Prediction of Vibrational Behavior of Grid-Stiffened Cylindrical Shells

A unified analytical approach is applied to investigate the vibrational behavior of grid-stiffened cylindrical shells with different boundary conditions. A smeared method is employed to superimpose the stiffness contribution of the stiffeners with those of shell in order to obtain the equivalent stiffness parameters of the whole panel. Theoretical formulation is established based on Sanders’ thin shell theory. The modal forms are assumed to have the axial dependency in the form of Fourier series whose derivatives are legitimized using Stoke’s transformation. A 3D finite element model is also built using ABAQUS software which takes into consideration the exact geometric configuration of the stiffeners and the shell. The achievements from the two types of analyses are compared with each other and good agreement has been obtained. The Influences of variations in shell geometrical parameters, boundary condition, and changes in the cross stiffeners angle on the natural frequencies are studied. The results obtained are novel and can be used as a benchmark for further studies. The simplicity and the capability of the present method are also discussed.


Introduction
Investigating the vibrational behavior of cylindrical shells (e.g., frequencies, mode shapes, and modal forces) is of high importance in structural dynamics.Cylindrical shells due to their high strength as well as light weight have gained many applications in the aviation and aerospace industries (e.g., launch vehicles, reentry vehicles, aircraft fuselages, spacecrafts, etc.) in particular.Great number of researches have been emerged rapidly in the past decades concerning with the vibrational analysis of composite cylindrical shells.An excellent review of researches in this area was collected by Leissa [1].There are also some good reviews on vibration of composite shells using experimental [2,3] and analytical methods [4][5][6][7][8][9] and numerical techniques [10][11][12][13][14]. Recently, Hemmatnezhad et al. [15] investigated the vibrational behavior of composite cylindrical shells using a unified analytical approach and based on different shell theories.
Grid-stiffened cylinders are cylinders reinforced with different types of stiffening structures either on the inner, outer, or both sides of the shell.These stiffeners significantly increase the load resistance of a cylinder without much increase in weight.The selection of stiffener configuration depends on several factors such as the loading condition, cost, and other factors.The promising future of stiffened cylinders, with reinforcing grids or ribs, has led to a wide range of research work [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].
The number of publications performed on the mechanical behavior of composite cylinders with cross stiffeners is scarce and most of the relative researches are associated with stiffened cylinders with longitudinal and circumferential stiffeners.Kidane et al. [24,25] derived the buckling loads of a generally cross and horizontal grid-stiffened composite cylinder by developing a smeared method for determination of the equivalent stiffness parameters of a grid-stiffened composite cylindrical shell.The stiffness contribution of the stiffeners was superimposed with those of the shell to obtain 2 Advances in Acoustics and Vibration the equivalent stiffness parameters of the whole panel.Then, energy method was implemented to obtain the buckling load for a particular stiffener configuration.Buckling test was also performed on a stiffened composite cylinder and the experimental results compared with analytical ones and satisfactory agreement has been achieved.Yazdani et al. performed experimental investigations on the buckling behavior of composite cylindrical shells with cross stiffeners [26].They also studied the effects of helical ribs' number and changes in grid types on the buckling load of these structures [27,28].Recently, Rahimi and his coassociates studied the effect of stiffener cross-section profile on the buckling strength of composite stiffened cylindrical shells by implementing the finite element method [29].In very recent years, Shi et al. [30] presented the initial buckling and postbuckling responses of axially loaded grid-stiffened composite cylindrical shells with reinforced rectangular or circular cutouts using finite element analysis.Afterwards they extended their previous study and obtained the critical buckling loads of grid-stiffened composite conical cylindrical shells using the minimum potential energy principle [31].
The number of publications concerned with the free vibration analysis of stiffened cylindrical shells with helical ribs is very scarce.To the best of the authors' knowledge, the very recent research on this subject is related to Hemmatnezhad et al. [32].They implemented an exact analytical approach (as in [15]) investigating the vibrational behavior of grid-stiffened composite cylindrical shells considering the flexural behavior of the ribs.A smeared method was employed to superimpose the stiffness contribution of the stiffeners with those of shell in order to obtain the equivalent stiffness parameters of the whole panel.The stiffeners were modeled as a beam and considered to support shear loads and bending moments further to the axial loads.Therefore, the corresponding stiffness terms are taken into consideration while obtaining the stiffness matrices due to the stiffeners.Theoretical formulations were based on first order shear deformation shell theory which included the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia.
The aim of the present investigation is to propose a simpler but still accurate method capable of predicting the natural frequencies of stiffened cylindrical shells.A calculation of overall response of simply supported and fully clamped isotropic and composite cylindrical shells with cross stiffeners is presented using an exact analytical approach.Theoretical formulations are based upon Sanders' thin shell theory.A smeared method is employed to superimpose the stiffness contribution of the stiffeners with those of shell in order to obtain the equivalent stiffness parameters of the whole panel [24,25].As stated in [24,25], it is assumed that the transverse modulus of the unidirectional stiffeners is much lower than the longitudinal one and therefore the stiffeners are assumed to behave like a truss element and support the axial load only.A 3D finite element model is also built using ABAQUS software which takes into consideration the exact geometric configuration of the stiffeners and the shell.The influences of the presence of the stiffeners, variations in shell geometrical parameters, and changes in the cross stiffeners angle on the shell frequencies are studied.The results obtained are novel and can be used as a benchmark for further studies.

Equivalent Stiffness
Consider a cylindrical shell reinforced with a lozenge-type stiffener structure as shown in Figure 1.First of all it is required to determine the equivalent stiffness parameters of the overall structure in order to calculate the vibration frequencies of a composite cylinder with inner stiffening structure.The analytical tool employed for this, so-called the smeared stiffener approach, uses a mathematical model to smear the stiffeners into an equivalent laminate and determine the equivalent stiffness of the laminate (for further details the reader is referred to [24,25]).
The relationships between boundary forces and strains for a cylindrical shell are given as where the  and sh superscripts stand for the stiffener and shell, respectively.In the above equation,   and  sh are the volume fractions of the stiffeners and shell, respectively,   ,   and  sh ,  sh represent the force and moment contributions of the stiffeners and shell, respectively., , and  indicate the extensional, coupling, and bending stiffness matrices, respectively.Therefore, the equivalent stiffness coefficients of the whole panel can be obtained from The resultant forces and moments due to the shell in terms of the strain components of the midplane surface of the shell can be written as while those due to the stiffeners are as follows: where  = cos ,  = sin , and  is the stiffener orientation angle., , and  are the cross stiffeners spacing, unit cell height, and shell thickness, respectively.In (3)   ,   , and   are given by relation as follows: where  ()  are known as the elastic moduli of the th layer. and  are the strains and curvatures defined as as follows based on Sanders' thin shell theory:

Equations of Motion
A multilayered circular cylindrical shell with lozenge-type stiffener structure is chosen for the present analysis.The geometrical parameters associated with the shell are described by , the radius of the shell's middle surface; , length of the shell; and , thickness of the shell.The following shell equations according to Sanders [33], in terms of axial, , and circumferential, , coordinates, are used: where , V, and  are the axial, tangential, and radial displacements, respectively.A comma before a subscript indicates the differentiation with respect to that subscript and dot denotes the time derivative.In (7),  1 is the inertia term for composite shell which can be obtained as in which  () is the density of the th layer.

Analytical Procedure
4.1.Theoretical Considerations.The basic equations presented in the previous sections will now be used to study the vibration characteristics of thin circular cylindrical shells.The general analytical procedure presented here is for evaluating the natural frequencies of multilayered orthotropic circular cylindrical shells with arbitrary boundary conditions.The case concerning single-layered and also isotropic shells can come out as a particular case of the analysis.

Field Equations.
Utilizing ( 1) and ( 6), (7) Here,  is the natural frequency of the shell and Ψ  , Ψ V , and Ψ  are the modal functions corresponding to the axial, tangential, and radial displacements, respectively.The crucial part of the present analysis is choosing appropriate series forms for these modal functions (the reader is referred to [15] for detailed study).An appropriate set, designated as "CSS, " in which C and S stand for Cos and Sin, respectively, is of the form which fulfills the exact solution for the shell with simply supported ends with no axial constraint (SNA-SNA) which has boundary conditions at each end of the form Since, the aim is to consider general cases and not necessarily considering any particular type of boundary condition; therefore, a shell with freely supported ends with no tangential constraint (FSNT) which has the following end conditions is chosen as a base problem for the set of displacement functions given in (11).None of the eight boundary conditions given by ( 13) are satisfied by the CSS set on a term-by-term basis.Therefore, Stoke's transformation is used to enforce constraints to satisfy the boundary conditions [15].Since sine series give zero values at the ends, the following affected terms are specified while differentiating: where The four quantities,  0 ,   ,  0 , and   , are associated with the unspecified end forces   and moments   at the shell ends.Therefore, using (15),   ,   ,   , and  0 can now be expressed explicitly in terms of the eight unspecified boundary values  0  ,    ,  0  ,    , V 0 , V  ,  0 , and   .As mentioned before, none of the eight boundary conditions of "FSNT" shells as given by ( 13) are satisfied by the assumed CSS modal displacement forms.Hence, one must enforce these boundary conditions which are both geometrical and natural types.The geometric boundary conditions that must be imposed are related to  and /, while those of natural type are associated with   = 0, and (  /) + (2/)(  /) = 0, at both ends.Finally, the eight constraint conditions, due to the geometric and natural boundary conditions, lead to the following homogeneous matrix equation: (,  = 1, 2, . . ., 8) . ( For a nontrivial solution of ( 17), the determinant of the coefficient matrix must vanish, as             = 0, (,  = 1, 2, . . ., 8) resulting in a characteristic equation whose eigenvalues are the natural frequencies of the stiffened shell.The corresponding eigenvectors also determine the mode shapes.To derive the appropriate characteristic equation of a specified boundary condition, its associated end conditions must be imposed.This can be either performed by appropriately tailoring the general determinant of (18).The procedure regarding this is discussed in detail in [15].As a sample, since each of the boundary conditions of a SNA-SNA shell is satisfied by the CSS set on a term-byterm basis, the frequency equation for this type of boundary condition is directly obtained from the equations of motion as a three-by-three determinant of (15) as whose roots give the natural frequencies of SNA-SNA gridstiffened cylindrical shells.

Results and Discussion
A 3D model of a grid-stiffened cylinder with three couples of reinforcing ribs whose vibrational behavior is to be investigated in the present work is depicted in Figure 2. The stiffener-cylinder structure is considered to be made of steel with material properties as  = 206 GPa,  = 7800 kg/m 3 .The geometrical parameters are taken as  = 253.9mm,  = 70.5 mm, =1mm, Table 1 illustrates a comparison between the natural frequencies of stiffened and unstiffened SNA-SNA isotropic cylindrical shells for ten values of circumferential mode Advances in Acoustics and Vibration  numbers.As would be observed, the values of the frequencies for the unstiffened shell of the present model are higher than that of stiffened shell.This is mainly because of the grid structure which results into an increase in the mass and a decrease in the natural frequency as a consequence.Table 2 is a similar one for clamped-clamped (C-C) boundary condition.As expected before, the natural frequencies associated with the C-C shell are higher than that of SNA-SNA ones.Figure 3 shows the variation of natural frequencies with the circumferential wave number for a stiffened SNA-SNA cylindrical shell.The results are also compared with those reported via finite element analysis by ABAQUS CAE software.The lozenge-type stiffeners consist of six helical  ribs oriented at 30 ∘ and −30 ∘ angles with regard to the longitudinal axis of the shell/stiffener structure.The stiffeners are assembled into the shell so that the common nodes on the interfacing areas are merged upon meshing.Therefore, the ribs and shell become a unit structure.The quadratic planar elements with 8 nodes (S8R) and quadratic cubic elements with 20 nodes (C3D20R) have been used to mesh the shell and the ribs, respectively.As can be seen, the trends of the frequency response obtained from the two analyses are in good agreement.The difference between the two methods is mainly due to the simplification assumptions taken in the analytic procedure such as the inconsideration of the bending effect for the stiffeners while calculating the equivalent stiffnesses of the shell-stiffener structure.However, ABAQUS models the shell-stiffener structure with the exact geometric configuration for the stiffeners and therefore considers a stiffer structure rather than that in the analytical analysis.

Analytic solution Abaqus
Circumferential wave number Natural frequency (Hz)    That is why the natural frequencies given by ABAQUS are higher than those reported by the analytical technique.The similar graph for the C-C end condition is illustrated in Figure 4. Figures 5 and 6 exhibit the mode shapes associated with SNA-SNA and C-C stiffened cylindrical shells, respectively.
Then, a stiffener-cylinder structure made up of Hs-Graphite/epoxy is considered for the analysis with material properties listed in Table 3.The cylindrical shell is assumed to be one-layered with fiber angle value of 45 ∘ , while in the stiffener structure, fibers are considered to be oriented in the ribs' directions.The variation of the natural frequency with   the circumferential wave number of a SNA-SNA composite grid-stiffened cylindrical shell is exhibited in Figure 7 for three different values of shell thicknesses.The results are also compared with those of the unstiffened shells.As would be observed, the difference between two curves becomes smaller as the shell thickness increases.This means that, for greater shell thicknesses, the presence of grid structure has no significant effect on the vibrational behavior and the natural frequencies approach to those of the unstiffened structure.Also, it can be pointed out that, for  = 0.2 mm, the natural frequencies of grid-stiffened composite shell surpass those of unstiffened one for  > 3.This occurs when the stiffness of the structure increases with faster rate than the structure weight.Figure 8 illustrates the variation of the natural frequency with the shell length for first three circumferential modes of vibration and fiber angle of 0 ∘ .It can be seen that, with an increment in the shell length, the natural frequencies of both unstiffened and stiffened shells decrease.Also, the influence of shell length variation on the natural frequencies is more significant for  = 1. Figure 9 plots the variation of natural frequencies with ribs' angle for first three circumferential wave numbers and fiber angle of 0 ∘ .It should be said that the cross stiffeners angle has significant effect on the vibration of the stiffened composite cylindrical shell especially for  = 3.

Conclusion
A unified exact analysis is employed to investigate the dynamic behavior of stiffened circular cylindrical shells with cross stiffeners.A smeared method is employed to superimpose the stiffness contribution of the stiffeners with those of shell in order to obtain the equivalent stiffness parameters of the whole panel.These equivalent stiffnesses will then be entered into the analytical procedure in order to obtain the natural frequencies of vibration.To validate the correctness of the obtained results, a 3D finite element model is also built using the ABAQUS CAE software.Results given are novel and can be used as a benchmark for further studies.Results clarify that the natural frequencies of stiffened cylinder are often lower than those excluding the effect of stiffeners.However,

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Unit cell and coordinate system for a stiffened cylindrical shell.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: A 3D model of the grid-stiffened cylinder used in the present work.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Frequency variation for a stiffened SNA-SNA steel cylindrical shell.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Frequency variation for a stiffened C-C steel cylindrical shell.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Mode shapes associated with C-C steel stiffened cylindrical shell.
Substitution of the set of displacement functions and their derivatives into (9a)-(9c) leads to an explicit relation for  0 and a matrix equation in which   ,   , and   are coupled together as

Table 1 :
Comparison of the natural frequencies (Hz) for a SNA-SNA steel cylindrical shell with and without stiffeners.

Table 2 :
Comparison of the natural frequencies (Hz) for a C-C steel cylindrical shell with and without stiffeners.