Higgs Field in Universe : Long-Term Oscillation and Deceleration / Acceleration Phases

It is shown that the Einstein gravity and Higgs scalar field have (a) a long-term oscillation phase; (b) cosmological regular solutions with deceleration/acceleration phases. The first has a preceding contracting and subsequent expanding phases and between them there exists an oscillating phase with arbitrary time duration. The behavior of the second solution near to a flex point is in detail considered.


Introduction
The standard cosmological model (for review, see [1]) gives us an accurate description of the evolution of the Universe.In spite of its success, the standard cosmological model has a series of problems such as the initial singularity, the cosmological horizon, the flatness problem, the baryon asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Under the dynamical laws of general relativity, the standard FLRW cosmology becomes singular at the origin of Universe.The matter density and geometrical invariants diverge as the volume of the Universe goes to zero.The Big Bang singularity seems to be an unavoidable aspect of the currently established cosmological model [2] which probably only a full quantum theory of gravity could resolve.A bouncing Universe with an initial contraction to a nonvanishing minimal radius; then subsequently an expanding phase provides a possible solution to the singularity problem of the standard Big Bang cosmology.
Bouncing cosmologies, in which the present era of expansion is preceded by a contracting phase, have been studied as potential alternatives to inflation in solving the problems of standard FRW cosmology.The first explicit semianalytic solution for a closed bouncing FRW model filled by a massive scalar field was found by Starobinskii [3].Later explicit solutions for a bouncing geometry were obtained by Novello and Salim [4] and Melnikov and Orlov [5].For the review of the cosmological bounce one can see review [6].
Supernova observations [7,8] were the first to suggest that our Universe is currently accelerating.For this acceleration now it is believed that as much as 2/3 of the total density of the Universe is in a form which has large negative pressure and which is usually referred to as dark energy.A number of various models have been proposed aiming at the description of dark energy universe (for review, see [9][10][11]).It is evident that to have deceleration (where ä < 0) and acceleration (where ä > 0) phases it is necessary to have the moment with ä = 0.
Here we would like to show that (a) a Universe bounce can be not only a short time event but also it can be a long-term oscillating process; (b) the gravitating Higgs scalar field may have cosmological solutions with such property.Such solution exists only with a single value of cosmological constant.

The Statement of the Problem.
In this section we will investigate a cosmological solution for a closed Universe filled with a Higgs scalar field.Our goal is to find a regular solution with contracting, expanding, and oscillating phases.
We start with the Lagrangian where  is the 4D scalar curvature and  is the scalar Higgs field with the potentials ().The corresponding field equations are ( The potential () is the Mexican has potential where  and  0 are constants and  0 can be considered as a cosmological constant.The energy-momentum tensor  ] for the scalar field is For the investigation of Universe having an oscillating phase between contraction and expanding phases, we consider the cosmological metric After the substitution of the metric (5) into field equations (2), we have following equations set: To begin with we would like to define the notion "bouncingoff of the Universe." We will say that the Universe undergoes bouncing-off if a long enough the stage of contraction is replaced by the stage of expansion.A long time interval Δ means that Δ ≫  Planck or Δ ≈  Universe , where  Universe is the life time of the Universe.
Why we need such definition?Below we will show that bouncing-off can be a complicated process lasting a long enough time which we will call as an oscillating stage.
The statement of the problem: to find solutions having big enough contraction/expansion stages and between them a long enough oscillation stage.

Solution with Oscillating
Stage.We will investigate solutions with an oscillating stage having a point of inflection with the following conditions: Here  0 is the point of inflection.In the consequence of the existence of the inflection point the functions (), () can be presented in the form Using the conditions ( 9) and ( 6)-( 8) one can find the following constraints on the initial conditions  0 = ( 0 ),  1 = ȧ 0 = ȧ ( 0 ),  0 = (0), and It means that the cosmological constant  0 is defined uniquely: For the numerical investigation we introduce the dimensionless time  = /√ and dimensionless functions √ → , /√ → .Then ( 6)-( 8) become with the following initial conditions: The numerical solutions are presented in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.In Figure 1 the profiles for different  1 are presented.
From this figure we see that there exists the bounce with  different time durations.Every such solution can be enumerated with the number of minima or maxima.In Figures 1-4 the profiles of (), Hubble parameter () = ȧ ()/(), and the state equation () for  1 = 0.08050204989312597 are presented.It is useful to present the profile of a state equation (see Figure 4) in the form where  is the pressure and  is the energy density.We see that in the contracting and expanding stages  ≈ −1 and additionally during the oscillation stage there are points where  ≈ −1.
How long could such prolonged Universe oscillation be?For the investigation of this question we are addressing this in Figure 5.We see that for  1 = 0.080502049893, 0.08050204989312597 the solution has the oscillations, but for  1 = 0.08050204989312599 the solution is singular one.It means that there exists a special solution with  1 =  * 1 , where 0.08050204989312597 <  * 1 < 0.08050204989312599.From Figures 1 and 5 we see that such solution should have an infinite long oscillation stage with a contracting phase at  → −∞ and an expansion phase at  → +∞.The most interesting is that by  1 close enough to  * 1 we may have the stage with oscillations with any duration.
During the oscillations the size of Universe is  ≈   .It means that the existence time of Universe in such state can be somehow long with possible expansion at any time.

Deceleration/Acceleration Phases from
Gravitating Higgs Field

Numerical Solution with Deceleration/Acceleration Phases.
The aim of this section is to show that in the ordinary Einstein gravity interacting with the Higgs scalar field there exist solutions having the deceleration and acceleration phases.
The corresponding Einstein and scalar field equations are where () is is the Higgs field and the Lagrangian for the scalar field is The quantity  0 in ( 17) is identical to a cosmological constant.Later we will see that  0 is defined uniquely in a flex point  0 , where ä ( 0 ) = 0. We consider the cosmological metric The equations for () and () are For the deceleration phase we have ä () < 0, for the acceleration phase: ä () > 0. Consequently there is a flex point  0 where Using the conditions ( 23) and ( 20), (21) one can find the following constraints on the initial conditions and cosmological constant: where  0 = ( 0 ), ȧ 0 = ȧ ( 0 ),  0 = (0), and φ 0 = φ (0).It means that the cosmological constant is defined uniquely: For the numerical solution we introduce the dimensionless quantities  = /√, √ → , and /√ → .Then (20)-( 22) are with the following initial conditions: The numerical solution is presented in Figures 6-7.We see that there are two type of solutions: regular and singular one.The asymptotical behavior of the solution is where  ∞ ,  ∞ are constants.This solution can describe the inflation of Universe with the posterior standard decay of the scalar field.
It is useful to present the profile of a state equation (see Figure 8) in the form where  is the pressure and  is the energy density.Particularly interesting is the behavior of  in the region  >  0 , that is, in the acceleration region.We see there that 0 <  < −1.

The Deceleration → Acceleration Transition.
In the preceding section we have shown that the Universe filled with the Higgs field may have the deceleration/acceleration phases and have presented the solution with  0 ≈   ∝ √.In this section we would like to investigate more carefully the solution near the flex point where the transition from the deceleration to acceleration phase has happened and with (34)

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: The profiles () for regular and singular solutions.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: The profiles () for the regular solution.