sBP (mmHg2) | 15.9 ± 15 | 26.5 ± 37.6 | 18 ± 10.8 | 16.1 ± 14 | 0.8964 | |
LF/HF-sBP (n/1) | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 8.3 ± 5.4 | 6.0 ± 3.5 | 4.3 ± 4.5 |
|
The relationships between heart rate and blood pressure variability parameters and core body temperature prior to the dry sauna treatment and at various stages after the procedure are presented schematically in Figure
Relationships between heart rate and blood pressure variability parameters and core body temperature at the specific stage of the experiment: before_S (before sauna), after_S (after sauna), S_+3 h (3 hours after sauna), and S_+6 h (six hours after sauna). (a) HF-RRI, (b) PSD-RRI, (c) LF-dBP, (d) PSD-dBP, and (e) LF/HF;
Our study showed that a single exposure of healthy young men to conditions associated with the Finnish sauna bath modulates their core body temperature and function of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems. The principal aim of the study was to analyse the adaptation to such specific and extreme environmental conditions; thus, potential therapeutic effects of the Finnish sauna bath were addressed only indirectly. Moreover, the process of cooling down took place at an ambient temperature, without the use of cold water shower or immersion. Thus, our findings may differ markedly from the data published by other authors, who studied the effects of classic sauna [
Significantly disturbed thermal balance of the body, resulting from intensive heating of the skin and subcutaneous tissue due to enhanced perfusion thereof, is the principal initiator of cardiovascular changes. A number of authors showed that sauna treatment causes a considerable heating of external body layers; although the relative increase in superficial body temperature observed in various studies differed up to 1-2°C, treatment in the sauna is undoubtedly reflected by an increase in physiological temperature of the skin and surrounding tissues [
In contrast to the analyses of superficial temperature of the body, the studies dealing with dry sauna-induced changes in core body temperature are sparse. In most of these studies, rectal temperature or tympanic membrane temperature was used as a substitute of the core body temperature. Although the rectal temperature is strongly correlated with the core body temperature, its determination causes marked discomfort. In contrast, the tympanic membrane temperature can be determined easily and in a noninvasive manner but is considered an inaccurate and unreliable measure of the core body temperature.
A 15-minute exposure to dry sauna treatment was associated with a significant increase in the core body temperature of examined individuals. This finding seems important in the context of resultant functional changes in the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system. Intensive heating of the skin and resultant increase in core body temperature were associated with an array of hemodynamic changes that could be observed up to 6 hours after the thermal treatment.
Previous studies have shown that intensive heating of the skin may be reflected by an increase in dermal perfusion, from 300–400 mL/min up to 6000–7500 mL/min [
The significant increase in heart rate (HR) of our participants and subsequent gradual normalization of this parameter with a decrease in core body temperature are a well-established response to passive heating of the body. This mechanism is vital for maintaining normal perfusion of cerebral vessels, despite a decrease in venous return and stroke volume (SV). The abovementioned changes were associated with an increase in cardiac output (CO), which remained elevated up to 3 hours postexposure, that is, until gradual normalization of heart rate and venous return, associated with progressive cooling down of the skin [
Immediately after the exposure, our participants showed a decrease in the values of systolic index, end-diastolic index (EDI), and stroke volume. A gradual increase in these parameters was observed 3 and 6 hours postexposure. The changes of stroke volume probably resulted from an initial decrease in venous return caused by an enhanced perfusion of the skin during its maximum heating. A gradual loss of heat was reflected by a progressive increase in venous return and resultant increase in stroke volume, which eventually reached higher values than those prior to the exposure. While the temperature-induced changes of volumetric myocardial parameters did not prove to be significant on statistical analysis, we observed significant changes in the values of ejection time characteristics, that is, left ventricular ejection time and preejection period. Initial decrease and subsequent gradual increase in venous return were reflected by synchronised changes of left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and preejection period (PEP); this resulted in gradual changes in the cardioimpedance parameters of myocardial contractility. Although both the index of contractility (IC) and the acceleration index (ACI) increased with time after exposure, none of these changes proved to be significant on statistical analysis. Heather index (HI) turned out to be the only contractility parameter which showed significant alterations in response to the thermal treatment. We would suggest that this reflected higher sensitivity of this parameter to changes in myocardial inotropy [
Responses to thermal stimulation are under tight control by the autonomic nervous system. The exposure of our participants to intensive thermal stimulus was reflected by a decrease in HF-RRI component. This corresponded to a decrease in parasympathetic response and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity. The postexposure decrease in power spectral density (PSD-RRI) was associated mostly with the change of HF-RRI component and also corresponded to the increase in sympathetic-parasympathetic balance ratio (LF/HF). Interestingly, a significant increase in power spectral density of LF-RRI and HF-RRI was observed 3 and 6 hours postexposure, along with a normalization of the LF/HF ratio. Also the results of the spectral analysis of blood pressure variability, namely, an increase in the normalized low-frequency components of sBP (LFnu-sBP) and dBP (LFnu-sBP) spectra and a concomitant decrease in the normalized high-frequency component of dBP spectrum (HFnu-dBP), confirmed the sympathetic predominance after thermal stimulation. The increased sympathetic activity was associated with enhanced thermogenesis, which is consistent with the data published by other authors [
The analysis of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) confirmed that intensive heating of the body causes a significant decrease in the latter parameter. This might reflect a direct influence of the thermal stimulus on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre (containing nuclei responsible for the control the baroreceptor function) and potential central inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex. However, most previous studies have revealed that intensive heating of the body does not alter the baroreceptor reflex sensitivity. Only one study has shown that the temperature-induced changes of heart rate and blood pressure resulted from a decreased vagal activity and an increased sympathetic activity, caused by the baroreceptor reflex inhibition. Also, the abovementioned hemodynamic changes, leading to a decreased filling of the carotid bulbs and aortic arch, could constitute a potential mechanism behind altered baroreceptor reflex sensitivity. However, on the basis of our findings, one cannot unambiguously identify which of the mechanisms played the predominant role in the abovementioned process. Nevertheless, the lack of significant changes in blood pressure may point to a greater involvement of the hemodynamic component [
In conclusion, this study has revealed that exposure to the extreme external environmental conditions of dry sauna does not compromise homeostasis in healthy persons. The hemodynamic changes induced by heating are efficiently compensated by the cardiovascular system and do not exert negative effects upon its short-term regulatory potential.
The small number of the participants and lack of any skin temperature data are significant limitations in this study. Also, we did not consider the potential influence of respiratory rate on blood pressure and heart rate variability. It undoubtedly decreased the power of statistical tests and was reflected by a lack of statistical significance in the case of some evidently decreasing or increasing trends. However, these potential flaws are likely counterbalanced by the coherent and complementary character of our findings.
Autonomic nervous system
Blood pressure variability
Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity
Body surface area
Cardiac index
Cardiac output
Diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure variability
End-diastolic index
Early ejection
High-band frequency spectrum
HF-component of dBPV
Normalized “HF-component” of dBPV
Normalized “HF-component” of HRV
Normalized “HF-component” of sBPV
HF-component of HRV
HF-component of sBPV
Heart rate
Heart rate variability
Index of contractility
Low-band frequency spectrum
Sympathovagal balance LF-dBPV/HF-RRI
LF/HF ratio of dBPV
LF/HF ratio of sBPV
LF-component of dBPV
Normalized “LF-component” of dBPV
Normalized “LF-component” of HRV
Normalized “LF-component” of sBPV
LF-component of HRV
LF-component of sBPV
Left ventricular-ejection time
Mean blood pressure
Aortic preejection period
Power spectral density of dBPV
Power spectral density of HRV
Power spectral density of sBPV
Systolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure variability
Stroke index
Stroke volume
Thoracic fluid content
Task force monitor
Total peripheral resistance
Total peripheral resistance index.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.