Noisy Reverberation Suppression Using AdaBoost Based EMD in Underwater Scenario

Reverberation suppression is a crucial problem in sonar communications. If the acoustic signal is radiated in the water as medium then the degradation is caused due to the reflection coming from surface, bottom, and volume of water.This paper presents a novel signal processing scheme that offers an improved solution in reducing the effect of interference caused due to reverberation. It is based on the combination of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) techniques. AdaBoost based EMD filtering technique is used for reverberation corrupted chirp signal to decrease the noisy components present in the received signal. An improvement in the probability of detection is achieved using the proposed algorithm. The simulation results are obtained for various reverberation times at various SNR levels.


Introduction
Underwater acoustic is the study of propagation of sound in water.The water may be in the ocean, a lake, or a tank.Typical frequencies used in underwater environment lie between 10 Hz to 1 MHz.The propagation of sound in underwater environment is affected by reverberation caused due to scatters from rough boundaries and due to fish and other biota (total collection of organisms).For an acoustic signal to be detected easily, it must exceed the reverberation level and background noise level [1,2].Various methods have been published in the literature to reduce the effect of noise.Among them, empirical mode decomposition [3] is considered as one of the best methods for noise reduction application.
The motivation behind the use of EMD as a filtering technique is that it is completely adaptive and data driven method that operates on nonlinear and nonstationary data which are generally encountered in the real environment.The main advantage of EMD is that it does not depend on the filter orders like linear and adaptive filters [4,5] and also does not require any basic or prior function as in the case like wavelets [6,7].EMD also exhibits stable performance along with moderate speed and less complexity.
In our previous work [8,9] the noise reduction problem due to interference signals was addressed using EMD as a filtering technique in which the selection of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) which are used for signal reconstruction, was done manually.In this paper we propose the use of adaptive boosting technique [10] to adaptively select the IMFs produced by EMD.
Sections 2 and 3 describe the brief introduction on EMD and AdaBoost techniques and Section 4 presents the description of new structure of the AdaBoost based EMD filtering technique by considering a chirp signal () as the original input signal which is corrupted by both reverberation (nonstationary and colored) and noise (additive white Gaussian noise) as ().The superior performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated using a set of simulation results.

Empirical Mode Decomposition
Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is relatively unconventional method in Signal Processing proposed by Huang et al. [3].The decomposition method used in the EMD is called as "Sifting" process.The introduction of these instantaneous frequencies for complicated data sets is used to eliminate the spurious harmonics that may present in nonlinear and International Journal of Oceanography nonstationary signals.The algorithm is described in the following steps.
(2) Generate the upper envelope () and the lower envelope () of extrema and calculate the mean envelope as (3) Subtract () from () to generate the detail (4) Update () using () and then repeat the steps from 1 to 4 until () satisfies stopping criterion.
The resultant value is referred to as the first IMF as IMF 1 ().
In order to decompose () into a series of IMFs the above process is repeated as follows.
(5) Subtract IMF 1 () from () to generate the residual (6) Treat the residual  1 () as the input signal and repeat the above sifting process to generate the next IMF 2 () and residual  2 ().
(7) Repeat the steps 5 and 6 to generate a series of IMFs and the last residual   () until the stopping criterion (i.e.,   () must be monotonic) is satisfied.
Finally, the input signal can be represented as the summation of the IMFs as shown in the following equation below: where "" is the IMF order.The description of EMD in the form of a flow diagram is shown in Figure 1.
Steps 2-4 define the generation of a single IMF using sifting process and the steps 5-7 define the procedure to generate possible number of IMFs for the given signal until the stopping criterion is satisfied.

Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost)
The AdaBoost algorithm was introduced in 1995 by Freund and Schapire [10].A good overview is given in [11].AdaBoost is widely used for improving the performance of any kind of learning algorithm as in [12].
AdaBoost is an efficient method which is used to increase the accuracy and robustness of the given learning algorithm.
International Journal of Oceanography 3 (2) The distribution   is obtained by normalizing the weights as (3) Train the weak learner ℎ weak  :  → {−1, +1} using the distribution   by minimizing (4) Measure the goodness by calculating the error as (5) Calculate the   which is used to describe the importance assigned to ℎ  as (6) If   = 0 then AdaBoost operation is to be concluded or else if   > 1/2 then update the distribution as (7) Then final output hypothesis which is treated as a strong hypothesis is obtained as Here  = 1, 2, . . .,  that represents the number of iterations to be carried out in the AdaBoost algorithm to achieve strong hypothesis.The description of AdaBoost technique in the form of a flow diagram is shown Figure 2.

Adaboost Based EMD: Proposed Method
In this paper, a novel classification scheme for the IMFs using AdaBoost algorithm as shown in Figure 3 is proposed.The AdaBoost technique works out the operation in two stages, that is, in terms of training and testing process.
The noise corrupted signal is applied to EMD and IMFs are generated by decomposition process.In general, noise signals are treated as high frequency components.Hence earlier extracted IMFs are treated as noise-led IMFs and are discarded as like in [13].But there is a probability of having signal contents in the discarded IMFs.Hence to adaptively select the signal-led IMFs, among the generated IMFs AdaBoost technique is used as a classifier.The generated IMFs are adaptively selected based on the features related to the clean signal.
From Figure 3 it can be observed that the algorithm is first trained by using the feature extracts of the IMFs produced by In this paper for the feature extraction, some of the features like mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis [14,15] both in frequency and time domain are calculated for all the IMFs.Binary classification scheme is used to achieve accuracy in differentiating the signal and noise IMFs in the AdaBoost algorithm.In this paper  is considered as 50 and  is considered as 500.To achieve more accuracy the value of  may be increased but at the cost of computational complexity.

Simulation Results
The numerical example considered here is a chirp signal which swept from 225 kHz to 275 kHz over pulse duration of 100 sec spanning a bandwidth of 50 kHz, the reverberant signal is assumed to be non-stationary and colored [16].
The additive white Gaussian noise is considered as the background noise at the range of SNR's from −10 dB to 10 dB.The table and plots describe the performance and robustness in probability detection of AdaBoost based EMD.As a comparison the same process is repeated with basic EMD as dereverberation technique.The threshold value   is selected as 0.5 [17].Table 1 showed above describes the performance of AdaBoost based EMD in terms of probability detection.The plots presented here are considered for the input SNR as   reverberation corrupted chirp signal.Figure 7 is the noise corrupted chirp signal along with reverberation.
Figure 8 provides the details of simulation plots obtained using EMD only, that is, denoising is done with basic EMD.In this plot the estimated signal is obtained by manual selection of IMFs. Figure 9 describes the simulation plots in which the estimated signal is obtained by combining the IMFs that are adaptively selected by AdaBoost, that is, based on the features, the signal-led IMFs, and noise-led IMFs are separated by the AdaBoost algorithm.
In the training process the total IMFs produced for the clean chirp signal are 4, the IMFs produced for reverberated noise signal are 8, and in the testing process the IMFs produced by EMD are 9.The selected IMFs by AdaBoost technique are 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 that are used for reconstruction of the chirp signal.Figure 10 describes the probability detection curves for both EMD and AdaBoost based EMD as denoising schemes.It can be observed from the plots that there is an improvement in the detection probability after filtering with AdaBoost based EMD technique.
From the plots it is evident that the reconstruction of the chirp signal even at low input SNR conditions is achieved with the use of AdaBoost based EMD as a de-noising technique.Hence this method can be treated as one of the best method that can be used for the joint suppression of the reverberation and the background noise effects.

Conclusion
This paper proposes AdaBoost based EMD as a new detection scheme that is capable of suppressing the combined effect of background noise and reverberation in room acoustics and in underwater environment.The performance of this detection scheme was examined by computer generated white Gaussian noise and reverberant signal.
The numerical example considered in this paper describes the effectiveness of AdaBoost based EMD in improving the probability of detection at various SNR levels.Specifically in the underwater scenario, even at low SNRs, that is, at an input SNR of −5 dB, the AdaBoost based EMD is capable of detecting the signal.It can be observed from the simulation plots and a probability detection curve that AdaBoost based EMD has suppressed the joint effect of background noise and reverberation more efficiently than the basic EMD method.
AdaBoost based EMD technique in combination with various parameter estimation methods can be used to improve the performance of the direction of arrival (DOA) calculation for sound signals in SONAR application which is the future scope of this paper.
By giving a set of examples with initial weights, AdaBoost trains an initial weak learner with the given training dataset.It then focuses on those training examples which are misclassified.Then, the second weak learner is trained with an of x(t) u(t) and lower envelop l(t)

Figure 3 :Figure 4 :
Figure 3: Process flow of EMD and AdaBoost for the selection of signal-led IMFs.

2 Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Improvement of probability detection after filtering with the AdaBoost based EMD.

Table 1 :
The improvement results for the range of SNR'S.
−5 dB.Figure4corresponds to the input signal which is a clean chirp signal.